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Field survey study was conducted season (2017). Soybeans and weeds were weekly sampled randomly. Thrips adults were identified and counted. Detection of the virus isolate and the natural incidence was determined using; Mechanical transmission, host range, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR. The natural incidence thrips individuals was detected depending on the SVNV% in thrips individuals and weeds hosts. Ten thrips species were associated with soybean plants in the field. The most abundant species was T. tabaci, average 256.5 average no.of individuals, followed by F. occidentalis (142.5 average no. of individuals), then N. variabilis (86.6/ average no. of individuals). Fourteen thrips species occurred on 5 legumes field crops and 41 weed plant species within soybean field. The highest average number 40.6.of individuals were recorded on Ammi majus. While the lowest one 3.3 average no. of individuals were on Urtica urens. Only 21diagnostic plant species were susceptible to infection with SVNV. G. max and Vigna radiate, were the highest percentage of infection 80% followed by V. unguilata & N. benthamiana, 75%. Egyptian isolate of Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) in this study showed a high degree of similarity and it is closely related to TSWV from Egypt (DQ479968) and TCSV from USA (KY820965) with nucleotide sequence identity of 78%. Four thrips species transmitted SVNV (F. fusca 4.0%, F. schultzei 4.3%, F. tritici 3.3% and N. variabilis 68.0% transmission). Both C. phaseoli and M. sjostedti can acquire the virus but unable to transmit it. The following species; T. tabaci, F. occidentalis, S. dorsallis and T. palmi cannot acquire or transmit SVNV. The incidence of SVNV in the field started by the end of July then increased gradualy from 12.7 to 71.3% by the end of the season. In conclusion, few thrips individuals invaded soybean crops are enough to transmit high rate of SVNV within the crop. Furthermore, several vector species are also abundant on weeds, which are the major sources of soybean viruses transmitted to the crops. This information might be important for control and reduce the incidence of SVNV infection.

Aim of the study: To evaluate the detergent activity of aqueous extract of Ammi majus L. and Psoralea corylifolia L. Materials and methods: The detergent activity of aqueous extract of test drugs was evaluated by using a standard physicochemical test with Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a standard drug. Surface tension was measured by Du Nouytensiometer; Dirt dispersion by using Indian ink; Cleaning ability by greasy wool yarn test; Foaming properties by cylinder shake method and Wetting ability by canvas disc method. pH values and total saponin was also determined. Both the test and standard drugs were analyzed in 1% and 5% concentrations. Results: The aqueous extract of both the test drugs produced a significant detergent effect at both the concentration but less than SLS as it exhibited a pronounced effect in all the parameters except detergency. The test drugs were found to be acidly balanced; exhibited a prominent surface tension reduction, high foaming, wetting, and cleaning ability with a good quantity of saponin. Conclusions: Based on the above results it can be concluded that the aqueous extract of test drugs has significant surface-active properties thus these drugs can be used as a natural surfactant.

Ammi visnaga and Ammi majus are plants that have long been used in traditional medicine. Nowadays, both herbs are commercially marketed as alternative medicines in different formulations. The main active ingredients of A. visnaga are known as khellin and visnagin. Information on the quantitative amounts of both bioactive substances in the different organs of the plant is lacking. This study aims to determine the amounts of these two active substances in the five organs of both plants from Turkey and provide information to the pharmaceutical industry. For this purpose, a fast and reliable micellar electrokinetic chromatography method was applied. It was found that Ammi visnaga, flowers, seeds, and leaves are good sources of both khellin and visnagin. Ammi majus only contains khellin in its seeds and flowers.

Quercetin has been extracted from Ammi majus plant using ethanol via soxhlet system. Further, the substance was diagnosed by three binary and mono-layered chromatographical devices beside chronographical quantitative separation. Total of 45 patients was inflicted with mouth infections and urinary tract in both genders. The momentary vaginal infections among different ages of people settled in different regions of Nineveh district / Iraq were considered for the study. The study patients were identified using microscopic testing, selective differential medium (CHROM candida agar) and Vitek system. The isolation results inferred that the mouth infection is caused by most yeasts such as Candida parapsilosis (the most frequent),. The urinary tract infection is concerned, and most of the infections were reportedly caused by C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. albicans. with regards to the vaginal infections cases, C. albicans fungus has been the most frequent. Bio chemical tests were conducted using Vitek for the isolants studied, in which there were differences in the study results. Quercetin was extracted from Candid spp. The increase in the inhibition of quercetin is noted, whenever its concentration is increased. With regards to the anti-fungals Nystantin, for the concentration of 100IU/ml.and Clotrimazole 30mg/ml had inhibited the yeast Candid spp.

