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Mulberry (Morus spp., Moracecae) is a notable medicinal and multi-functional plant. Distinct mulberry types are spread in subtropical, temperate and tropical areas all over the world. Mulberry leaves carry a number of bioactive compounds with it along with various pharmacological effects. It is a magnificent origin of nutrients, phytochemical and is been proven as nutraceutical. Mulberry leaves have a wide range of pharmacological effects having bacteriostatic, anti-hyperlipidemia, lowering blood glucose, anti-hypertensive, and antiviral properties. Mulberry leaves caloric content was determined as of carbohydrate (CHO), protein, fat, fiber, moisture and ash. Mulberry leaves contained the uppermost amount of carbohydrate (28.37%) in T1 and the lowermost amount of moisture (5.2%) in T1. The mineral content of macro-elements and micro-elements were determined from chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and sodium (Na). The content of minerals in mulberry leaves contained the highest amount of manganese (34.7) in T1 and the lowest sodium in T1. The content of vitamins in mulberry leaves contained the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins β-carotene, C, B3 and B2 were determined. Amongst the vitamins, mulberry leaves contained the uppermost value of β-carotene (14.0mg) and the lowermost value of vitamin B3(0.04). Bioactive compounds of mulberry leaves were determined are rutin, catechins, alkaloids and quercetin. Among the bioactive compounds in mulberry leaves contained the uppermost value of quercetin (763mg). The total phenolic content was (0.42–0.80 mg) Conclusively, mulberry leaves is enriched with nutritional values. So, it can be used in the treatment of various disease

'With Justin Williams' 'spatial justice' and Pierre Bordieu's 'role of gender', this article explores how gender socialization is the outcome of spatial correspondences and how the biological concerns regarding gender, specifically in third world countries like Pakistan, are the catalysts in this process of gender socialization. In this regard, this article delimits Jamil Ahmad's The Wandering Falcon to exhibit the cultural interpellation concerning gender disparity in establishing spatial justice. Space contributes to the socio-political and cultural consciousness that lets the gender know his/her location in a given social boundary. This gendered location is significant concerning a privileged stature of patriarchal/matriarchal mindset and performances. On the other hand, the phenomenon of spatial justice literalizes and materializes these mindsets and performances. This article examines the shift from individual consciousness to a social identity hence locates the impact of space in allocating a role to the gender.

Background: Lower back pain (LBP) not only remains the foremost cause of work absence and medical consultation but is also the leading cause of disability. It affects individuals from both developed and developing countries including children, adolescents, and the elderly. The aim of this research was to investigate the correlation between risk factors such as gender, smoking, and occupation and lower back pain among the people of Pakistan. The findings will be useful to establish factors associated with the condition and those can be modified to better manage the pain. Methodology: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a local medical college constituting both the students and the staff. Results: Prevalence of LBP was 51%. Males reported a higher frequency of LBP as compared to females (r=.191, p=0.03). LBP was also associated with the occupation. Students had a higher incidence of LBP (r=.178, p=0.04) as compared to the non-students (i.e., staff). Smoking was also associated with LBP as smokers showed a significantly higher frequency of LBP (r=.366, p=0.006). Greater Frequency of LBP was also linked with a higher grade of pain (r=0.346, p=0.005). Females reported a higher grade of pain as compared to males (r=0.292, p=0.01). Conclusion: There is a high frequency of LBP in students associated with gender, smoking and lifestyle. Proper education and planning are needed to address the situation. More prospective studies are indicated to further validate the results of this study. Keywords: Lower Back Pain, Smoking, Students, Gender, Correlation

Obesity has been defined as the excessive deposition of fats on the body. It presents a very significant risk to humanity, with debilitating consequences for healthcare systems worldwide. It has multiple effects on the body, including grave consequences on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Our project explores the latter. There are multiple studies available in the scientific literature that attempt to explain this phenomenon, all with limited success and conflicting results. This cross-sectional exploration of the topic was done on medical undergraduates to pick up on any correlations between peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and the markers of obesity (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist to hip ratio (WHR)). In general, we found that male participants had sizably higher PEFR values than females (r=0.540, p

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are an innovative product of ecological engineering that can play a promising role in wastewater treatment. It provides low-cost, eco-friendly, and sustainable solutions for the treatment of wastewater, particularly in regions with economic constraints. Generally, FTWs comprise rooted plants that grow on the surface of water with their roots extending down into the pelagic zone rather than being embedded into the sediments. This drooping structure helps develop (1) a hydraulic flow between the root network and the bottom of the treatment system and (2) a large biologically active surface area for the physical entrapment (filtration) of contaminants, as well as their biochemical transformation and degradation. Furthermore, the rooted network allows proliferation of microorganisms that form biofilms and enhance pollutant degradation while promoting plant growth. The augmentation of bacteria in FTWs has been proven to be the most effective approach for reclamation of wastewater. This article discusses the operational parameters of FTWs for maximal remediation of wastewater and highlights the importance of plant-bacteria partnerships in a typical FTW system for enhanced cleanup of wastewater. We propose that this technology is preferable over other methods that require high energy, costs, and area to install or operate machinery.

