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Ammonia nitrogen is a common environmental factor in aquaculture systems. High levels of ammonia nitrogen threaten the health of shrimp. This study aimed to investigate ammonia nitrogen stress in the hepatopancreas of Penaeus vannamei by integrating physiological, metabolome, and transcriptome analysis. The study revealed that exposure to ammonia nitrogen resulted in injury to the hepatopancreas, deformation disorder of the lumen, blurred boundaries, and increased vacuoles. After ammonia nitrogen stress, the activities of ammonia-metabolizing enzymes (glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase) increased significantly, while the activity of transglutaminase decreased significantly. In addition, antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) were significantly decreased. Additionally, the activity of energy metabolizing enzyme (hexokinase) was increased, and immune enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) activity was decreased. The accumulation of metabolites, such as d-myo-inositol, hexadecenoic acid, aspartate, and ornithine in the metabolite groups, showed significant differences under ammonia stress. Transcriptome analysis suggested that the KEGG pathways were significantly enriched in energy and primary metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and signaling pathways. The comprehensive analysis of metabolome and transcriptome displayed significant enrichment pathways, including TCA cycle, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and folic acid biosynthesis under ammonia nitrogen stress. Simultaneously, six genes were found to respond to ammonia stress, including inositol oxygenase-like, histone h1-β, postembryonic, blood cell protein-glutamine-glutamyltransferase-like, receptor tyrosine protein phosphatase T-like, trichohyalin-like, and thyroxine 5-deiodinase-like. The results showed that ammonia nitrogen stress caused hepatopancreas tissue damage, changed in enzyme activities, metabolic process, and related gene expression in P. vannamei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen from tannery wastewater by combining electrocoagulation, ozonation, and ion exchange technologies. For this purpose, an electrocoagulation reactor equipped with aluminum electrodes, an ozonation tank, and a filtration system with zeolite were employed. The electrocoagulation treatment applied the response surface methodology with a 3k factorial design with the following two factors: current intensity (I) ranging from 3 to 7A, and treatment time (t) from 10 to 30 min; the removal percentage of total suspended solids (TSS) is set as a response variable. Results indicate that the treatment time and current intensity were significant for the removal of total suspended solids TSS, at a confidence level of p < 0,05. Under these conditions, a TSS, removal efficiency of 98% was achieved. Through the electrocoagulation process, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced by 58%, while in the ozonation tank, an additional 23% of COD was removed. The filtration stage demonstrated that 13X HP zeolite can exchange ions with the ammonia nitrogen from tannery wastewater, wherein a 39% removal efficiency is reached at equilibrium. Thus, the integration of various treatment methods is a viable alternative to reduce wastewater from the tannery industry. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of three methods for treating tannery wastewater. The results show that the combination of these treatments provides a more effective solution for removing the pollutant load, especially nitrogen, compared to the use of individual treatment methods alone. The study opens new perspectives for optimizing multi-stage treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion is a promising technology for the treatment of food waste (FW) but it requires optimization to improve its performance. This study investigated whether combining the addition of biochar with lipase pretreatment could improve the anaerobic digestion of FW. The results showed that biochar stimulated the release of soluble substances, resulting in an increase in the methane yield of groups with added biochar by 16.24% to 19.36% in comparison with the group without biochar. Lipase pretreatment substantially shortened the fermentation time required to complete the anaerobic digestion, from 15 to 9 days. Lipase pretreatment further improved microbial abundance and promoted the enrichment of functional microbes in the anaerobic digestion of FW mediated by biochar. It also changed the methane production pathway from acetotrophic to hydrogenotrophic, thereby ensuring the stability of the anaerobic digestion system in the presence of a high ammonia nitrogen concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of feeding a microbial-derived antioxidant diet (MA) for 56 days on the growth performance of Eriocheir sinensis, as well as on digestive and metabolic enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity under ammonia stress (400 mg/L ammonia nitrogen for 48 h). The weight gain at 28d and the specific growth rate at 56ds for crabs in the MA group were significantly higher than those in the control diet (C) group (p < 0.05). Compared with the C group, the color of the hepatopancreas in the MA group was significantly improved (p < 0.05). A significant decrease in the level of Hemolymph ammonia was found in the microbial antioxidant ammonia-N (MA_A) group (p < 0.05), which may be related to the decrease of transaminase (AST, ALT, GDH) activities caused by MA diet (p < 0.05). There is a significant increase in the digestive enzyme activities (Trypsin and Lipase), which reduced the accumulation of triglycerides in the hepatopancreas in the (MA_A) group (p < 0.05). In addition, the antioxidant damage of crabs in hepatopancreas caused by ammonia nitrogen toxicity could also significantly be improved by MA fed in the (MA_A) group (p < 0.05). microbe-derived antioxidants (supplemented with 0.2% in feeds) can protect the health of hepatopancreas, promote growth, and improve the ability to resist ammonia nitrogen stress for E.sinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate supplement intake, ruminal parameters, and blood parameters of beef cattle supplemented with different protein sources (soybean meal or extruded urea– starea) during the rainy and wet-dry transition seasons. Four ruminally cannulae crossbred cattle were distributed in a completely randomized design in four paddocks Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, with two paddocks per treatment, with three 30-d periods each season (rainy and wet-dry). The treatments were: (1) Concentrated supplement containing extruded urea (Starea) and (2) Concentrated supplement containing soybean meal. During the rainy season, the animals received 0.45% of BW in supplement per day. In the wet-dry transition period, the animals received 0.70% of BW of supplement per day. Animals fed soybean meal had greater supplement intake. The treatment with extruded urea supplement had rumen pH higher in the wet period. There was an interaction of treatment × hour for ammonia N for both seasons, where during the wet season, soybean meal at 6 h sampling had greater ammonia N compared with the other treatment, and during the wet-dry transition, soybean meal at 6 h and extruded urea supplement at 0 h had greater ammonia concentration. The total VFA was not affected by treatment independent of the season. The acetate: propionate ratio was lower