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The relationship between the socioeconomic status (SES) of parents and the effect of socio-economic status on the food intake pattern of their children was examined in this study. Children of low SES generally have poorer diets than children of high SES. Objective: To observe the association of child obesity with food choices in different areas of Lahore Methods: Data were collected from 38 participants, from different areas of Lahore, Pakistan. From which 20 were female and 18 were male children. Their parents were requested to solve a questionnaire which comprised of different questions related to child age, height, weight, eating habits and parent’s socioeconomic status and their education. Results: Study showed that children growing up in families with a lower SES had a higher body mass index (BMI), lower quality of life, less healthy nutrition, and less physical activity as compared to children growing up in families with a higher SES. The food frequency questionnaire showed that children belonging to lower SES consumed 17% grains, 18% dairy sources, 16% vegetables, 12% pluses and lentils, 0% meat, 11% fruits, and 13% tea and coffee in a day. While children belonging to higher SES consumed 17% grains, 29% dairy sources, 6% vegetables, 2% pulses and lentils, 13% meat, 13% fruits, and 7% tea and coffee daily. Conclusions: SES has an exquisite impact at the food alternatives and food intake among college-going youngsters. Lower SES children devour greater veggies, less meat, and dairy products at the same time as better SES kids devour fewer vegetables and extra meat and dairy products. Children from DHA were more obese and they were consuming more protein based diet and practicing sedentary life style.

BackgroundWe examined the human toll and subsequent humanitarian crisis resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022.MethodWe extracted and analysed data resulting from Russian military attacks on Ukrainians between 24 February and 4 August 2022. The data tracked direct deaths and injuries, damage to healthcare infrastructure and the impact on health, the destruction of residences, infrastructure, communication systems, and utility services – all of which disrupted the lives of Ukrainians.ResultsAs of 4 August 2022, 5552 civilians were killed outright and 8513 injured in Ukraine as a result of Russian attacks. Local officials estimate as many as 24 328 people were also killed in mass atrocities, with Mariupol being the largest (n=22 000) such example. Aside from wide swaths of homes, schools, roads, and bridges destroyed, hospitals and health facilities from 21 cities across Ukraine came under attack. The disruption to water, gas, electricity, and internet services also extended to affect supplies of medications and other supplies owing to destroyed facilities or production that ceased due to the war. The data also show that Ukraine saw an increase in cases of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and Coronavirus (COVID-19).ConclusionsThe 2022 Russia-Ukraine War not only resulted in deaths and injuries but also impacted the lives and safety of Ukrainians through destruction of healthcare facilities and disrupted delivery of healthcare and supplies. The war is an ongoing humanitarian crisis given the continuing destruction of infrastructure and services that directly impact the well-being of human lives. The devastation, trauma and human cost of war will impact generations of Ukrainians to come.

Background In Pakistan, dengue fever has become a major concerning factor, given that it is a relatively new disease compared to malaria. The number of people affected by dengue fever has increased at least 10-fold in the last 15 years in specific areas of Pakistan. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse this disease to reduce or prevent the effects of dengue fever in the region. Methods Geographical information system (GIS) maps are used to identify the intensity of the spread according to the count of affected people in our study area. Generalised linear modelling (GLM) is used to study the significance of factors associated with dengue fever. Results The dengue virus is present throughout the year in specific areas of Pakistan. Karachi and Lahore are most significantly affected with cases in these two most populous cities of Pakistan reported every year. In the study period (2006–2017), 2011 was the most devastating year for Pakistan. Lahore recorded more than 17,000 confirmed cases with 290 deaths in a single year. The GLM analysis shows rainfall, the average maximum temperature, and hospitals to be significant factors in the prevalence of dengue fever. Conclusion This study finds that Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are two of the primarily vulnerable provinces for the spread of dengue fever. Punjab has observed sporadic increases in dengue fever cases. In Pakistan, dengue cases increase in the rainfall season, especially during monsoon season. Lack of proper hospitals and clinics are another major factor, and mobile hospitals are needed in remote hotspot regions often affected by dengue fever. Finally, improved sanitation systems in metropoles would facilitate reducing breeding grounds for Aedes Aegypti larvae.

Objective: Interventional cardiologists have always faced the issue of LMCA critical stenosis. Conventionally, CABG is carried out in the management of patients; but, more frequent use of PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) have been observed but scarce literature is available about the utilization of PCI. We aimed to determine the rate of technical success and safety of the stenting of percutaneous LMCA. Methods: We studied 53 patients in our research at Services Hospital, Lahore in the timeframe of February 2016 to March 2017. We included all the patients who experienced coronary angiogram and diagnosed with an isolated LMCA or coexisting ostial LAD artery disease. All the cases having any previous surgical management of CAD and dialysis cases (renal disrders) were not made a part of this research. Patients were briefed about the CABG and PCI regarding their benefits and shortcomings. We considered all those cases who opted PCI and managed all these patients for stenting of percutaneous LMCA with or without the help of stenting of ostial LAD stenting. Results: A total of 72 patients were diagnosed with the disease of LMCA in the course of angiogram; whereas, only 15 patients chose CABG, inclusion criteria were not fulfilled by four patients, therefore, our final research sample was restricted to 53 patients. Patients were observed with a mean age of (55.45 ± 10.275) years. Acute coronary syndrome and stable angina were reported in respectively 29 and 22 patients. All patients had technically successful PCI with stenting. Only one mortality was reported after three months of PCI and no other death case was reported. Conclusion: PCI has better, safer and acceptable outcomes with a better technical success to LMCA critical stenosis. Keywords: CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft), LMCA (Left Main Coronary Artery). CAD (Coronary Artery Disease), PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) and LAD (Left Anterior Descending).

Diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease and is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high levels of sugar in blood (hyperglycemia). More than 230 million people worldwide are affected, and it is expected to reach 350 million by 2025. Globally the affected people are unaware of the disease and only half receive adequate treatment. It is caused due to deficiency of insulin or resistance to insulin or both. Insulin is secreted by β-cells of pancreas to control blood sugar levels. Advancing age, obesity and history of diabetes in the family have been identified as a major risk factors for diabetes in a study conducted by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Although not highly correlated, gender and lack of sufficient exercise were also found to be risk factors for diabetes. A life style intervention with weight loss, exercise regimen and diet control is often the first step in treatment of patients with newly diagnosed with diabetes and recommended by the ADA. The main goal of diabetes management is, as far as possible, to restore carbohydrate metabolism to a normal state. To achieve this goal, individuals with an absolute deficiency of insulin require insulin replacement therapy, which is given through injections or tablets. Insulin resistance, in contrast, can be corrected by dietary modifications and exercise. Key words: Diabetes Mellitus, insulin, hyperglycemia, oral hypoglycemic.

Since the advent of technology, prosthesis has morphed from providing simple use to being able to fully provide human like functionality. This paper presents the design of such a prosthetic hand that is capable of flexion in order to grip and hold the object, and extension which helps to release the object and revert back. Our proposed design is aimed to model a cost effective prototype that is able to perform basic gripping functions. Each finger is independent with 1 DoF for each finger and 5 DoF for the entire hand. Bond graph modeling technique is used for the prosthesis modeling as it delineates the power exchange of the system and further aids to simulate the system equations, which is achieved through the 20-sim software.