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Since the concept of sustainable development and energy-saving emission reduction enjoying popular support, energy-saving amorphous alloy transformer is widely promoted, and the problem of oil-immersed amorphous debris is further highlighted. This paper simulated the magnetic field of the oil-immersed amorphous alloy transformer containing amorphous debris to determine the effect of the amorphous debris on the performance of magnetic field. This paper draws the conclusions that the magnetic field intensity internal the amorphous debris is almost zero but not equal to zero, the magnetic induction intensity inside the amorphous alloy core debris being much larger than that inside the dielectric oil and the maximum value can be increased by 7 times.

Ashless antiwear additives have begun to find applications in automotive and heavy industry applications as sludge formation is reduced leading to improved efficiency. In this study, six different ashless antiwear agents, including an ashless neutral dialkyl dithiophosphate (DDP-1), an acidic dialkyl dithiophosphate (DDP-2), an alkylated triphenyl phosphorothionate (A-TPPT), a butylated triphenyl phosphorothionate (B-TPPT), a triphenyl phosphorothionate (H-TPPT), and an amine phosphate (AP-1) were studied. Conditions of tribotesting were chosen to simulate harsh boundary lubrication where extreme loads are applied and the anti-wear additives are stressed. These test conditions can potentially separate out high performing additives from ones that provide marginal protection. The mechanism of wear in the best-case scenario with acidic dialkyl dithiophosphate was associated with the formation of well-developed tribofilms even under the harsh conditions. On the other hand the neutral dialkyl dithiophosphate exhibited severe abrasive wear and premature failure. The amine phosphate, while it has a functioning tribofilm, also exhibited weak adhesion of the tribofilm resulting in stick slip behavior and extensive polishing wear. All the phosphorothionates exhibited poor wear outcomes with the alkylated triphenyl phosphorothionate being the best and the protonated triphenyl phosphorothionate being the worst. The mechanism of wear in the phosphorothionates was associated with polishing wear in A-TPPT and B-TPPT where wear debris trapped between contacting surfaces removes the tribofilms that form on the surface and abrasive wear in the case of H-TPPT. Transmission electron microscopy of the harvested wear debris indicated the formation of amorphous debris with embedded nanocrystalline particles that were identified as Fe 3 O 4 in most of the cases. The wear protection afforded by the anti-wear additive can be correlated with the number of the nanocrystalline oxide particles embedded in the debris with the ones with smallest number of oxide particles exhibiting the best wear performance.

Friction and wear performance of engine oil were studied in presence of Zinc-dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and ZDDP–iron fluoride (FeF3) combination using a ball-on-ring wear testing device under boundary conditions. Friction and wear performance of engine oil improves in presence of ZDDP–FeF3 combination. In order to understand the wear mechanisms the microstructure and the chemical composition of wear debris generated during wear process were investigated using TEM together with EDX analyzes. Novel observations on the wear debris generated at different testing loads are presented. Independent of normal loads, amorphous debris containing P, O, Fe and Zn elements and crystalline debris of Fe2O3 are formed. No trace of S is present in amorphous debris under low load (2.32 GPa) conditions while S is a dominating element under high loaded (3.68 GPa) conditions. On the other hand, at lower loads a few iron oxide is formed while at higher loads larger sizes of iron oxides are formed resulting in larger friction and wear.

A regime of pulsed ultrasound therapy has been developed which emphasizes cavitational effects to produce emulsified lesions in porcine myocardium in vitro using low temporal‐average intensity. These lesions are composed of mechanically disintegrated amorphous debris and therefore differ structurally from thermally ablated tissue. The extent to which cavitational processes are responsible for lesion formation was maximized using a pulsing scheme designed to sustain cavitation between primary pulses while limiting the degree of tissue heating produced.

