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Background Hypothyroidism increases the risk of cardiac disease as well as autonomic dysfunction (abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system). A prospective case-control study was conducted. The purpose of this study was to compare the QT variability and vascular stiffness of SH patients. Materials and Methods:Using ABI, we compared female SH patients to age- and sex-matched normal controls in order to better understand their condition. HF (0.15–0.4 Hz) and LF (0.003–0.04 Hz) frequencies were investigated spectroscopically. The HF represents vagal regulation, whereas the LF reflects both vagal and limbic regulation. Result In this case research 32 women participated who were 28.02+7.8 years old and 28 women in control group who were age-matched (30.2+ 7.1). Patients had greater QT variability indices (P = 0.01) than healthy controls. Cases showed a higher LF/HF ratio than controls (P = 0.03), which was statistically significant. It was shown that there was a 0.02 point difference in left-right ABI between patients and controls. Conclusion In these circumstances, sympathetic activity predominated over parasympathetic activity, with less of the latter. QTvi may be beneficial in determining the risk of cardiovascular mortality in this particular patient population.

Background: Corona virus is +ve stranded RNA virus pervasive in most of the atmospheres and towards the end of year 2019 it originated a pandemic as emerging microorganism which started in Wuhan city of China causing mild respiratory illness to severe acute hypoxemic respiratory distress syndrome in humans causing lot of deaths. Thanks to Almighty ALLAH that its virulence has been decreased in recent past in Pakistan due to better government planning and preventive measures. Objective: To manage moderate to severe COVID- 19 patients with pneumonias in HDU/ attached wards with central oxygen supply and to observe peril elements of infection severity, non-improvement and case fatality. Study Design: Descriptive, cross sectional, multicenter and heterogenous study of fifty COVID positive patients. Settings: High Dependency Unit & Isolation (Pulmonology ward) District Head Quarter Hospital Sargodha & Niazi Teaching Hospital (OPD), Sargodha Pakistan. Duration: From 15 May 2020 to 30 June 2020. Methodology: Fifty COVID- 19 patients over eighteen years of age presented with moderate to severe illness were enrolled for management in this study. Patients having +ve RT- PCR test (nasopharyngeal swab) for COVID-19/ CT chest with pneumonias, pyrexia, cough, tachypnoea with or without confusion, coma, dehydration, fits, low oxygen saturation, feeding difficulties, myocardial or renal injuries, raised liver enzymes, dysfunctional coagulation, expeditious disease advancement with respiratory failure (ARDS) were included in this study for management. Results: Every patient was admitted for moderate to severe COVID 19 pneumonias, tachypnoea etc. Eleven patients needed high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) humidified oxygen or noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and non-rebreather mask and two patients required invasive ventilation, 24 patients (48%) patients had diabetes mellitus with complications, 8 patients (16%) had chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD) or asthma on steroids and hypertension with complications was diagnosed in 6 (12%) patients as well. As a whole two critically ill (one old aged diabetic) patients died over one and a half month of study period. Conclusion: COVID-19 can be a fatal disease especially in patients with old age, chronic illnesses (diabetes, COAD, hypertension and chronic renal failure etc.), immunocompromised states, early detection with management is of great value. This study interprets that early usage of NIV (CPAP and HFNO) diminishes respiratory failure symptoms, worsening of disease and the need for invasive ventilation.

Objectives: The objective of this particular research was to contrast mean duration of acute diarrhea in infants taking lactose free formula versus lactose-containing formula milk along with standard treatment. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Department of Paediatric Medicine DHQ Teaching Hospital Sargodha. Period: 6 months from 29 October 2016 to 28 April 2017. Material & Methods: This study included 60 infants of both genders who were between 1month to 1 year of age and presented with acute diarrhea. These infants were separated into two groups. Infants in Group-A were given lactose-free formula milk while those in Group-B received lactose-containing formula milk. Outcome variable was mean duration of diarrhea which was compared between the two groups. Consent was taken in black and white from parents of each infant. Results: The average age of the infants was 7.2±3.1 months. Majority (n=41, 68.3%) of the infants were aged 6 months and above followed by 19 (31.7%) infants aged between 1-5 months. There were 29 (48.3%) male and 31 (51.7%) female infants with a female to male ratio of 1.1:1 the weight of infants ranged from 2.6 Kg to 11.9 Kg with a mean of 8.1±2.2 Kg. Both study groups were compared in terms of mean age (p-value=0.741), mean weight (p-value=0.932) and age (p-value=0.781), gender (p-value=0.438) and weight (p-value=0.573) groups distribution. The mean period of diarrhea was notably shorter in infants taking lactose-free milk (1.7±0.8 vs. 2.7±0.8 days; p