This research was carried out at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani. This study was applied to determine the effect of some extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ammi majus and different types of soil on seed germination, seedling growth and phytochemical contents as well as fresh and dry weights of Moringa olefera. The significant effects of some extracts were observed on the studied parameters of the moringa plant. The highest germination percentage of moringa recorded by the seeds treated with 10 g/L of Ammi majus extract. The greatest germination rate of moringa seeds (81.3) exhibited at control treatments of both extracts. The highest stem elongation was demonstrated by 5 g/L G. glabra and pet moss media. The maximum score of stem length of moringa (107.33 and 97.33 cm) was achieved from the combination 10 g/L G. glabra and A. majus with peat moss media, whereas the lowest value (44.33 cm) was stated by the interaction of control and peat moss. In addition, the greatest value of stem diameter (5.75 cm) was noticed by the interaction pet moss and 10 g/L A. majus. The number of leaf in moringa showed the maximum score when the seeds treated by 5 g/l G. glabra, peat moss and their combination. Whereas, the root number characteristic of moringa revealed the maximum values when the seeds treated by 5g/l G.glabra (23.44), pet moss (25.67 ) and its combination (32). The best results of dry biomass weight including shoots and leave were achieved in 5,10 g/L G. glabra and A. majus with peat moss combination, High value of the TPC, TFC and antioxidant – DPPH (3.955, 0.171 and 86.197, respectively) recorded by the interaction of 10 g/L A. majus with loam and significantly superior on other treatment. These results confirm the effectiveness of aqueous extracts of different plant and media cultures on seed germination, plant growth and phytochemical content of M. olefera.

Secondary metabolites have potential benefits to human being. They are used in the food, agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. The secondary metabolite of furanocoumarins from different plant sources is essential in various skin-related ailments. Biologically, these chemicals are isolated from different plants in the Apiaceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae and Moraceae families. Ammi majus L. is one of the most common plants in the family of Apiaceae with a large quantity of derivatives. The furanocoumarin derivatives defend the plant by fighting external enemies by Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). Via suppressing or retarding microbial growth in infected parts, these derivatives, along with SAR, help to alleviate inflammation in the human body. Latest evidence of these compounds has been established in the treatment of cancer, but the mechanism that needs to be elaborated is not yet understood. Recent studies have shown that furanocoumarin derivatives bind to DNA base pairs and block DNA replication. This may be a potential pathway that helps to regulate the growth of cancerous cells. This article reflects on the pharmaceutical data of furanocoumarins and their different mechanisms in these cases.

Recently, most of the rural areas people are using alternative medicine for the treatment of diseases because they believe that natural medicine is always safe and economical. In the Gulf region, the Ammi majus (A. majus) is used traditionally as a safe and sustainable herbal medicine to treat various chronic ulcers. A. majus extracts showed significant biological activity such as antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, relaxant effect, cardiovascular effect, hypotensive etc.