Fretting tests (mode I) were performed on TiN coatings at test temperatures of 23-500 °C. The evolution of the coefficient of friction with the number of fretting cycles for tests performed in that temperature range was recorded. Differences in that evolution were analysed based on the frictional energy dissipated in the sliding contact during the fretting tests. That analysis demonstrated the role of dissipated frictional energy and thermal energy in initiating a structural modification of the debris. The structural modification of the debris coincides with the transition from high friction conditions taking place in the presence of amorphous debris to low friction conditions in the presence of nano-crystalline debris. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TVV-45HWRKP-H/1/1c50d6ff5f7f62feff81678559656293

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the comparative properties of modified HEMT and HY zeolites from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study of carbon monoxide (CO) adsorption. Progressive CO adsorption has been studied by FTIR spectroscopy on two series of acid-leached steamed HEMT and HY zeolites with various silicon (Si)/Al F ratios. Acidity of structural hydroxyl (OH) groups of steamed hexagonal faujasites is determined and compared with the results obtained with the cubic series.Quantitative estimation of the Bronsted acidity of extraframework phase (numbers and strength) is carried out and allowed to complete the comparison between the two structural varieties. Only minor differences are detectable.

Myospherulosis is an unusual foreign-body reaction occurring in tissues exposed to petrolatum-based products. Histopathologically this disorder is characterized by the presence of large and small tissue spaces containing amorphous debris and peculiar sac-like structures enclosing numerous brown spherical bodies. A rare case of myospherulosis of the middle ear and mastoid is presented and the literature is reviewed.

The present study was undertaken to determine whether a correlation exists between localized magnetic resonance image (MRI) signal behavior and specific histopathologic features of femoral head osteonecrosis. Contiguous, 5-mm coronal MRI sections were compared with corresponding histologic sections from six surgically excised femoral heads. After identifying specific areas of interest on the images, signal intensity was evaluated, both subjectively and objectively, and T1 and T2 relaxation times were calculated. Mean values for these data were compared among the following histologic categories: normal bone, unrepaired dead bone and marrow, unrepaired dead bone with marrow replaced by amorphous debris, and zones of repair. For each type of tissue, MRI signal intensity on T1- and intermediately T2-weighted images behaved in a distinctive fashion. Active repair tissue could be differentiated from both necrotic bone and normal bone by a tendency for the signal to increase in intensity on intermediately T2-weighted images. These findings suggest that MRI may provide a noninvasive means of quantitatively analyzing the volume and spacial distribution of repair tissue in osteonecrotic femoral heads. In clinical practice, such analysis may lead to improvements in disease staging and treatment planning.

Skin specimens from five mummies were examined histologically. The specimens ranged in age from 2,000 to 3,200 years. Material from two mummies had carbonized and showed only amorphous debris. The histology of the three remaining skin fragments retained surprising histologic architectural detail. One specimen obtained from the sole of the foot was compatible with a callus.

The blast cells from four patients with acute leukemia and Down’s syndrome were found to contain unusual inclusions which manifested similar morphologic and cytochemical characteristics. Ultrastructure studies of the blasts from one of these patients revealed the inclusions to be single membrane-bound structures containing electron-dense amorphous debris, membranous substance, and virus-like particles.

The several fractions of the human wart virus from the bands obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation have been studied electron microscopically by the negative contrast technique. The uppermost band consisted of amorphous debris and occasional phosphotungstate-penetrated particles. The next lower, very thin band was composed almost entirely of particles penetrated by the phosphotungstate and probably devoid of internal material. Band 3 consisted of intact particles of well-preserved structure. The hollow, tubular capsomeres that studded the surface of the particles in this band measured about 80 A in diameter and projected outward about 50–60 A. Bands 3 and 4 contained some bizarre elongated, enlarged, and dumbbell forms whose surface was composed of capsomeres typical of those covering the particulate form of the wart virus. Two types of particulate forms were demonstrated in preparations obtained by mercury spreading.

