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Neurodevelopmental disorder, communication problems, and repetitive/stereotypic behaviour are all characteristics of autism, a severe developmental disorder. Even though the pathophysiological causes of autism are still unclear and contested in many cases, genetic and environmental factors (and their interactions) have been identified as contributing factors. While it is widely acknowledged that various factors can cause autism, environmental factors have received a great deal of attention recently. A large part of the international debate has focused on neurotoxins such as Lead, Iron, and Cadmium, with some arguing that these and other toxic metals have a role in the development of the condition. Methods: Between March and December 2020, the study is being performed in Iraq's Al-Anbar province. 75 autistic children and 20 volunteers children served as controls in the study, all of whom had confirmed DSM-V diagnoses. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer is used to test hair samples. Two heavy elements (Lead and Iron) and one trace element (Cadmium) are measured. The results are shown as significant high in Lead ,and Iron concentrations in Autistic compared with Control, and International Normal Value, more than Lead, and Iron considered as risk environment factor for ASD, While a cadmium concentration is expressed significant high in autism and slightly in control compare with International Normal Value, and considered no risk environmental factor in Iraqi populations. It could be due to the pollution of the Iraqi environment.

Group B Streptococcus is a gram-positive coccal bacterium which produces an arrow zone of blood hemolysis on blood agar. Group B Streptococcus is the most common cause of invasive bacterial illness in neonates, including sepsis, meningitis, septicemia, and pneumonia. For the first time, such a study of Streptococcus agalactiae has been conducted in hospitals of Anbar Governorate .All Streptococcus agalactiae identified by conventianal methods , automated methods using Vitek-2 system , and molecular methods by conventional PCR. All isolates gave a positive result as 16S rRNA. Distribution of resistance ratio for Streptococcus agalactiae were Penicillin 20% , Clindamycin 68% , Chloramphenicol % 46 , Tetracycline 82% , Erythromycin % 100 ,Imipenem % 12 , and Ciprofloxacillin 26.47%. The Cyl E and bibA genes were detected by conventional PCR and the result showed (72%) strains positive, but in case of bla Cyl E gene (53.48%) of strains harbored bla bibA genes , while 48.83 of Streptococcus agalactiae contain Spb1 gene . This approach showed the coexistence of bla Cyl E , Spb 1 and bibA genes in 48.83% strains of Streptococcus agalactiae.

The fungal pathogens considered the major human opportunistic, 50–60% of candidiasis cases patients Candida albicans. Green synthesis of AgNPs from NaNO3 using Curcuma extract was performed. UV–Vis spectrophotometry and TEM characterization were measured. AgNPs absorption peak showed between 420-440 nm and results of TEM observed, the AgNPs has a uniform regular coccus shape and size of AgNPs was ranging from 50 to 12nm with average 37nm. The activity of AgNPs as antifungal agent against Candida albicans was determined using agar well diffusion method. AgNPs showed greater antifungal activity with inhibition zone diameter 28mm at 30μg/ml. The antibiofilm activity of AgNPs was assayed in 96-well polystyrene plates and 3 ml polyethylene tube. Obviously, remarkable progressive inhibition of biofilm formation was noticed with increasing of AgNPs concentrations. Determination of AgNPs cytotoxicity on normal lung fibroblast (WI-38) cells using MTT protocol was performed. The viability observed at concentration 31.25 was 44% with IC50 value 30.5μg ml−1. When Curcuma AgNPs are used to local infected wound, may inhibit Candida cells without bad side effect on host cells surrounding the infected wounds.

Escherichia coli is a part of human intestinal flora and considered the second most common death factor between children younger than five years. Escherichia coli Shiga-like, Heat-labile toxins and multidrug-resistant are important virulence factors. Therefore, the main targets of this work were molecular diagnosis and characterization of toxine genes Shiga-like and Heat-labile and resistance genes of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin on molecular basis for Escherichia coli isolated from children stool sample in Egypt. The gene detection was carried out using two different approaches which were using chromosome and plasmid. Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to 24 antibiotics including four categories based on their functions. For example, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, novobiocin and vancomycin. All of tested strains showed band near 300 bp that represents of shiga-like toxin (SLT) gene in their genomic DNA. Heat-labile toxin (LT) fragment ~ 200 bp was detected in plasmid of strain 8H and 8G. Moreover, gentamycin resistance fragment (aac C2) was detected in chromosomal DNA of all strains as a single robust fragment of molecular weight ~ 856 bp. In the case of ciprofloxacin-resistance gene a slight amplification was detected in strain 8G as well as 8H at about 1 kb and 800 bp in genomic, while it was absent in plasmids of tested strains.