Background: Cigarette smoking alters inflammation indicators, which has been linked to cardiovascular disease as well as inflammatory disorders. The toxicity of tobacco has an effect on the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin. Total and differential leukocyte count (DLC), as well as oxygen saturation of haemoglobin, were measured in healthy smokers and nonsmokers in order to determine whether or not they were smoking. Methods: The participants in this cross-sectional study totaled 80 persons in good health. A questionnaire was utilised to gather information on smoking habits as well as anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). In order to count total and DLC cells in blood samples, the MS-9 automated haematological cell counter was employed. The fingertip pulse oximeter was used to test the oxygen saturation of the haemoglobin. Results: Compared to non-smokers, smokers had higher TLC (P

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most deadly tumours known. It is accurately found by many radiographic testing methods occasionally initiated for an unrelated ailment. In light of new histology guided therapeutic modalities and lung cancer genetic categorization, histological characterisation of lung cancer has risen in prominence. Aim: To link histology findings with clinical and radiographic features. Methods: This prospective investigation followed 40 patients with suspected lung cancer for a year, looking at clinical, radiological, and histological features. The research covered a clinical history, smoking habits, full physical examination of the respiratory system, chest roentgenogram, computed tomography of the thorax, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and others. Results: Patients were aged 56.7 years with 80.2% male and 19.8% female. The most frequent symptom was cough 84.6%. Lesion 85.5% followed by collapse consolidation 35.26% were the most frequent radiological results. Squamous cell carcinoma most typically showed as a hilar mass 54.4%, adenocarcinoma as a peripheral mass 67.4%. Squamous cell carcinoma 48% was the most frequent form, followed by small cell carcinoma 13% and adenocarcinoma 2.98% . Conclusion: In order to confirm a clinical or radiological diagnosis of lung cancer, endobronchial lung biopsy and histopathology are both extremely necessary tests to do. Keywords: Lung Cancer, Radiological Patterns, Histopathological Types

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes substantial morbidity and death in most organs. Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease. Type 2 DM is associated to osteoporosis and muscular weakness (T2DM). However, research on type 2 diabetes and its impact on BMD and handgrip strength is sparse (HGS). Methods: The research involved 130 people aged 25–60. This is the Quetelet index. HGS was measured using a handgrip dynamometer. HGS max kg and ET in seconds were recorded. A bone sonometer measured BMD at the tibia's distal end. The T-score and Z-score were used to examine the results. Results: In diabetics, BMI correlated with BMD and HGS max (P = 0.032). BMD correlated weakly with HGS max and ET. Non-diabetic men had greater HGS, whereas non-diabetic females had higher HGS and ET (P