Seeds are classified as stimulatory, carminative, anti-inflammatory and extremely useful for vitiligo and leucoderma. Powdered seeds mixed with honey, that has been heated to remove scum, 10 g daily with warm water for fifteen days are claimed to cure vitiligo. It is also used as an emmenagogue to regulate menstruation, as a diuretic, and for the treatment of leprosy, kidney stones, and urinary tract infections. Since ancient times, a tea made from the fruit of Ammi visnaga (khella, as it is known in the Arab world) has been used as a remedy for renal colic due to kidney stones. In Israel and Morocco, the plant is used for the treatment of diabetes. Natural coumarins (furocoumarins), isopimpinellin, xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen, 8-MOP), imperatorin, bergapten, umbelliprenin, maurin, alloimperatorin, ammirin, ammajin and marmesin, have been isolated from the fruits of A. majus. Khellin, visnagin, and khellol glycoside have been isolated from fruits of A. visnaga. 8-MOP is a purified extract of the root, that has been used in a crude form for centuries in the Middle East in the treatment of various skin diseases, and was first utilized in the treatment of vitiligo in 1948. Ethanol seed extract decreased TC, TGs and LDL-C, and increased HDL-C of rats, and also produced significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Both a single oral dose and repeated administration of aqueous extract of A. visnaga significantly lowers blood glucose in normal and diabetic rats. Spontaneous passage of multiple ureteral stones in a patient, possibly as a result of using a khellin preparation was reported from Turkey.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Ammi majus L. (Aatrilal) a member of the family Apiaceae, is native to Egypt and widely distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean, and West Asia. It has been used for the treatment of various dermatological disorders particularly vitiligo in the Unani system of Medicine for ages. In traditional medicine, fruits are used as an emmenagogue as well as a diuretic, blood purifier and to treat leprosy, urinary and digestive disorders. Aim of the review This paper aims to highlight the medicinal properties of Aatrilal in view of its temperament and phytoconstituents; to signify its potential in the treatment of vitiligo and other ailments as mentioned in Unani system of medicine and also to explore its phytochemistry, pharmacological and clinical studies. Materials and methods Aatrilal was explored in classical Unani literature for its temperament (mizaj), medicinal properties and therapeutic uses. Published works available on PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were referred to collect all the available information regarding its phytochemicals and pharmacological studies. All relevant articles up to 2020 were referred including 15 classical Unani books, 15 English books, 72 research, and 3 review papers. The plant's scientific names were validated using ‘The Plant List’ ( www.theplantlist.org ). Standard Unani Medical Terminology published by Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine in collaboration with the World Health Organization was used to describe the appropriate Unani terminologies. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants and different indexed journals were consulted for botanical and English names. Results Aatrilal has been used in traditional medicine for ages. Due to controversies in its identity, it was adulterated and substituted with many drugs. The real identity of Aatrilal is now established as the fruit of A. majus L. Despite having numerous pharmacological activities, it is considered the first-line drug for the treatment of vitiligo. It is a rich source of furanocoumarins (xanthotoxin, also known as 8-methoxypsoralen, bergapten, imperatorin, isopimpinellin) with other compounds viz. flavonoids, terpenoids, proteins, essential oil constituents, etc. It has been reported for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic, and many other activities. Clinical trials have shown the therapeutic potential in vitiligo and other skin disorders. Conclusion Based on the available literature, it can be concluded that Aatrilal is a drug that has been effectively used in Unani system of medicine for centuries to treat the cases of vitiligo and other dermatological disorders. It has been studied extensively for its phytopharmacological properties. Raw extracts of A. majus form the crux of the main research. Many potentially bioactive compounds are included in the essential oil, but to our knowledge, no detailed studies of its biological activity are yet available. Therefore, our suggestion is to focus future research on essential oil and its ingredients.

Three new coumarin types were isolated from the aerial parts of the wild medicinal plant Ammi majus, which was collected from western Asia (Saudi Arabia), including pyrano coumarin, namely, 5-isobutylcoumarin-6-C-glucoside (1); furanocoumarin, namely, 6,7,9-Trimethoxy-3-(8′-methoxy-2′-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-2H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-2(3H)-one (2); and pyrone coumarin, namely, 6-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxy-4 methyl coumarin (3). The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, mainly 1D- and 2D-NMR. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results of cytotoxicity depending on their structure features showed that compound 3 had high activity on different cell lines, while compound 1 showed no activity against HCT116. Compound 2 had high activity towards HCT116 cell line.

Background and objective: Ammi majus belongs to family Apiaceae is an important plant used in a different country traditionally for treatment bacterial infection. This study aimed to investigate in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of Ammi majus seed extracts against six isolated Gram-positive bacteria. Methods: The antibacterial activity of seed extracts were screened by disk diffusion and agar overlay bioautography method and their activities were further determined by minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the microtiter plate crystal violet assay. The quantity of bound bacteria was determined by measuring absorbance at (OD630 nm) using microtiter plate reader. Results: Ethanol 80% and ethyl acetate extracts showed variable activity against all isolated bacteria while petroleum ether extract revealed resistance against studied bacteria. Streptococcus mitis showed more pronounced sensitivity against both extracts by disk diffusion (12 mm and 10 mm) and bioautography method with minimum inhibitory concentration 7.8125 mg/ml of ethanol 80% and 15.625 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extracts. Ethanol 80% and ethyl acetate extract significantly reduced biofilm formation as compared to control, showed antibiofilm activity at 0.4883-62.5 mg/ml and exhibited strongest antibiofim activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Ammi majus seed extracts revealed highest antibacterial activity against Streptococcus species and strongest antibiofilm activity on Staphylococcus species.