Plant extracts promise natural sources of antivirulence chemicals thanks to their broad availability and various phytochemical antivirulence components. The main antivirulence components of plants are essential oils. 130 isolates were obtained from neonates (≤1 year old) from February, 2020 to February, 2021. All studied isolates were diagnosed by traditional methods like biochemical tests, Vitek-2 system, and 16srRNA using conventional PCR. Profile of antibiotics resistance ratio for Streptococcus agalactiae were Penicillin 20%, Clindamycin 68%, Chloramphenicol 46%, Tetracycline 82%, Erythromycin 100%, Imipenem 12%, and Ciprofloxacillin 26.47%. All genes (Cyl E, Spb1, and bibA) were detected by conventional PCR and the molecular frequency showed 64% of strains positive for Cyl E gene and 56% of strains harbored bibA genes, while 48% of Streptococcus agalactiae contain Spb1 gene. This research showed the coexistence of bla Cyl E, Spb 1 and bibA genes in 48% strains of Streptococcus agalactiae. Extraction of clove extract was carried out using methanol and it analysed using GC-MS to detect active compounds, such as Eugenol (60.10%). The effect of clove extract against biofilm formation, haemolysin, and protease activity was significant (p-value < 0.01).

lt;bgt;Background and Objectives:lt;/bgt; Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a microbial extracellular biopolymer formed by microbial strains likelt;igt;Gluconacetobacter xylinuslt;/igt;. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant and anticoagulant of a microbial nano cellulose-ZnO-Ag (CNCs) composite and its components separately.lt;bgt;Materials and Methods:lt;/bgt; Three components were used for nano cellulose-ZnO-Ag composite synthesis, Ag-nanoparticles, ZnO-nanoparticles and BC. The DPPH method was used to calculate the scavenging of free radical behaviour of four different composite samples.lt;bgt;Results:lt;/bgt; Results of silver nanoparticles were found to have the highest antioxidant activity with IClt;subgt;50lt;/subgt; 65 μg mLlt;supgt;lt;/supgt;lt;supgt;1lt;/supgt;, followed by CNCs-ZnO-Ag composite (IClt;subgt;50lt;/subgt; 88.98 μg mLlt;supgt;lt;/supgt;lt;supgt;1lt;/supgt;) but ZnONPs IClt;subgt;50lt;/subgt; was 263 μg mLlt;supgt;lt;/supgt;lt;supgt;1lt;/supgt; and BC (IClt;subgt;50lt;/subgt; 955 μg mLlt;supgt;lt;/supgt;lt;supgt;1lt;/supgt;). The CNCs-ZnO-Ag composite, BC and AgNPs at 25 μg mLlt;supgt;lt;/supgt;lt;supgt;1lt;/supgt; had clotting times that were nearly identical to the control. The APTT increased to 56 Sec at 75 μg mLlt;supgt;lt;/supgt;lt;supgt;1lt;/supgt; of CNCs-ZnO-Ag composite related to control that recorded 33 Sec.lt;bgt;Conclusion:lt;/bgt; Bacterial cellulose acquired new activity in nano form and also when conjugated with nanoparticles. The CNCs-ZnO-Ag composite is ready for pharmaceutical application as an antioxidant and anticoagulant afterlt;igt;in vivolt;/igt; study.

Autism is a severe developmental disease characterized by social disengagement, communication impairments, and repetitive/stereotypic behaviour. Although the pathophysiological etiologies of autism remain obscure and contentious in many cases, genetic and environmental variables (and their interactions) have been identified. While autism is recognized to have multiple causative reasons, ecological variables have gained considerable attention. The Global debate has centred on neurotoxins such as Mercury, Cobalt, and Aluminium, with some claiming that these and other toxic metals contribute to the disorder's development. The study is performed in Al-Anbar province (Iraq) between march to December 2020. Seventy-five autistic patients suffered from ASD characterized by DSM-V compared with twenty-five control. Heavy metals and trace element Mercury, aluminum, and cobalt in hair specimens are measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer are shown as higher in Aluminium concentration in patients versus healthy Control, and Global Value, more than Aluminium contributed as environmental risk-factor for ASD, While the level of Cobalt is described high in children with autistic and slightly in healthy Control compare with Global Value. These results come from environmental contaminated in Iraq's. Additively, Mercury concentration is significantly higher in autistic patients than in Control. Still, the concentration of both autism and Control typical compared with Global Value and Mercury consider no-environmental risk-factor for Iraqi community’s.

The present work established that the exopolysaccharide taken from Lactobacillus brevis and its Nano crystalline form are very efficient as an anti-colon cancer. The produced exopolysaccharide and its Nano crystalline were preliminarily conformed by UV spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and TEM. The UV analysis revealed the peak at 258 nm which corresponds to exopolysaccharide and shifted to 270 for Nano crystalline. The uniform spherical shape and size was detected by TEM. The exopolysaccharide and nano prebiotic exopolysaccharide were evaluated for its cytotoxicity on CACO2 and WI-38 was tested by MTT assay. The result indicated decrease in cell viability. The present study highlighted the possibility of utilizing exopolysaccharide and its Nano crystalline form from Lactobacillus brevis for human applications as it enhanced anti-colon cancer.