with soybean meal supplement during the wet season. The total replacement is not recommended of true protein by non-protein nitrogen sources in supplements for beef cattle kept in Marandu-grass pastures during the rainy and wet-dry transition seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exiguobacterium sp. (OS) and Staphylococcus sciuri (WLS01), which were two strains of manganese oxidizing bacteria (MOB) with plant growth promoting potential, were inoculated in the roots of the floating plant Pistia stratiotes, respectively, the effects of MOB colonization on plants were studied by observing and measuring the growth and physiological response of plants before and after 14 days of water cultivation, changes in manganese and ammonia nitrogen content in water, and changes in manganese transport by plants. The results showed that colonization of OS and WLS01 led to an increase in P.stratiotes biomass by 31.29% and 25.81%, respectively compared to the uncolonized group, and the colonization also improved the plant photosynthesis. But after colonization MOB, damage appeared in the roots of P.stratiotes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) is a key water quality variable that is difficult to measure in the water treatment process. Data-driven soft computing is one of the effective approaches to address this issue. Since the detection cost of NH3-N is very expensive, a large number of NH3-N values are missing in the collected water quality dataset, that is, a large number of unlabeled data are obtained. To enhance the prediction accuracy of NH3-N, a semi-supervised soft computing method using a self-constructing fuzzy neural network with an active learning mechanism (SS-SCFNN-ALM) is proposed in this study. In the SS-SCFNN-ALM, firstly, to reduce the computational complexity of active learning, the kernel k-means clustering algorithm is utilized to cluster the labeled and unlabeled data, respectively. Then, the clusters with larger information values are selected from the unlabeled data using a distance metric criterion. Furthermore, to improve the quality of the selected samples, a Gaussian regression model is adopted to eliminate the redundant samples with large similarity from the selected clusters. Finally, the selected unlabeled samples are manually labeled, that is, the NH3-N values are added into the dataset. To realize the semi-supervised soft computing of the NH3-N concentration, the labeled dataset and the manually labeled samples are combined and sent to the developed SCFNN. The experimental results demonstrate that the test root mean square error (RMSE) and test accuracy of the proposed SS-SCFNN-ALM are 0.0638 and 86.31%, respectively, which are better than the SCFNN (without the active learning mechanism), MM, DFNN, SOFNN-HPS, and other comparison algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was performed to reveal the mechanisms of toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen on Chinese hook snout carp (Opsariichthys bidens) based on the levels of antioxidant enzyme activities and the expression of 70‐kDa heat shock protein gene (HSP70) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) after 96 h of acute toxic ammonia exposure to investigate its adaptability. The result showed that activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the intestine, liver, brain, and gills showed a general trend of increasing and then decreasing when exposed to ammonia nitrogen. The intestinal tissue structure was damaged to varying degrees, the expression of the HSP70 in the brain and gills increased at 0–12 h, and the expression of the TNF‐α in brain tissues decreased at 0–12 h. The expression of TNF‐α in the liver was continuously upregulated in the late stages of stress, and it did not decrease until the stress was released. The above results indicate that high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen caused varying degrees of damage to the neurological, respiratory, and metabolic‐related organs of the O. bidens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing costs of traditional protein sources, such as soybean meal (SBM), have prompted interest in alternative feeds for ruminants. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources, like urea, offer a cost-effective alternative by enabling rumen microorganisms to convert NPN into microbial protein, which is crucial for ruminant nutrition. However, the rapid hydrolysis of urea in the rumen can result in excessive ammonia (NH3) production and potential toxicity. Slow-release urea (SRU) has been developed to mitigate these issues by gradually releasing nitrogen, thereby improving nutrient utilization and reducing NH3 toxicity risks. This review explores SRU's development, types, mechanisms, and benefits, highlighting its potential to enhance ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and overall feed efficiency. SRU formulations include polymer-coated urea, lipid-coated urea, calcium-urea, starea, and zeolite-impregnated urea, each designed to control nitrogen release and minimize adverse effects. Studies have demonstrated that SRU can improve microbial nitrogen efficiency and reduce nitrogen losses, although results regarding feed intake, digestibility, and milk yield are mixed. These discrepancies indicate that factors such as SRU type, diet formulation, and animal breed may influence outcomes. Continued research is essential to optimize SRU applications, aiming to enhance ruminant production, economic viability, and environmental stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract With the accelerated urbanization process in the Yangtze River Delta region, shallow groundwater has received increasing attention. In this work, the exceedances of the ammonium nitrogen (NH3-N) and chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) in shallow groundwater in the central typical area of the Yangtze River Delta were investigated. With the utilization of the national monitoring well (QY10A) as a focal point, a combination of methods, including onsite sampling, hydrogeological surveys, leaching tests, water quality analysis, and isotope tracing, was employed to comprehensively examine groundwater pollution. The study addressed the history of groundwater exploitation, changes in surface water quality, and the influence of stratigraphic structure on groundwater contamination. It has been observed that the NH3-N levels in the silty chalky clay layer and the lower grayish black chalky clay layer in the study area are notably elevated, with concentrations reaching up to 87.5 mg/kg and 97.4 mg/kg in some boreholes. The NH3-N concentration in the silty clay with silty sand can reach as high as 87.2 mg/kg, whereas the concentration is lower in the underlying layers. In the other strata, NH3-N values remain low. The results indicated that the NH3-N and CODMn in the QY10A monitoring well resulted primarily from the inherently high organic nitrogen content in the local geological environment rather than from anthropogenic sources such as industrial parks, domestic sewage, or agricultural activities. This finding highlights the critical role of geological conditions in influencing groundwater quality, emphasizing the necessity of considering these natural factors in pollution prevention and management strategies. Our research provides valuable insights for environmental management in similar geological settings and demonstrates the importance of scientifically rigorous methods for advancing environmental research and policy-making.