Background: T2DM patients' cardiac autonomic function is different. Heart rate variability is diminished (HRV). Reduced HRV causes cardiac autonomic neuropathy and increased risk of SCD. Identifying high-risk T2DM patients can help avoid or postpone T2DM consequences. The Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire was created to analyze the patients. Aim: To study studied HRV in persons with different T2DM risk. Methods: Physiology Department conducted this experiment. It is a cross-sectional study involving 60 Patients. The RDS questionnaire will be completed by all participants. The RDS score puts them into Groups A, B, and C. 5 min short-term HRV will be measured in all three groups. The data were analysed using SPSS 23.0. ANOVA was used to compare the groups statistically. The variables were connected using the Pearson correlation test. Results: The post hoc (Dunn's) test demonstrated that HRV levels were considerably lower in high and moderate risk groups compared to mild risk groups. Conclusion: HRV levels declined with increased diabetes risk, showing a negative connection. Keywords: Autonomic Dysfunction Heart Rate Variability; Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Background: A brief overview of the disease: Thyroid dysfunction is a common premenopausal ailment characterized by subtle signs and symptoms that may go unnoticed for a lengthy period of time. Female hypothyroidism is common in the older population. In patients with SCH, primary hypothyroidism is a prevalent consequence. Aim: To determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and the associated clinical symptoms in premenopausal women who attended gynecology outpatient appointments. Methods: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its associated clinical symptoms in premenopausal women who were seen as outpatients in gynecology. The participants in this research ranged in age from 42 to 52 years. Thyroid function and blood cholesterol were measured in all of the SCH patients using an ELISA assay. Results: Seventy women between the ages of 42 and 52 participated in the research. Patients with menorrhagia accounted for 56% of all cases of menstrual disturbance in the study population. Women who experienced oligomenorrhea, a premenopausal symptom, accounted for 40% of the total. Thyroid impairment was shown to be associated with irregular menstruation (80% of cases) and weight gain (80 %). irritability and mood fluctuations (59 %) are common (70 %) Anxiety and depression are the most prevalent symptoms (58 %), followed by the loss of one's job. astonishment (6 % ) TSH levels were elevated in SCHs, while free T3 and T4 levels remained normal. There were 17 with SCH, 4 with hypothyroidism, and 49 with normal thyroid function. Seventy percent of individuals with SCH had hypercholesterolemia. Conclusion: Our findings encourage regular screening of premenopausal women, regardless of whether or not they are experiencing symptoms. Early detection and treatment of issues can help to avoid difficulties. Keywords: Thyroid dysfunction, premenopausal ailment, hypothoridism

Background: The country was placed under a nationwide lockdown on April 1st, which was then extended twice more until May 9th. When the lockdown came to an end, it was gradually lifted. Following the initial wave, the nation has fought COVID-19 by implementing "smart lockdowns" and enforcing standard operating procedures (SOPs). Aims: To assess participants' respiratory etiquette, anxiety, and depression in the context of the COVID pandemic after the constraint of lockdown has been lifted. Methods: From May 2020 to February 2021, a total of 120 participants participated in this cross-sectional study. Data collection is done through the use of a proforma. Anxiety and depression were measured using the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scales, which were used in conjunction with each other. It was disseminated by a deliberate snowball sampling procedure. Consent was obtained through the use of Google Forms. Results: Only 30 percent of the 120 participants wore a mask at all times. Anxiety and despair were experienced by 49 percent and 42 percent of those surveyed, respectively. Anxiety and depression were shown to be related with 35-50 year old females, HCPs, and family members who tested positive for COVID-19. Conclusions: Following the lockdown, participants' respiratory hygiene etiquette may have deteriorated, maybe due to their decreased anxiety about COVID-19 infection. Females, HCPs, and family members who tested positive for COVID-19 were shown to have higher levels of anxiety and sadness than other groups. Keywords: Anxiety, depression, Covid 19

Introduction: Reduced bone density in postmenopausal women is a complex disease with a strong genetic association. Causative factors are both acquired and genetic. Single nucleotide polymorphisms may be associated with genetic predisposition of this condition. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to find out an association between single nucleotide polymorphism (rs4845617) of IL-6R (Interleukin 6 receptor) gene and reduced bone density in cases of postmenopausal women and controls. Study Design: It is a retrospective case-control study. Duration: From March 2017 to Nov 2017. Setting: Different hospitals of Sargodha. Material and Method: About 30 blood samples were collected from postmenopausal women affected with reduced bone density and 30 healthy age-and gender-matched controls. All the blood samples underwent DNA extraction, Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing techniques. Result: In this study, post menopausal women were screened for the rs4845617 in IL-6R gene for their association with reduced bone density. The chi-square test of independence showed that G allele of rs4845617 was significantly associated with reduced bone density in postmenopausal women (OR=2.28, χ2=8.98, p=0.002). Conclusion: Our results signify that this polymorphism may play a role in reduced bone density susceptibility in postmenopausal women.