Ammi majus (Apiaceae), naturalized as a field weed in Belgium. – The distribution and status in Belgium and the neighbouring countries of the annual umbellifer Ammi majus have been investigated using recent observations. This Mediterranean and South Atlantic species has recently become naturalized, mainly in Flanders and in parts of Wallonia, except south of the rivers Sambre and Meuse. The recent data show that the species has mainly become naturalized in arable fields and field edges. The species also occurs as small ephemeral populations along roads and waterways. The most likely hypothesis to explain its occurrence in both environments is the application on fields of animal slurry or manure from animals (e.g. fowl) that were fed on grain that contains seeds of A. majus. The occurrences along roads and waterways could be an indirect effect of this pathway by washing off of manure, but they may also be due to spilling of seeds during grain transportation.

Ammi majus (bishop's weed), a member of the Apiaceae, is grown from seed for cut flowers in South Florida. In March 2005, plants were found to be showing virus-like symptoms including mosaic, vein clearing, and leaf rugosity (3) that rendered their flowers unmarketable. Inclusion morphology in epidermal strips from these infected plants indicated the presence of one or more potyviruses. This was confirmed by ELISA with commercially available antiserum for potyvirus identification (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) was identified by sequencing and confirmed with specific antiserum (4). However, ClYVV was not identified in all potyvirus-infected samples from 2005, indicating the presence of one or more additional potyviruses. Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV) was subsequently identified in one of three potyvirus-infected samples by immunodiffusion tests using specific antiserum for BiMoV (Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida), cylindrical inclusion morphology in epidermal strips, host range data, and sequencing of cloned reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products from degenerate potyvirus primers (2). Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of a partial polyprotein gene sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU255631) were 95 and 98% identical, respectively, to a Florida isolate of BiMoV recently reported from tropical soda apple (1). Similar virus-like symptoms were again observed in A. majus in January 2007 and persisted through March. ELISA testing again indicated the presence of a potyvirus. However, neither ClYVV nor BiMoV were identified in the initial 2007 samples. Instead, sequence analysis of the cloned RT-PCR products amplified with degenerate potyvirus primers (2) from seven potyvirus-infected samples collected on two dates in January and one each in February and March revealed the presence of Apium virus Y (ApVY). The 3′ terminal portion of the genome (GenBank Accession No. EU255632) was found to be 90 to 91% identical to ApVY sequences in GenBank at the nucleotide level. Deduced amino acid sequences of the NIb and CP regions of these RT-PCR products were 96 and 95% identical, respectively, to ApVY sequences in GenBank. One of these seven ApVY-infected samples (collected in March 2007) was determined to be coinfected with BiMoV by sequence analysis of the cloned RT-PCR products. Six clones were sequenced. Three were determined to be ApVY as indicated above. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of a partial polyprotein gene sequence from the other three clones were 95 and 97% identical, respectively, to the 2005 A. majus BiMoV isolate. Although ClYVV and BiMoV have previously been reported in other hosts in Florida, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BiMoV and ApVY in A. majus anywhere and the first report of ApVY in North America. References: (1.) C. A. Baker et al. Plant Dis. 91:905, 2007. (2.) A. Gibbs and A. J. Mackenzie. J. Virol. Methods 63:9, 1997. (3.) M. S. Irey et al. (Abstr.) Phytopathology (suppl.)95:S46, 2005. (4.) M. S. Irey et al. Plant Dis. 90:380, 2006.

Vitiligo was recognized long ago under different names. Firstly, the Ebers Papyrus (circa 1500 BC) mentions two types of diseases affecting the colour of the skin, one being probably leprosy and the other vitiligo. In the ancient Vedic scripture of India (circa 1400 BC), Sanskrit words “kilas” and “svitra” (white patches on the skin) can be found. The early classics of the Far East (1200 BC) mention “shirabito” (white man). The Hebrew word “Zoorat” in the bible corresponds to a group of achromic diseases including vitiligo. “Baras and alabras” were the Arabic names used to describe vitiligo. The term “vitiligo” itself was introduced in the first century of our era. The confusion of leprosy with vitiligo in the Old Testament under “Zoorat” is an important cause for the social stigma attached to white spots on the skin. Detailed and effective treatments for vitiligo are found in different sacred books. The modern photochemotherapy is an improvement of a photochemotherapy practised in the ancient world with herbals containing furocoumarins (mainly Ammi majus Linnaeus, Psoralea corylifolia) and sun. In the mid-1960s the synthetic furocoumarin (trioxsalen and trimethylpsoralen) were developed. The effectiveness of PUVA (psoralen + UVA) for the treatment of some patients with vitiligo was confirmed during 1974–1982. More recently, narrowband UVB therapy, local microphototherapy, excimer laser, topical treatments with corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors and melanocyte transplantation have been successively introduced.