Thiosulfate method is considered to be the most promising method for gold extraction to replace cyanidation, but the large amount of residual ammonia nitrogen in the gold leaching tailings has potential environmental risks and has become one of the bottlenecks in the industrialization of this method. The effect of magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitation method on the removal of ammonia nitrogen from thiosulfate gold leaching tail liquid was studied, n (Mg) : n(N) : n(P), pH value, time, thiosulfate radicals and copper were investigated. The effect of ion concentration on the removal performance of copper ammonia was discussed. The effects of NaOH dosage, thermal decomposition time and temperature during the thermal decomposition of magnesium ammonium phosphate and the feasibility of cyclic ammonia removal of thermal decomposition products were discussed. The results showed that at normal temperature,pH= 10. n(Mg) : n(N) : n(P)= 0. 9 : 1 : 0. 9,and the reaction time is 45 min. The ammonia nitrogen removal rate in the thiosulfate gold leaching tail liquid can reach 95. 28%, and the resulting precipitation The thermal decomposition reaction of the material at 120 °C and n(NH4 ) : n(NaOH) = l : 2 for three hours can remove 99. 80% of ammonia nitrogen,and has good cyclic ammonia removal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have revealed that ammonia nitrogen has several adverse effects on clam Ruditapes philippinarum. However, knowledge is lacking regarding the related proteins involved in the toxicological responses, which is vital to elucidate the underlying mechanism of ammonia nitrogen. In this study, clams R. philippinarum were exposed to ammonia nitrogen for 21 d at two environmentally relevant concentrations. The tandem mass tags approach (TMT) was applied to assay the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in clam gill tissues on the 3rd and 21st day. Finally, a total of 7 263 proteins were identified. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that clam protein profiles changed in dose- and time-dependent manner after ammonia nitrogen exposure. We inferred that the clams may face heavy challenges after ammonia exposure, such as unbalanced gender ratio, lysosomal disease, energy lack, neurological disorders, altered glutamine metabolism, increased lipid synthesis, and impaired immunity. Variation profiles of enzyme activities of glutaminase and glutamine synthase provided direct evidence to verify the related inference from proteome data. Most of the inferred toxic effects merit further study. This study identified important proteins related to ammonia nitrogen toxicity in the clam and indicated the severe stress of marine ammonia pollution on the healthy development of mollusc aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Objective] The purpose of this paper is to study the optimal operation condition of AAO-MBBR mode of the new rural sewage treatment process and its treatment effect on pollutants. [Method] By comparing the pollutant removal rate under different residence time, different internal circulation ratio and different aerobic tank dissolved oxygen concentration, the optimal operation parameters of the equipment were screened out, and the equipment was set to operate under the optimal operating condition. The treatment effect on various pollutants was analyzed. [Result] The results showed that the improved AAO-MBBR process had the best removal effect when the hydraulic retention time was 8 h, the internal circulation ratio was 300% and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in aerobic pool was 2.5 mg/L. Under optimal operating conditions, the removal rates of SS, COD, BOD, NH3-N and TP of the equipment were 80%, 85%, 91%, 84.5% and 46%, respectively. And the treatment effect is significantly higher than that of other sewage treatment equipment. [Conclusion]The improved AAO-MBBR process has a good effect on pollutant removal in integrated wastewater treatment equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment is the property of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of water quality target management, it is necessary to trace the pollution sources that impact the water quality of rivers and lakes. Taking the Huangshui River basin as an example, pollution sources were classified and quantified as point sources and non- point sources. Based on the pollutant flux contribution tracing method, inventory analysis and output coefficient method were used to calculate the inflowing loads and contribution rates of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) from point sources and non-point sources. By identifying the magnitude of contribution rates, the main types and locations of point sources were identified, and the non-point source pollution hotspots and key pollution source types were identified at the town scale. The results show that sewage treatment plants and industrial sources contribute the most to NH3-N, while large-scale livestock and poultry farming sources contribute the most to TP. Point sources are mainly distributed in the middle reaches of the Huangshui River and the main urban area of Xining. Point sources have a significantly greater impact on pollutant concentrations during the dry season than the rainy season. As for non-point sources, urban domestic sources in certain townships in the Huangshui River Basin are identified as significant contributors to NH3-N at the Bianqiang Village section. Non-point sources from some townships in the middle and upper reaches of the Huangshui River Basin have an important impact on TP at the Bianqiang Village section, with urban domestic sources and agricultural planting sources being important sources of TP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ruminants and their products play an important role in providing food for many people. They are able to convert plants that cannot be digested by humans into usable protein for humans. New animal feed has been commonly developed for long years. To improve food production from ruminants, it is important to explore new feed sources. New or less exploited types of feed can replace or supplement traditional feeds in ruminant diets. Sesbania is a multipurpose plant that is cultivated for consumption as fodder and green manure. As a fast- growing plant, Sesbania has been mentioned as a food source to reduce feed costs. The food value of some of its species is equal to alfalfa and several other valuable plants. Due to proper digestibility, low fiber, and relatively high protein, it is possible to replace it with hay for livestock, especially small ruminants. In addition, as a tropical legume, Sesbania can easily withstand temperatures above 35°C, which are limiting for most legume plants, and grow well under salinity stress conditions if there is sufficient moisture in the soil. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the nutritional value of Sesbania sp. L. for ruminants. Methods: The present research was carried out in the laboratories and teaching-research station of animal husbandry at the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The experimental treatments included a control diet (without the Sesbania plant), 25, 50, 75, and 100% replacements of the Sesbania plant with alfalfa. The chemical compositions of the Sesbania plant, alfalfa hay, treatments, and other experimental samples, including crude protein, dry matter, ash, acid detergent fiber, and total tannin, were measured by standard methods. The neutral detergent fiber was quantified with the usual method without using the alpha-amylase enzyme and sodium sulfite by removing ash. The amount of gas produced by the samples was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after incubation, and gas production parameters, digestibility of organic matter, their metabolizable energy, ammonia nitrogen concentration, pH, and protozoa population of culture medium were estimated in the treatments. In the gas production experiment, rumen fluid was taken from the rumen of three male sheep fed with a forage-based diet at the maintenance level and before morning feeding using a stomach tube. Ruminal fluid was filtered with a four-layer cheesecloth, mixed, and transferred to the laboratory in a flask containing hot water at 39 °C. To count protozoa at the end of 24 hours, a sample was prepared from the gas culture medium and mixed with 10 ml of 10% formaldehyde, and protozoa were counted using a hemocytometer slide. The resulting data were analyzed with a completely randomized design. In the present experiment, the chemical composition, digestion, and fermentation of the Sesbania plant were also compared with alfalfa hay. Results: Compared to the control, Sesbania-containing diets replaced with alfalfa had significantly the lowest potential and gas production rate at all levels (P < 0.05). The comparison of the Sesbania plant and alfalfa hay showed that the potential and gas production rate of alfalfa were higher than that of the Sesbania plant. In the experimental diets, the partitioning factor, microbial biomass production, and microbial biomass production efficiency were higher at all levels of Sesbania replaced with alfalfa than the control diet, and the levels of 75% and 100% of Sesbania replaced with alfalfa had a significantly higher partitioning factor than the control and other treatments (P < 0.05). However, the truly degradable organic matter was not affected by the experimental treatments. The results of the comparison of the Sesbania plant and alfalfa hay showed that the partitioning factor, microbial biomass production, and microbial biomass production efficiency of the Sesbania plant were significantly higher than alfalfa (P < 0.05). The results of fermentation parameters after 24 hours of incubation showed that the pH of the rumen culture medium was not affected by the experimental treatments, but the ammonia nitrogen concentration was affected by the experimental treatments (P < 0.05), and the control treatment contained the highest ammonia nitrogen concentration. In the comparison of the Sesbania plant with alfalfa hay, the pH of the rumen culture medium was not affected by the experimental treatments, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration of the Sesbania plant was significantly lower than that of alfalfa hay (P < 0.05). The helotrich, entodinomorph, and cellulolytic protozoa population, and the total rumen protozoa population were the highest in the control treatment (29.33) and the lowest in the 100% replacement of the Sesbania plant with alfalfa hay (9.66). The results of the comparison of the Sesbania plant with alfalfa hay showed an increase in the population of Helotrich, Entodinomorph, and Cellulolytic protozoa and the total population of rumen protozoa in alfalfa hay, with a decrease in the population of the Sesbania plant. The results of in vitro digestibility indicated the highest digestibility of dry matter, NDF, and, ADF in the control treatment. The comparison of the Sesbania plant with alfalfa hay revealed that the digestibility of dry matter, NDF, and ADF of alfalfa was higher than that of the Sesbania plant. Conclusion: In general, the results of the present experiment demonstrate that the chemical composition and digestibility of the Sesbania plant are similar to alfalfa hay. Therefore, the Sesbania plant can be considered a suitable substitute for alfalfa hay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technology of Water Treatment is the property of Technology of Water Treatment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment is the property of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an important pathogen in the aquaculture industry that poses a serious threat to the shrimp farming industry. In this study, Litopenaeus vannamei was selected as the research object to determine the critical concentration of ammonia nitrogen that triggered the outbreak of WSSV. Multiomics techniques were used to study the comprehensive reaction mechanism of L. vannamei, which is in a state of WSSV infection and transforms into acute infection under conditions of ammonia nitrogen stress, from physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic perspectives. The toxicity of ammonia nitrogen and WSSV to L. vannamei was measured by the LC50 test, and semilethal concentrations at 72 hpi, 96 hpi, 120 hpi, and 144 hpi were obtained. H&E staining revealed pathological changes in the intestinal tract induced by WSSV infection, ammonia nitrogen stress, and combined ammonia nitrogen and WSSV stress in L. vannamei. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs revealed that activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway triggers metabolic reprogramming of cells, which is conducive to the WSSV-induced Warburg effect and proliferation. Blocking the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway could reduce the apoptosis of WSSV-infected cells, thereby inhibiting viral replication. Notably, ammonia nitrogen stress disrupted the balance between shrimp and WSSV latent infection, increased the susceptibility to WSSV infection, and aggravated the severity of infection. The obstruction of ammonia metabolism leads to an increase in ammonia nitrogen levels, aggravates the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of the host, causes intracellular oxidative damage and host tissue damage, weakens the immune function of the host, and cannot effectively resist WSSV infection, leading to the acceleration of WSSV replication and disease outbreaks.

With the wastewater treatment project of a taurine production enterprise in Hubei as a case study, this paper analyzed the production process and wastewater quality characteristics of the enterprise, the targeted treatment process of “hydrolysis acidification+pre anoxic+aerobic biochemistry+post anoxic+secondary sedimentation” was adopted. When the average influent COD, ammonia nitrogen, and total nitrogen were 956.8, 50.6, 99.1 mg/L, respectively, the average effluent COD, ammonia nitrogen, and TN were 73.6, 1.6, 12.2 mg/L, respectively, with the average removal rates could reach 92.3%, 96.9%, and 87.7%, respectively. The effluent water quality was stable and meet the limits of water pollutants for newly built enterprises in the Chemical Synthesis Pharmaceutical Industry Water Pollutant Discharge Standard(GB 21904-2008). By adopting tapered aeration and fan frequency conversion control, energy consumption was significantly reduced, and the operating cost was 1.60 CNY/m3.