Red blood cells from HBsAg-positive blood were washed in the Fenwal Elutramatic, Haemonetics Processor 15, or the IBM Blood Processor with sodium chloride solutions, or in the Huggins Cytoglomerator with sugar solutions. The Fenwal Elutramatic and IBM Blood Processor were the most efficient washing systems, the Haemonetics Processor 15 was less efficient, and the Huggins Cvtoglomerator was the least efficient in removing the HBsAg. Washing to remove the HBsAg from red blood cells containing 40 per cent W/V glycerol in an ionic medium was more efficient than washing HBsAg from liquid-stored red blood cells or red blood cells containing 20 per cent W/V glycerol. The original and modified dilution/agglomeration wash cycles used in the Huggins Cytoglomerator were not able to remove the HBsAg from units of blood that were radioimmune assay (RIA) positive and counterelectrophoresis (CEP) negative. Freezing had no effect on the removal of the HBsAg in vitro, whereas the concentration of 40 per cent W/V glycerol in the red blood cells that were washed did. HBsAg was not found in the amorphous debris remaining in the polycarbonate disposable bowl used in the Haemonetics Processor 15 or in the microaggregates remaining in washed red blood cells.

Local analysis is the study of the immediate environment of selected atoms in materials. Analytical data have been collected on wear particles by EXAFS (Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure). Different cases are here investigated to establish the correlation between tribological data (wear rate) and structural data on wear debris (local environment, nature of atomic bonds, etc…), with an anti-wear additive (zinc dithiophosphate), a detergent (neutral calcium sulfonate) and the combination of both two. It has been found that whatever the combination of additives used, high wear rates are associated with micro-crystalline wear particles. Conversely, low wear rates are associated with highly amorphous debris.

Our index patient, a 14-year-old male on chemotherapy for acute lymphatic leukemia had extensive opacification of the urinary tract on the preliminary film for an intravenous urogram. Sonography and computed tomography also demonstrated dense material in the calyces, renal pelves and ureters. Since then, we have found another patient, a 9-year-old female with acute lymphatic leukemia who was not receiving chemotherapy, with a similar pattern on sonography and computed tomography. These densities unlike those in our first patient were not visible on a plain film of the abdomen. All of the material disappeared spontaneously in both patients.

Conventional radiographic procedures are not helpful in the preoperative documentation of gangrenous cholecystitis or gallbladder perforation. Three cases in which preoperative diagnosis was accomplished by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography are described. Gangrene was identified in all three by a shaggy outline of the gallbladder wall with amorphous debris and stones in the lumen. Perforation was identified in two of the cases by extravasation of contrast material into a pericholecystic abscess. This information, as well as the status of the common duct, was important to the surgeon.

Three-week-old stored autologous blood was reinfused into either pulmonary artery in large quantities. The blood was shown to have accumulated significant amorphous debris after this routine storage period, similar to that noted in human stored blood but in lesser degrees. Blood infusion consistently produced a significant relative increase in vascular resistance in the infused lung. This increased vascular resistance was prevented by effective filtration of the blood prior to administration.

The considerable body of data made available by many electron microscopical investigations of wet-disintegrated regenerated cellulose has yielded a structural picture in all ways less satisfactory than that established for native celluloses (1). Generally micrographs of regenerated cellulose show a confusion between quasi-microfibrillar structure and ostensibly amorphous debris. Added to this uncertainty there exists some conflict in the literature, for example the somewhat indefinite structure observed by Hock (2) in wet-beaten Viscose Rayon contrasts markedly with the extraordinarily well defined microfibrils found by Ribi (3) in similar material.

Summary Sonic vibration was used to disintegrate or modify the contaminating white and red cells found in the exudate from mice infected with Toxoplasma and then trypsin was employed to digest the modified cells together with particulate and amorphous debris derived from disintegrated cells. Trypsin and digested substances were then removed by washing and centrifugation. After preliminary experiments were performed to determine suitable conditions of treatment, 10 purified samples were prepared and tested with the following average results: purity 98.7% ± 0.88; recovery 39.4% ± 8.911; average level of infectivity in another three experiments showed 7.6% of the original samples.