The Hypocholesterolemic is an effective and friendly process for the removal of cholesterol and an important aspect of human health. Removal of cholesterol by probiotic bacteria was investigated in this study. The potential probiotic bacterium was preliminarily identified as Lactobacillus casei. In addition, the various operating parameters like cholesterol concentration, incubation time, bile salts concentration, probiotic dose and initial pH was studied. The optimum parameters for most probiotics studied are cholesterol concentration is 100 μg /ml, incubation time is 48 h, bile salts concentration is 0.5%, probiotic dose is 200μl and initial pH is 6. The maximum percentage removal of cholesterol using Lactobacillus casei is 93.6. The probiotics bacteria are favorable for Hypocholesterolemic.

Background: Biosynthetic nanomaterials have recently received increasing attention because they are non-toxic, clean, environmentally acceptable, safe, and biocompatible. Objective: In the present study, cell-free culture filtrate of Aspergillus sp. was used for extracellular synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Method: Plackett-Burman and Taguchi designs were implemented to optimize conditions for maximum ZnO nanoparticle production. In the Plackett-Burman design, 15 factors, representing different carbon and nitrogen sources, were studied. For the Taguchi design, an L-27 (313) standard orthogonal array was constructed to examine nine factors. Results: The maximum yield of ZnO nanoparticles of 21.73 g/L was achieved with 1.0 mM ZnSO4 under optimal conditions of peptone extract (20 g/L), yeast extract (10 g/L), meat extract (10 g/L), K2HPO4 (0.25 g/L), FeSO4⋅7H2O (0.002 g/L), NaCl (2.5 g/L), pH 6, 32°C, and a 200-mL volume. The ZnO nanoparticles’ production was confirmed by the formation of white aggregates. The UV absorption spectrum showed one peak at 376 nm, which also confirmed the formation of nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles were large rods of 11.6-43.97 nm diameter, and 355.91 nm length. Importantly, the ZnO nanoparticles exhibited broad antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and a unicellular fungus. Conclusion: The concentrations of ZnSO4 ions, ferrous ions, and peptone and meat extracts, and the interactions between them, were observed to be the main parameters influencing ZnO nanoparticles’ yield.

Owing to its remarkable mechanical properties that surpass the plant-based cellulose, bacterial cellulose production has been targeted for commercialization during the last few years. However, the large-scale production of cellulose is generally limited by the slow growth of producing strains and low productivity which ultimately makes the commercial production of cellulose using the conventional strains non cost-effective. In this study, we developed a novel plasmid-based expression system for the biosynthesis of cellulose in E. coli DH5α and assessed the cellulose productivity relative to the typically used E. coli BL21 (DE) expression strain.No production was detected in BL21 (DE3) cultures upon expression induction; however, cellulose was detected in E. coli DH5α as early as 1 h post-induction. The total yield in induced DH5α cultures was estimated as 200 ± 5.42 mg/L (dry weight) after 18 h induction, which surpassed the yield reported in previous studies and even the wild-type Gluconacetobacter xylinum BRC5 under the same conditions. As confirmed with electron microscope micrograph, E. coli DH5α produced dense cellulose fibers with ~ 10 μm diameter and 1000-3000 μm length, which were remarkably larger and more crystalline than that typically produced by G. hansenii.This is the first report on the successful cellulose production in E. coli DH5α which is typically used for plasmid multiplication rather than protein expression, without the need to co-express cmcax and ccpAx regulator genes present in the wild-type genome upstream the bcs-operon, and reportedly essential for the biosynthesis.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is cellulose that is formed by microbial strains. The objectives of this research are to determine the antioxidant, anticoagulant, and cytotoxicity profile of a microbial Nano cellulose-ZnO-Ag composite and its components separately. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (IC50 65 ug/ml) were found to have the highest antioxidant activity, followed by CNCs-ZnO-Ag composite (IC50 88.98 ug/ml), Oxide zinc nanoparticles (ZnONPs) (IC50 263 ug/ml), and BC (IC50 955 ug/ml). The PT test increase as the concentrations of the samples increase eventually reaching 75 µgml-1 for all samples. Furthermore, the CNCs-ZnO-Ag composite, BC, and AgNPs at 25 µg ml-1 had clotting times that were nearly identical to the control. The APTT test at 75 μg/ml of CNCs-ZnO-Ag composite plasma clotting time increased (56 Sec) in relation to the control one which recorded 33 Sec. The in vitro cytotoxicity of CNCs- ZnO-Ag composite and its components separately were performed by MTT assay against MCF-7 breast cancer cells at various concentrations for each compound. The lowest IC 50 was observed of CNCs-ZnO-Ag at 69.12 μg ml−1 and the highest at 396.81 μg ml−1 of BC. On the other hand, at the same concentration of CNCs-ZnO-Ag composite no activity was found against normal fibroblast Wi-38 cell.