In order to solve the problem of resource utilization of waste aquatic plants, the biochar prepared by aquatic plants can be better utilized when absorbing NH4+ -N in water, this paper used wetland reed as raw material to burn reed biochar, and explored the physical characteristics of reed biochar, under different experimental conditions, the adsorption characteristics of reed biochar to NH4+-N were studied. The results showed that the surface of reed biochar was elongated, rough and uneven, many small particles were attached, and it had a porous structure. The adsorption kinetics study showed that 6 hours was the optimal time parameter for reed biochar to adsorb NH4+ -N, and the adsorption process was more in line with the quasi second order fitting equation. The isotherm study showed that 25 °C could better describe the isotherm adsorption process of NH4+ -N by reed biochar, and the isotherm adsorption behavior of reed biochar on NH4+-N was more in line with the Freundlich equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N/NH4+-N) serves as a crucial chemical in biochemistry and fertilizer synthesis. However, it is also a toxic compound, posing risks from eutrophication to direct threats to human health. Ammonia nitrogen pollution pervades water sources, presenting a significant challenge. While several water treatment technologies exist, biological treatment, though widely used, has its limitations. Hence, green and efficient photocatalytic technology emerges as a promising solution. However, current monolithic semiconductor photocatalysts prove inadequate in controlling ammonia nitrogen pollution. Therefore, this review focuses on enhancing semiconductor photocatalysts' efficiency through modification, discussing four mechanisms: (1) mono-ionic modification; (2) metallic and non-metallic modification; (3) construct heterojunctions; and (4) enhancement of synergistic effects of multiple technologies. The influencing factors of photocatalytic ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency are also explored. Moreover, the review outlines the limitations of current photocatalytic pollution treatment and discusses future development trends and research challenges. Currently, the main products of ammonia nitrogen removal include NO3−, NO2−, and N2. To mitigate secondary pollution, the green process of converting ammonia nitrogen to N2 using photocatalysis emerges as a fundamental approach for future treatment. Overall, this review aims to deepen understanding of photocatalysis in ammonia nitrogen treatment and guide researchers toward widespread implementation of this endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to compare the nutritional value of sesbania straw with alfalfa hay and determine its effects on the digestive and fermentation activity of the ruminal anaerobic bacteria and fungi. The experimental diets included a control diet (without sesbania straw) and diets in which alfalfa hay was replaced with sesbania straw at the rate of 25, 50, 75, and 100% in a fattening lamb diet. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was the highest (P<0.05) in the control diet (P<0.05), but not different from the diets containing 25, 50 and 75% of the sesbania straw in lieu of alfalfa hay (P>0.05). The digestibility of dry matter, NDF, and ADF of alfalfa hay was higher than that of sesbania straw (P<0.05). Compared to the control diet, the replacement of sesbania plant with alfalfa hay up to 75% level did not have a significant effect on the digestibility of DM, NDF, and ADF by isolated rumen bacteria and fungi, but at 100% replacement, the digestibility decreased (P<0.05). Also, in the culture medium of isolated rumen bacteria and fungi, alfalfa hay had more digestibility of the nutrients than sesbania straw (P<0.05). The pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration of the culture medium containing the isolated rumen bacteria and fungi were significantly higher in the control diet than in the diets containing sesbania straw (P<0.05). In general, the findings showed that it is possible to replace at least 75% of alfalfa hay with sesbania straw in the diets of fattening lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonia are crucial to the growth of Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). Information on the effects of DO and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in regulating ammonia nitrogen excretion and flesh quality in Chinese perch is scanty. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dissolved DO at oxygen levels of 3 mg/L and 9 mg/L, as well as the TAN concentrations of 0.3 mg/L and 0.9 mg/L on ammonia excretion and flesh quality. Results showed that the ammonia contents in plasma, muscle, and liver of the 9 mg/L DO group were significantly higher than those of the 3 mg/L DO group (P < 0.05). However, the expression of AMPK-related signaling pathway genes (gdh, lkb1, and ampd) and flesh quality indicators (gumminess, chewiness, hardness) in the 9 mg/L DO group were significantly lower than those in the 3 mg/L DO group. Under long-term exposure to 0.9 mg/L TAN, the ammonia contents in plasma and gill filaments, as well as muscle flesh quality (resilience, gumminess, chewiness, cohesiveness), were significantly lower than those in the 0.3 mg/L TAN group (P < 0.05). However, the activities of GDH and AMPD enzymes in the 0.9 mg/L TAN group were significantly higher than those in the 0.3 mg/L TAN group. In summary, when fish are exposed to 3 mg/L DO and 0.9 mg/L TAN in the environment for a long time, their amino acids are used for transamination and deamination, resulting in insufficient energy supply for Chinese perch, whereas 9 mg/L DO and 0.9 mg/L TAN caused deterioration of the flesh quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technology of Water Treatment is the property of Technology of Water Treatment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The TiO2 nanocomposite efficiency was determined under optimized conditions with activated carbon to remove ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) from the leachate sample. In this work, the facile impregnation and pyrolysis synthesis method was employed to prepare the nanocomposite, and their formation was confirmed using the FESEM, FTIR, XRD, and Raman studies. In contrast, Raman phonon mode intensity ratio ID/IG increases from 2.094 to 2.311, indicating the increase of electronic conductivity and defects with the loading of TiO2 nanoparticles. The experimental optimal conditions for achieving maximum NH3-N removal of 75.8% were found to be a pH of 7, an adsorbent mass of 1.75 mg/L, and a temperature of 30 °C, with a corresponding time of 160 min. The experimental data were effectively fitted with several isotherms (Freundlich, Hill, Khan, Redlich–Peterson, Toth, and Koble–Corrigan). The notably elevated R2 value of 0.99 and a lower ARE % of 14.61 strongly support the assertion that the pseudo-second-order model compromises a superior depiction of the NH3-N reduction process. Furthermore, an effective central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed, and the lower RMSE value, precisely 0.45, demonstrated minimal disparity between the experimentally determined NH3-N removal percentages and those predicted by the model. The subsequent utilization of the desirability function allowed us to attain actual variable experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The black soldier fly (BSF) contains protein, fat, chitin, and rich minerals and has the potential to be used as a protein feed source. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different levels of BSF on rumen in vitro fermentation gas production, methane (CH4) production, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The results have shown that the supplementation of 10% BSF yielded in vitro fermentation indicators similar to those of the non-supplementation group. Although supplementing BSF of 15% reduced methane production, it also reduced the concentrations of rumen VFA. Therefore, it is recommended to supplement the diet with 10% BSF instead of soybean meal. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different levels of BSF on rumen in vitro fermentation gas production, methane (CH4) production, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The experiment comprised four treatments, each with five replicates. The control group contained no BSF (BSF0), and the treatment groups contained 5% (BSF5), 10% (BSF10), and 15% (BSF15) BSF, respectively. Results showed that at 3 h, 9 h, and 24 h, gas production in BSF5 and BSF10 was significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF15 (p < 0.05). Gas production in BSF5 and BSF10 was higher than in BSF0, while gas production in BSF15 was lower than in BSF0. At 6 h and 12 h, CH4 emission in BSF15 was significantly lower than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the pH of in vitro fermentation after BSF addition (p > 0.05). At 3 h, NH3-N levels in BSF10 and BSF15 were significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF5 (p < 0.05). At 6 h, NH3-N levels in BSF5 and BSF10 were significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF15 (p < 0.05). Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total VFAs in BSF0, BSF5, and BSF10 were significantly higher than in BSF15 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, gas production, CH4 emission, NH3-N, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and VFAs were highest in BSF5 and BSF10 and lowest in BSF15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Xinjiang University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Xinjiang University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Turbidity has been one of the most typical problems in urban rivers, accompanied by eutrophication. Though the colloid is a nonnegligible factor associated with turbidity and nutrient enrichment in urban rivers, the characteristics of nitrogen enrichment and bacterial communities of colloids under different turbidity conditions of urban rivers have not been well understood. In this study, colloids of low and high molecular weights (LMW, 30 kDa–0.2 μm, and HMW, 0.2–1 μm) were separately collected from the bulk water (<1 μm) of several typical urban rivers in China. Since the colloidal concentration presented the significantly highest correlation with turbidity, colloidal characteristics were further explored under three turbidity gradients with two cutoffs of 10 and 30 NTU. Results showed that colloidal organic matter in medium and high turbidity rivers was mainly sourced from the release of endogenous plankton and the proportion of colloidal organic carbon in dissolved organic carbon increased from 33% to 38% with increased turbidity. Colloidal ammonia nitrogen in medium turbidity accounted for the highest proportion (an average of 60%) in bulk water, which could be explained by the significantly positive correlation of colloidal ester groups and ammonia nitrogen (R2 = 0.47). Bulk water, HMW, and LMW colloids presented different dominant bacterial genera and LMW colloids also contained three unique dominant filterable genera: Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Limnohabitans. LMW colloidal filterable bacteria under medium and high turbidities presented the greatest potential for dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, which might further enhance the enrichment of ammonia nitrogen in colloids. This study provides a primary understanding of the characteristics of colloids and colloidal bacterial communities in urban rivers from the perspective of turbidity and puts a new insight on the remediation of rivers under medium turbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research results showed that the water quality of Jiulong River Estuary has been improved in the past 10 years, especially the permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and petroleum showed a continuous decline from 2016 to 2020, indicating that the water quality of Jiulong River Basin has been significantly improved during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, however, the total nitrogen exceeded the standard seriously, based on the survey data of surface water of Jiulong River estuary for 10 years from 2011 to 2020. The characteristics of seasonal variation are as follows: In 2020, permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus are relatively low in summer and high in winter; and the chemical oxygen demand is relatively low in winter and high in autumn; and the petroleum is relatively low in autumn and high in spring and winter.Based on the comparative analysis of the water quality of monitoring sections of Jiulong River and other major rivers entering the sea in Fujian Province, such as Minjiang River, Jinjiang River, Longjiang River and Mulan River from 2011 to 2020, the water quality of Minjiang River estuary and Jinjiang River estuary is relatively good, and Longjiang River estuary and Mulan River estuary are relatively poor, and Jiulong River estuary is average. It will provides reference for environmental planning and management of Jiulong River.

Abstract By expanding the surface area and/or by other chemical reactions, soil additives such as biochar help retain nutrients in the soil. n this work, the effects of biochar on the adsorption and desorption of heavy metals and soil elements necessary for plant growth were investigated. To illustrate the adsorption of nutrients and heavy metals from solution on biochar, the Freundlich isotherm was employed. The rise in mineral nutrients, pH, and EC was linked to an increase in CEC with warmth. Because of its high CEC, biochar improves soil health and increases plant nutrient availability, which can boost agricultural yield when applied to the soil. In manure + biochar at 2.5 + 7.5 t/ha application rate the NH4 +-N adsorption capacity was minimum in T7 (15.9 and 117.66) followed by T4 (17.6 and 130.24), T13 (18.7 and 138.38) and maximum in T10 (20.1 and 148.74) at 25 and 200 mg kg-1 level of added NH4 +-N, respectively than control T1 (10.3 and 75.3). An increase in the rate of biochar application led to a favourable effect by increasing the NO3–N adsorption capability. The effect on P adsorption was more with biochar than manures. In manure + biochar at 2.5 + 7.5 t/ha application rate the Pb adsorption capacity was minimum in T7 (4.46 and 30.77) followed by T10 (4.71 and 32.49), T13 (5.16 and 35.60) and maximum in T4 (5.48 and 37.81) at 10 and 100 mg kg-1 level of added Pb, respectively than control T1 (1.86 and 12.83). Goat manure, FYM, vermicompost, and poultry manure had the greatest effects on desorption. The desorption of all heavy metals Cd, Pb, Zn, and As decreased as the rate of biochar application increased. Based on excess nutrients and heavy metals, this study supports the use of biochar to mitigate environmental concerns.

The increasing costs of traditional protein sources, such as soybean meal (SBM), have prompted interest in alternative feeds for ruminants. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources, like urea, offer a cost-effective alternative by enabling rumen microorganisms to convert NPN into microbial protein, which is crucial for ruminant nutrition. However, the rapid hydrolysis of urea in the rumen can result in excessive ammonia (NH3) production and potential toxicity. Slow-release urea (SRU) has been developed to mitigate these issues by gradually releasing nitrogen, thereby improving nutrient utilization and reducing NH3 toxicity risks. This review explores SRU’s development, types, mechanisms, and benefits, highlighting its potential to enhance ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and overall feed efficiency. SRU formulations include polymer-coated urea, lipid-coated urea, calcium-urea, starea, and zeolite-impregnated urea, each designed to control nitrogen release and minimize adverse effects. Studies have demonstrated that SRU can improve microbial nitrogen efficiency and reduce nitrogen losses, although results regarding feed intake, digestibility, and milk yield are mixed. These discrepancies indicate that factors such as SRU type, diet formulation, and animal breed may influence outcomes. Continued research is essential to optimize SRU applications, aiming to enhance ruminant production, economic viability, and environmental stewardship.