Background: The use of Ammi majus L. for the treatment of various diseases has been reported by many. Its umbelliferous fruits possess khellin that is responsible for various pharmacological activities and used in treating psoriasis and vitiligo. Objectives: The study objective was to analyze the optimization of extraction parameters of khellin from A. majus L. by response surface methodology (RSM). Materials and Methods: Box–Behnken Design (BBD) of RSM was used for optimization needs. Quantification of khellin in extracts was done by high performance thin-layer chromatography using a mix of ethyl acetate: toluene: formic acid, and the peaks were monitored at 254 nm. Results: Among the explored traditional modes and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), UAE was found to be the most ideal for khellin extraction, with methanol being the most suitable solvent. The applied BBD established a quadratic model for the experimental setup with the regression coefficient of 0.998. The optimal conditions were set up as – extraction temperature: 63.84°C, extraction time: 29.51 min. and solvent-to-drug ratio: 21.64 v/w, which yielded 6.21% w/w of khellin. Contrarily, under the modified experimental conditions, 6.86% w/w of khellin was extracted. Conclusion: It was concluded that all the variables studied significantly affected khellin yield. Moreover, a contemporary green extraction mode stood out to be the best for khellin extraction.

Se describe un brote de fotosensibilización primaria en bovinos causado por el consumo de Ammi majus. Los animales manifestaron fotofobia, epífora, opacidad corneal bilateral y dermatitis en pezones, vulva y morro. Se descartó un origen secundario por daño hepático y se confirmó el diagnóstico por consumo voluntario de A. majus Primary photosensitization due to the consumption of Ammi majus was diagnosed in a bovine herd. Clinical signs included photophobia, epiphora, bilateral corneal opacity and dermatitis in udder, vulva and muzzle. A secondary photosensitization was ruled out and consumption of A. majus was diagnosed. EEA Balcarce Fil: Dorsch, Matías A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil: Cantón, Germán José. . Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Odriozola, Ernesto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina

Psorijaza je kronična upalna kožna bolest koja je histološki karakterizirana hiperproliferacijom i abnormalnom diferencijacijom epidermalnih keratinocita. Ustanovljen je širok spektar konvencionalnih načina liječenja psorijaze, od topikalne i sustavne primjene lijekova do fototerapije ili kombinacije istih. No, većina ima ograničenu učinkovitost i može uzrokovati niz nuspojava. U ovom radu su opisani različiti biljni izvori s prepoznatom potencijalom za liječenje psorijaze: Curcuma longa L, Ammi majus L., Oenothera biennis L., Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br., Aloe barbadensis Mill. i Indigo naturalis. Iako su rezultati pretkliničkih i kliničkih studija o njihovoj učinkovitosti u liječenju psorijaze pozitivne i ohrabrujuće, potrebne su daljnje kliničke studije. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized histologically by hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. A wide range of conventional medical therapies to treat psoriasis is established, from topical therapies and systemic medications through to phototherapy or combinations of those. However, most of these therapies have a limited efficacy and may cause a number of side effects. This work described different plant resources known to have antipsoriatic potential: Curcuma longa L, Ammi majus L., Oenothera biennis L., Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br., Aloe barbadensis Mill. and Indigo naturalis. Although the preclinical and clinical studies on their effects in the treatment of psoriasis are positive and encouraging, further clinical trials are needed.

International audience; The production of coumarins and furanocoumarins (FCs) in higher plants is widely considered a model illustration of the adaptation of plants to their environment. In this report, we show that the multiplication of cytochrome P450 variants within the CYP71AZ subfamily has contributed to the diversification of these molecules. Multiple copies of genes encoding this enzyme family are found in Apiaceae, and their phylogenetic analysis suggests that they have different functions within these plants. CYP71AZ1 from Ammi majus and CYP71AZ3, 4, and 6 from Pastinaca sativa were functionally characterized. While CYP71AZ3 merely hydroxylated esculetin, the other enzymes accepted both simple coumarins and FCs. Superimposing in silico models of these enzymes led to the identification of different conformations of three regions in the enzyme active site. These sequences were subsequently utilized to mutate CYP71AZ4 to resemble CYP71AZ3. The swapping of these regions lead to significantly modified substrate specificity. Simultaneous mutations of all three regions shifted the specificity of CYP71AZ4 to that of CYP71AZ3, exclusively accepting esculetin. This approach may explain the evolution of this cytochrome P450 family regarding the appearance of FCs in parsnip and possibly in the Apiaceae.