Background Fusarium oxysporum causes wilt disease, which is considered a destructive disease, leading to decreased growth and death of most infected plants. Materials and methods After 7 days of incubation of Streptomyces clavuligerus on starch nitrate medium, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done by using the supernatant from the microorganism. The color changed to dark brown, proving the formation of AgNPs. The size of AgNPs was analyzed using transmission electron microscope. Various concentrations of AgNPs (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl) were investigated against F.‏oxysporum by using agar well diffusion method. Disease symptoms, disease index percent, phytochemicals, and metabolic indicators of resistance in plant, such as the reaction to induction of systemic resistance, were recorded in tomato plants. Results and conclusion The resultant AgNPs had size from 4 to 38 nm and were oval to spherical in shape. The observed inhibition zones were 12, 18, 19, 23, and 27 mm in diameter correspondingly. The growth of Fusarium has been reduced by 60, 40 ppm, and followed by 20 ppm. Treatment with different concentration of nanoparticles resulted in different responses regarding the total phenol content, proline content, and total protein of Fusarium-infected plants. Applications of 60 ppm by foliar shoot+root immersion and root immersion methods were the best treatments and reduced percent disease indexes by 8 and 11%, respectively. Therefore, it could be suggested that the application of tested treatments could be commercially used for controlling Fusarium wilt disease of vegetable plants, as they are effective against this disease, are less expensive, and are safe.

Background/aim Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a polar inorganic compound with numerous applications, for example, as an antimicrobial agent. The present study aims to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) by two different methods, and then determine the antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs from both methods. It then focuses on comparison between the cytotoxicity of both ZnO NPs. Materials and methods ZnO NPs were synthesized using natural and chemical methods. The synthesized and prepared ZnO NPs were detected by precipitation in both methods using de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe broth and alkaline medium, respectively. The characterization of ZnO NPs was performed using ultraviolet spectroscopy, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to decide properties of NPs. Viability tests are essential for assessing the effect of toxicants on cells. To measure cell viability following NP exposure, MTT assay was used. Results Results of ultraviolet and TEM experiments for both NPs indicated absorbance at 356–360 nm, which is typical for ZnO NPs. Results show that naturally prepared ZnO NPs had an average size within 7.8 nm; they were small spherical particles with a narrow size distribution relatively with smooth surfaces. The chemically prepared ZnO NPs’ TEM images showed an average size of 27.6 nm. Zeta value of naturally synthesized ZnO NPs was estimated to be −25.30 mV at pH=7. However, the value of zeta potential in chemical preparation strategy showed −18.6 mV. Results revealed that toxicity of naturally synthesized ZnO NPs was less than that of chemically prepared ZnO NPs. Furthermore, the decline in cytotoxicity attributed to ZnO NP exposure was dependent on the concentration of ZnO NPs. The antimicrobial activity results of ZnO NPs showed that the ZnO NPs produced from both methods recorded antimicrobial activities against the pathogenic strain models used. Conclusion The microbial synthesized ZnO NPs within size 7.8 nm when used at concentration 625 μg/ml as antimicrobial agent recorded the lowest cytotoxicity when compared with chemically synthesized. So that natural synthesis of ZnO was recommended.

Background Exopolysaccharides have been generally recognized as safe compounds, meaning that they do not represent a health risk when used. Owing to these properties, they have many applications in industrial areas and in healthcare. Our aim is to identify an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)-producing strain from dental plaque bacteria and the verification of its polysaccharide’s antitumor effect. Materials and methods Isolation of 22 dental plaque bacterial isolates from plaque samples of nine patients was carried out using pour plate method. The selection of the strain for molecular identification was done according to EPS production, whereas isolate no. 4 was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Structure characterization of the EPS was described using UV and SEM images. The cytotoxic experiment was performed to investigate the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of EPS on the growth of cell line MCF7 human White breast adenocarcinoma. Results and conclusion Oral plaque bacteria vary greatly in their occurrence, depending on age, presence of systemic diseases, and personal oral hygiene. The amount of EPS produced from oral plaque bacteria also varies, though in general Gram-negative bacteria yielded larger amounts of EPS. Results revealed that isolate no. 4 is the most producer of EPS, identified as Kocuria rosea strain Y57, having 96% similarity with Kocuria spp. The biosynthesis of EPS from K. rosea using Luria–Bertani broth medium at 37°C for 24 h gave an EPS yield of 213 μg/ml. EPS from K. rosea is a powder with white color and is water soluble. Our results of in-vitro EPS assay against MCF7 human White breast adenocarcinoma released activity with LC50 213 μg/ml.