Objective: Cost-effective production of industrially important enzymes is a key for their successful utilization on large scale. Present study was conducted to appraise Pleurotus sapidus WC 529 potential to produce oxidative (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, laccase) and hydrolytic (endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase) enzymes, grown on wheat straw, corn cobs, corn stover, rice straw, banana stalk and sugarcane bagasse in solid state fermentation (SSF) process. The crude extract thus produced was used for the delignification of various agro-industrial residues. Methods: Different agricultural wastes were assessed for lignocellulolytic enzymes production. The process parameters were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) for maximum enzyme production. Results: P. sapidus secreted lower levels of hydrolytic enzymes but expressed high laccase, MnP and LiP activities in SSF (228.25, 153.45 and 59.20 UmL-1 respectively) of banana stalk. The optimal conditions for yielding highest enzyme activities were: initial pH, 4; temperature, 35°C; moisture level, 60%; inoculum size, 4 mL, and incubation time, 120 h. The enzyme extract removed 56.54, 51.08, 65.81 and 57.4% lignin from rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, corn cobs and wheat straw, respectively, after 48 h at 35°C. Conclusion: High ligninolytic activities were obtained in SSF of banana stalk by P. sapidus. The enzyme production was considerably improved by optimization through RSM. The results suggest that lignocellulolytic enzymes could be produced using cost-effective carbon sources and implicated to digest lignocellulosic biomass.

This investigation reports the quantitative assessment of endophyte-assisted floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) for the remediation of sewage and industrial wastewater. Typha domingensis was used to vegetate FTWs that were subsequently inoculated with a consortium of pollutant-degrading and plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria. T. domingensis, being an aquatic species, holds excellent potential to remediate polluted water. Nonetheless, investigation conducted on Madhuana drain carrying industrial and sewage water from Faisalabad City revealed the percentage reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) to be 87% and 87.5%, respectively, within 96 h on coupling the plant species with a consortium of bacterial endophytes. With the endophytes surviving in plant tissue, maximal reduction was obtained in not only the aforementioned pollution parameters but for other major environmental quality parameters including nutrients (N and P), ions (Na+ and K+), Cl−, and SO42− as well, which showed percentage reductions up to 90%, 39%, 77%, 91.8%, 40%, and 60%, respectively. This significant improvement in polluted wastewater quality treated with the proposed method render it safe to be discharged freely in larger water bodies as per the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of Pakistan or to be reused safely for irrigation purposes; thus, FTWs provide a sustainable and affordable approach for in situ remediation of sewage and industrial wastewater.

Modification with SUMO protein has many key roles in eukaryotic systems which renders the identification of its target proteins and sites of considerable importance. Information regarding the SUMOylation of a protein may tell us about its subcellular localization, function, and spatial orientation. This modification occurs at particular and not all lysine residues in a given protein. In competition with biochemical means of modified-site recognition, computational methods are strong contenders in the prediction of SUMOylation-undergoing sites on proteins. In this research, physicochemical properties of amino acids retrieved from AAIndex, especially those involved in docking of modifier and target proteins and optimal presentation of target lysine, in combination with sequence information and random forest-based classifier presented in WEKA have been used to develop a prediction model, SUMOhunt, with statistics significantly better than all previous predictors. In this model 97.56% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, 94% specificity, and 0.95 MCC have been achieved which shows that proposed amino acid properties have a significant role in SUMO attachment. SUMOhunt will hence bring great reliability and efficiency in SUMOylation prediction.

High‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become a vital tool for dissolved organic matter (DOM) characterization. The upward trend in HRMS analysis of DOM presents challenges in data comparison and interpretation among laboratories operating instruments with differing performance and user operating conditions. It is therefore essential that the community establishes metric ranges and compositional trends for data comparison with reference samples so that data can be robustly compared among research groups. To this end, four identically prepared DOM samples were each measured by 16 laboratories, using 17 commercially purchased instruments, using positive‐ion and negative‐ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI) HRMS analyses. The instruments identified ~1000 common ions in both negative‐ and positive‐ion modes over a wide range of m/z values and chemical space, as determined by van Krevelen diagrams. Calculated metrics of abundance‐weighted average indices (H/C, O/C, aromaticity, and m/z) of the commonly detected ions showed that hydrogen saturation and aromaticity were consistent for each reference sample across the instruments, while average mass and oxygenation were more affected by differences in instrument type and settings. In this paper we present 32 metric values for future benchmarking. The metric values were obtained for the four different parameters from four samples in two ionization modes and can be used in future work to evaluate the performance of HRMS instruments Research Funding: Beatriu de Pinos. Grant Number: 2016‐00215 Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems. Grant Number: 1802388 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Grant Number: EP/L015307/1 French National FT‐ICR network. Grant Number: FR 3624 CNRS H2020 European Research Council. Grant Number: ERC‐STG 716196 H2020 Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions. Grant Number: CHROME‐839709 National Science Foundation. Grant Number: AGS‐1531454 Newton Fund. Grant Number: 275910721 NIH. Grant Number: S10OD018475 Vetenskapsrådet. Grant Number: 2018‐04618