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Predação de Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) por Bothrops moojeni (Squamata, Viperidae) e revisão dos predadores da espécie

The authors would like to thank the EU and the Spanish Government (AEI) (PCIN-2017-047) and Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) (Water JPI/0003/2016) for funding, in the frame of the collaborative international Consortium AQUAVAL financed under the ERA-NET WaterWorks2015 Cofunded Call. This ERA-NET is an integral part of the 2016 Joint Activities developed by the Water Challenges for a Changing World Joint Programme Initiative (Water JPI) and the CDTI (Centro para Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial, E.P.E., Spain). Authors also thank the Spanish Government (AEI) for funding, in the frame of the project TREASURE (CTQ2017-83225-C2-1-R) and the FCT for funding in the frame of the project UIDB/50016/2020. S. Santorio, A. Val del Rio and A. Mosquera-Corral belong to the Galician Competitive Research Groups (GRC)_ED431C-2021/37 co-funded by FEDER (UE) To avoid toxic ammonium and nitrite concentrations in aquaculture systems is crucial to maintain the fish production. When recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) operate in freshwater farms during the dry seasons, the concentrations of these pollutants increase. The objective of the present study is the evaluation of a Continuous Flow Granular Reactor (CFGR) for the treatment of freshwater RAS stream at pilot-scale during two consecutive dry seasons. The CFGR was fed with a extremely low-strength recirculation stream of a trout farm (0.12–1.84 mg NH4+-N/L and 2.2–8.14 mg C/L). Two different configurations were evaluated. The first configuration consisted on a CFGR fed from the bottom, being the up-flow velocity the only shear force to mix the biomass. The second configuration incorporated a mechanical stirrer and a sieve to improve the biomass mixing and retention. The CFGR was operated at short hydraulic retention times (HRT) which ranged from 11 to 68 min. The configuration with a mechanical stirrer and sieve was optimal in terms of biomass retention and nitrogen removal performance. Despite the low nitrogen and organic matter concentrations, granulation was achieved in 55 days, with an average granule diameter up to 0.47 mm. Ammonium and nitrite removal percentages up to 81% and 100% were achieved, respectively. The ammonium and nitrite production rate in the trout farm were lower than the removal achieved by the CFGR, which makes the implementation of this system appropriated to maintain the concentration of these compounds below toxic levels for rainbow trout SI

Persimmon fruits accumulate proanthocyanidins during development. Proanthocyanidins form insoluble complexes with saliva proteins, which promote a sensation of dryness in the mouth called astringency. Persimmon cultivars are classified according to pollination and the presence of astringency at harvest. The different characteristics between persimmon cultivars lead to different metabolic pathways for the loss of astringency. The aim of this review is to gather information about the advances in the literature on the metabolism of astringency in persimmon fruit. Persimmon proanthocyanidins are mostly catechins or epicatechins, biosynthesized from substrates of the shikimic acid pathway, via biosynthetic pathways of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, from gallic acid units, or from precursors of the anthocyanin pathway. Two enzymes have been identified as key enzymes to this pathway: leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase. Non-astringent cultivars accumulate proanthocyanidins during fruit development, however, the expression of genes that encode essential enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway is reduced in the early stages, interrupting the accumulation of proanthocyanidins. Acetaldehyde is the responsible compound for the polymerization of proanthocyanidins and the consequent reduction of astringency. In certain non-astringent cultivars, proanthocyanidins are polymerized by acetaldehyde in the final stages of fruit development and transported to the vacuole, blocking the biosynthetic pathway. Two transport proteins, GST and MATE, are supposed to be essential in this process. In other nonastringent cultivars, the loss of astringency can happen due to the dilution of proanthocyanidins as a result of the increase in fruit volume. The removal of astringency in astringent cultivars occurs through the application of postharvest treatments that induce the synthesis of acetaldehyde by the fruit. Exposure to ethylene, high CO2 concentration or ethanol are the most used technologies for this purpose. Despite the advances made in the last decade, the astringency metabolism is complex and involves several metabolic pathways that still need to be elucidated for a better understanding of the effects of astringency removal in persimmon fruit. Made available in DSpace on 2022-09-28T13:06:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amorim-etal-SciHort-2022-v308-n111561.pdf: 1627953 bytes, checksum: e9d7600c5d7c392b78141ef3458eb02d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022