As a common water pollutant, ammonia nitrogen poses a serious risk to human health and the ecological environment. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple and efficient sensing scheme to achieve accurate detection of ammonia nitrogen. Here, we report a simple fabrication electrode for the electrochemical synthesis of platinum–zinc alloy nanoflowers (PtZn NFs) on the surface of carbon cloth. The obtained PtZn NFs/CC electrode was applied to the electrochemical detection of ammonia nitrogen by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The enhanced electrocatalytic activity of PtZn NFs and the larger electrochemical active area of the self-supported PtZn NFs/CC electrode are conducive to improving the ammonia nitrogen detection performance of the sensitive electrode. Under optimized conditions, the PtZn NFs/CC electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with a wide linear range from 1 to 1000 µM, a sensitivity of 21.5 μA μM−1 (from 1 μM to 100 μM) and a lower detection limit of 27.81 nM, respectively. PtZn NFs/CC electrodes show excellent stability and anti-interference. In addition, the fabricated electrochemical sensor can be used to detect ammonia nitrogen in tap water and lake water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion process was established in the Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB). The study focused on the effect of ammonia nitrogen mass concentration on the performance of anaerobic digestion process for treating light industrial wastewater under normal and low-temperature conditions (<25 °C). The results showed that intermitting sludge addition and controlling the reflux ratio of 7.5 were beneficial for the start-up of the anaerobic digestion process. Ammonia nitrogen mass concentration ranging from 400~1400 mg/ L had no adverse effect on anaerobic digestion performance, while that in 400~800 mg/ L slightly promoted anaerobic digestion performance. However, the higher ammonia nitrogen mass concentration led to the death of some microorganisms and an increase of the extracellular polymeric substance and soluble microbial products. In addition, the increase of ammonia nitrogen mass concentration was not conducive to the growth of hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium. The relative abundance of Methanobacterium decreased from 75.5% to 6.3%. However, it was beneficial to the proliferation of acetotrophic Methanosaeta and facultative Methanosarcina and their relative abundances increased from 19.8% and 1.7% to 63.8% and 29.1%, respectively. Under normal and low temperature conditions, anaerobic digestion process could treat high COD light industrial wastewater with ammonia nitrogen mass concentration of 0~ 1400 mg/ L, but the dominant methanogenic archaea would undergo significant revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discharges of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater continue to be a widespread environmental problem causing eutrophication and harm to aquatic environments. In this study, the NH 4 +-N and PO 4 3--P adsorption capacity of a casting dust-based polymer (FDG) synthesized from casting dust (FD), and a FDG modified by MgO to obtain magnesium modified geopolymer (MFDG), were investigated. FDG was found to have almost zero capacity to adsorb PO 4 3--P, while adsorption of NH 4 +-N and PO 4 3--P by MFDG fitted well with the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of NH 4 +-N and PO 4 3--P by MFDG was 230.69 mg/g and 175.09 mg/g, and its adsorption capacity of NH 4 +-N was 18.3 times higher than that of FDG. pH 9 was found to be optimal for adsorption of NH 4 +-N and PO 4 3--P by MFDG and the NH 4 +-N and PO 4 3--P reaction with Mg2+ to form struvite is the main process. Penetration times for NH 4 +-N and PO 4 3--P were about 200 h and 40 h when an adsorption column filled with MFDG was used to purify swine wastewater with flow rate of 2 mL/min. These results demonstrated that MFDG is a good absorbent, and could have an important application in treatment of wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new adsorbent called iron-magnesium oxide coupled lignite (CIMBC) was developed to address the challenges of recovering high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate in livestock farm wastewater and improving the inefficient use of lignite (BC) with low calorific value. CIMBC was synthesized using the modified ferromagnesium salt double-coating method. The experiments demonstrated that Fe2O3 and MgO could be effectively loaded onto the surface of BC at a Fe/Mg molar ratio of 1:2 and pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C. The optimal conditions for adsorption were determined to be an N/P concentration ratio of 2:1, adsorbent dosage of 1 g/L, and pH of 7. The presence of coexisting cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) inhibited the removal of ammonia nitrogen but enhanced the removal of phosphate. Likewise, the presence of coexisting anions (CO32− and SO42−) hindered the removal of both ammonia nitrogen and phosphate. The adsorption behavior followed the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 95.69 mg N/g for ammonia nitrogen and 101.32 mg P/g for phosphate. The adsorption process was a spontaneous endothermic process controlled by multiple levels. The main mechanisms of adsorption involved electrostatic attraction, intra-particle diffusion, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and coordination exchange. After 5 times of adsorption–desorption, the recovery rate of CIMBC is less than 50%, and the removal rate of phosphate is less than 40%. Although the RCIMBC exhibited low reusability, but also it showed potential in removing heavy metals (Pb) from wastewater and for use as a slow-release fertilizer. CIMBC is a promising new adsorbent, which can realize resource utilization of lignite with low calorific value while removing nitrogen and phosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological contact oxidation coupled with biological activated carbon process is proposed to solve the difficulties in achieving stable and high energy consumption treatment high salt sewage in refining and chemical enterprises. Salt-tolerant bacteria are successfully acclimated by gradually increasing the influent salt content, and then the biological contact oxidation unit is activated. The biofilm in the pool is well attached, and the denitrification and carbon removal effect is remarkable. The effluent COD can be stably controlled below 90 mg/L, and total nitrogen is below 15 mg/L. The results of flora analysis reveals in the high-salt sewage environment, significant alterations in the number and diversity of flora in the contact oxidation unit biofilm compared to the inoculated sludge. The predominant functional bacteria identified are Thiovirga, Thauera, Flavobacterium, Gemnobacter, Hydrogenophaga, etc. In the biological activated carbon unit, the organic combination of salt resistant and efficient bacterial agents with activated carbon has improved the resistance to influent COD fluctuations. A biofilm is formed on the surface of the activated carbon. The system operates stably. The effluent COD can be stably controlled below 60 mg/L, ammonia nitrogen is below 2 mg/L, and total nitrogen is below 15 mg/L. The entire process is centered around biodegradation, with a short process flow and low operating costs. This study provides technical support for the standard treatment of high salt sewage in refining and chemical enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a common water pollutant, ammonia nitrogen (aN) has adverse effects on human life and production. Therefore, it is of great significance to realize the precision prevention of aN. Here, gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-modified carbon cloth (CC) electrodes were prepared for aN detection using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The first electrode was synthesized by in situ loading of AuNPs on the flexible CC (AuNPs/CC), and the second electrode was obtained by deposition of graphene coating on this basis (AuNPs/CC@G). Their selective response to aN was attributed to the formation and transformation of the gold ammonia complex through the electrodissolution of AuNPs. Two electrodes had a wide quantitative range (0.001–10000 μM); meanwhile, the limits of detection (LoDs) were down to the nanomolar level. From the aN standard to a real water sample, both nanocomposite electrodes also exhibited excellent sensing