Yellow spots on leaves of white lace flower, Ammi majus, were found in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, in October 2006. The symptoms later developed into large brown spots. Brown lesions were also observed on the lower stem, and stem rot followed. A fungus was frequently isolated from the lesions, and the symptoms were reproduced after artificial inoculation. The causal fungus was identified as Pleospora herbarum based on morphology and molecular analysis. We named the new disease “yellow spot” (“ouhan-byo” in Japanese).

Ammi species belong to the family Umbellifereae that provide a host of bioactive compounds (mainly coumarins and flavonoids) of important biological activities, like prevention and treatment of heart and vascular disease and some types of cancer. Literature survey revealed that there was no study concerning Ammi flavonoids in Iraq. Ammi majus and Ammi visnaga, which are wildly grown in Iraq, were chosen for this study. This study concerned with extraction, identification, isolation, and purification of some biologically important flavonols quercetin and kaempferol from the fruits of Ammi majus and Ammi visnaga. Extraction of these flavonols was carried out using 85% methanol and 90% ethanol. Identification of these flavonols quercetin and kaempferol was done using thin Layer chromatography (TLC) where different solvent systems had been tried. Ultra violet (UV) Light and iodine vapor where used for detection. This identification was further augmented by using high performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then these flavonols were isolated and purified. The most suitable extraction, isolation and purification procedures of flavonols were fully described in this study. The identification of isolated flavonols (quercetin & kaempferol) was carried out using melting point (M.P.), Thin Layer chromatography (TLC), and infrared spectroscopy (IR).This study confirms the presence of quercetin and kaempferol in Ammi majus & an Ammi visnaga fruit, the percentage of quercetin was higher in Ammi visnaga than Ammi majus, while the percentage of kaempferol was higher in Ammi majus than Ammi visnaga. Key words : Ammi majus , Ammi visnaga , quercetin , kaempferol .

During treatment of inflammatory diseases, many conventional therapies (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) used to relief pain and inflammation. Chronic use of the intended drugs is frequently associated with serious side effect, which may lead to discontinuation of treatment . The efficacy and dose- response effect of ammi majus extraxt (2 , 4, 8 , 16, and 32 mg/rat) were assessed using formalin to induce paw edema in rats as a model of chronic inflammation respectively. In this study, 42 rats were used and allocated into 7 groups each containing 6 rats, representing control (Distilled water) , standard (piroxicam ) and test extract ( 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 and 32 mg/rat of Ammi majus alcoholic extract ). The test extract and control were given orally before induction of inflammation Paw edema was measured by using vernier caliper after 7 days for chronic inflammation. The result indicated that Ammi majus alcoholic extract significantly lower paw edema (p

A series of novel coumarin derivatives were synthesized from 6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-methyl coumarin which was isolated from the aerial parts of the Egyptian medicinal plant Ammi majus L. (Apiaceae). The key intermediate 3-amino-5-methoxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-methyl-8-oxo-1,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-f]chromene-2-carbonitrile (3c) was obtained in one-pot synthesis by treating α-cyanocinnamonitrile (1-c) with the natural compound: 6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-methyl coumarin (2). Chemical, elemental and spectroscopic evidences confirmed the structures of the synthesized compounds. Some of the newly synthesized compounds exhibited better anti-inflammatory activities at low concentrations compared with indomethacin as positive control.

In our previous paper, we reviewed the medicinal plants possessed antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, molluscicidal and insecticidal activity. These included Achillea santolina, Ailanthus altissima, Allium species, Ammi majus, Antirrhinum majus, Apium graveolens, Arachis hypogaea, Artemisia campestris, Arundo donax, Asclepias curassavica, Ballota nigra, Bauhinia variegate, Betula alba, Bidens tripartite, Brassica nigra, Bryophyllum calycinum, Caccinia crassifolia, Caesalpinia crista, Calendula officinalis, Calotropis procera, Canna indica, Capparis spinosa, Carum carvi, Cassia occidentalis, Celosia cristata and Chenopodium album. This review was designed as a second part of medicinal plants exerted antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, molluscicidal and insecticidal activity.