performance in the aspect of anti-interference, reusability, reproducibility, stability, and recovery. In the simultaneous comparison, the superior results of AuNPs/CC@G have confirmed the realization of optimization, which provided an innovative solution for the efficient and accurate monitoring of aN in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Eucalyptus leaves contain tannins and flavonoids (Asghari and Mazaheriani 2010). Tannins have beneficial and harmful effects depending on their concentration, animal physiological condition and diet composition (Dubai et al. 2011). By increasing the amount of tannins, the digestibility of proteins decreases and prevents the digestion of lignocellulosic materials that are dependent on extracellular enzymes (Babadi et al. 2018). In addition to the anti-nutritional effects of tannins at high concentrations, the positive effects of dense tannins at optimal concentrations include improved live weight gain, increased milk production, reduced NH3-N and methane production in the rumen (Lim and Mortijaya 2007). Using methods that can reduce the amount of tannins, make tannins plants used more and more effectively in animal nutrition (Huang et al. 2018). In addition to chemical methods and other methods for de-tannins, there are also biological methods (Chaji et al. 2020; Mohammadabadi et al. 2020). The enzyme tanase, which leads to the breakdown of tannins, has wide applications in the food and chemical industries. In addition, tanase is used in the production of animal feed (Chavez-Gonzalez et al. 2012). Bacterial tanase can effectively break down and hydrolyze natural tannins and tannic acid (Kumar et al. 2015). Bacterial tanase can effectively break down and hydrolyze natural tannins and tannic acid (Kumar et al. 2015). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter, as tannin degraders isolated from deer rumen, improved the fermentation parameters of eucalyptus leaves, so the use of these isolates will be useful to improve the nutritional value of tannin-containing plants (Mohammadabadi et al. 2021). Japanese rats with the bacterium Lactobacillus, which produces tannins; Was able to adapt to tannin-rich foods (Sasaki et al. 2005). Therefore, in tropical and subtropical regions, the processing of tannin-rich trees with tanase is very important in animal nutrition systems (Mohammadabadi et al. 2020). Therefore, the current research was conducted to use tannase-producing bacteria to improve the nutritional value of eucalyptus leaves. materials and methods: The tannin-degrading bacteria used in the present experiment were isolated from the rumen of deer and goat Najdi, and their ability to produce tanase and de-tannins them has already been investigated in experiments (Chaji et al. 2020; Mohammadabadi et al. 2020; Mohammadabadi et al. 2021). The tannin degrading bacteria used in the present experiment included Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter isolated from deer rumen, Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from Najdi goat rumen and commercial Lactobacillus fermentum. For processing, eucalyptus leaves, after turning them into 3-4 cm pieces, were tested in 10 liters of distilled water containing 1 liter of Nutrient Broth solution containing bacteria (107 cfu / ml) and to anaerobize the environment, immediately were transferred in10 kg plastic bags, and were closed and kept at 37 ° C for 10 days. After leaving the bags, they were dried, ground and mixed with rations, were given to lambs (Mohammadabadi et al. 2021). Experimental treatments include 1- Eucalyptus leaves or diets containing it without processing (control), treatment 2-5- Eucalyptus leaves or diets containing it that were treated with any of the four tannin-degrading bacteria. Then, the nutritional value of eucalyptus leaves alone or in combination with diet of fattening lamb, was studied by two-step digestion and gas production experiments. Results and discussion: The effect of experimental treatments on gas production potential, gas production rate, truly degraded organic matter, and production of microbial biomass of eucalyptus leaves and diets containing it was significant (P <0.05). The gas production potential of all experimental treatments was higher than the control (P <0.05). The digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF of eucalyptus leaves, and diets containing it in all treatments was significantly higher than the control treatment (P <0.05). The effect of experimental treatments on NH3 concentration, pH, and protozoan population of ruminal fluid of eucalyptus leaves and diets containing leaves was significant (P <0.05). Increased gas production in the treated treatments and the reason for significant improvement or numerical of gas production parameters can be attributed to the role of tanase-producing bacteria used in the decomposition of eucalyptus leaf tannin (Yarahmadi et al. 2017). In fact, tannins reduce ruminal fermentation by inhibiting the activity of microorganisms or microbial enzymes (Goel and McCarthy 2012). Increase though numerically of actually decomposed or digested material, microbial efficiency and PF in some treatments indicate the effect of tanase-producing bacteria in the present experiment (Gatacho et al. 2008). Tannins inhibit the digestion of fibers and proteins, so reducing the level of tannins by isolates, increases the activity of proteolytic enzymes and improves the digestibility of feed by releasing nutrients from the tannin binding (Goel et al. 2005). Tannins also reduce the concentration of NH3 by binding to proteins and reducing the rate of protein degradability (Ben Salem et al. 2005). The decrease in protozoan population in the control treatment and its increase during treatment with tanase-causing bacteria is probably due to the polyphenolic structure of these foods (Goel et al. 2005). Conclusion: The results of this experiment showed that the use of tanase-producing bacteria degraded leaf tannins and improved its quality, so their use can be a good way to reduce tannins and improve the nutritional value of eucalyptus leaves for livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electroplating & Finishing is the property of Electroplating & Finishing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three-compartment septic tanks are a prominently advocated environmentally sustainable sanitation facility in rural China. However, the comprehensive elimination efficacy and underlying mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria within septic tanks remain incompletely understood. In particular, the operational performance in low-temperature conditions has received limited attention in the existing literature. In this work, a simulation of the three-compartment septic tank treatment system was conducted under low-temperature conditions (15 °C). The operational results exemplify the synergistic interplay of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), NH3-N, and bacterial communities, culminating in a partial reduction in Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enteritidis, within the three-compartment septic tank. Their respective population abundances were decreased by magnitudes of 2.2, 1.3, 0.03, and 1.46 logarithmic units (copies/mL), respectively. Through the utilization of qPCR and physicochemical indicators, it was observed that the bactericidal effect of VFA primarily occurred during the initial 0–21-day period, while NH3-N consistently proved to be the most vital sterilizing agent throughout the operation of the three-compartment septic tank. Predominant bacterial communities within the septic tank, such as Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Brevundimonas, Acinetobacter, and Saccharimonadales, exerted substantial inhibitory impacts on Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis through niche competition and suppression. In essence, this study elucidated the actual efficiency of elimination and the underlying mechanisms of typical pathogenic bacteria within three-compartment septic tanks in low-temperature conditions, thereby providing compelling evidence supporting the viability of environmentally sound treatment using such septic tanks. Concurrently, it also shed light on several limitations associated with this treatment approach, aiming to contribute valuable insights for the assessment of ecological risks and health hazards associated with the environmentally benign treatment of rural toilet waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]