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Pleomorphic adenomas are the most common salivary gland tumours. It is rare to find these tumours in the submandibular glands. This case report is about a twenty-year old male patient who presented with huge mass on the submandibular region. The facial disfigurement due to the tumour was responsible for low self-esteem in this young male. The patient was treated with complete left submandibular gland excision.

Primary fungal epiglotitis is the isolated fungal infection of the epiglottis, without affecting the other body parts such as the larynx, lungs, pharynx, and oral cavity. It is an extremely rare clinical entity. Very few cases could be found in world literature. Pain throat and/or odynophagia are common clinical presentations. It can be secondary to inhaled steroid therapy which is usually mild.: In this article, we introduced a rare case of fungal epiglotitis in a 66 years old immunocompetent male presented with odynophagia without any other symptom or sign. In endoscopic laryngoscopy, using a 70 scope, a white lesion on swollen epiglottis was seen and rest of larynx was normal. No cervical lymphadenopathy was seen. Laryngeal area was tender on deep palpation. Patient was put on antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. There was no response even after 24 hers of starting treatment. Patient was put on empirically oral antifungal treatment and he improved in 6-8 hrs. Diagnosis of fungal epiglotitis was clinical, based on patient’s history, signs and sypmtoms. Signs included the inflammatory changes of the epiglotis and candida whitish discoloration of it. There was rapid and obvious improvement in condition of the patient, once started on oral antifungal treatment.

Tympanoplasty performed using 270 degree subannular flap has shown better success rates. This technique is quite useful for large subtotal tympanic membrane perforations. This case report has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of performing this difficult surgical technique endoscopically and thus avoiding a post auricular scar and reducing morbidity to the patient.

In three inhomogeneous mediums, the performance of different algorithms for Flattening Filter Free (FFF) photon beams and Flattening Filter (FF) photon beams was evaluated. The three CT image sets of the CIRS phantom, each including an ionization chamber in the lung, bone, and tissue locations, were collected using the SAD configuration. For flattened and non-flattened photon beams, the corresponding Treatment Planning System (TPS) calculated and ionization chamber measured doses in the centre of chamber (in the three mediums) were compared. In lung structure, higher deviation was recorded in 10X10 cm2 field by all the three algorithms. These deviations are larger in magnitude, both FF and FFF, compared to water and bone mediums. Thus, both FF and FFF beams performed differently in lung, water, and bone mediums. Algorithms contribute to one of the potential sources of radiation delivery uncertainty.

The focus of this research was to calculate initial beam characteristics of a 6 MV X-rays with flattening filter (FF) from Elekta Versa-HD linear accelerator (Linac) using the Tool for Particle Simulation (TOPAS) Monte Carlo (MC) simulation code. TOPAS 3.6 simulated data was compared with the measured data. During simulation, all the main component were simulated including Linac head, Multi-Leaf Collimators (MLCs), and uniform water phantom, while the SNC 3D scanner phantom and SNC125c Chamber were used for measurements. At collimator sizes of 5x5, 10x10, and 20x20 cm2, the depth dose scans (PDD) distribution and beam profiles (BP) were measured. The estimated tissue phantom ratio (TPR20,10) was 0.669, which was -1.1 percent lower than the measured TPR20,10 of 0.681. The obtained results show that the simulated and measured data were in good agreement, with gamma rate analysis of 3%/3 mm criteria reaching 95% and 99 % for PDD and BP respectively.

For electronics and renewable energy systems to function reliably, battery technology performance is crucial. Numerous tools, including simulation, testing, and materials science, are used to assess and enhance the functionality of battery technology. However, issues like energy density, cost, and safety make it difficult to create and optimize battery technology. Solid-state batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, flow batteries, and metal-air batteries are just a few examples of the recent advancements in battery technology that have the potential to revolutionize the industry and enhance the performance of electronic devices. These innovations could someday become the norm for powering electronic devices, taking the place of conventional lithium-ion batteries. A more sustainable and efficient future will be enabled by the proliferation of electronic gadgets and renewable energy sources, both of which will benefit greatly from the continuous improvement and development of battery technologies.

In this paper, the adaptive equalization techniques are used to transmit data through a communication channel. Because the signal cannot be demodulate perfectly at the output of a communication system. However, in practically, all the channels are non ideal and noisy in nature. So, to recover the original signal after demodulation, equalizers minimize the error between the original transmitted signal and demodulated signal. In this paper Least Mean Square (LMS) and Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) Algorithms are used. Keywords: Adaptive Filter, Adaptive Equalization, Channel Equalization, LMS Linear Equalization RLS Linear Equalization and Constant Modulus Algorithm. Title: COMPARISON OF LMS LINEAR AND CMA EQUALIZATION IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Author: NAVNEET VIVEK, AMIT SAINI, DUSHYANT KUMAR International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Vol. 11, Issue 1, January 2023 - March 2023 Page No: 1-4 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 06-January-2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7509470 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/comparison-of-lms-linear-and-cma-equalization-in-communication-system, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations, ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online), Research Publish Journals, Website: www.researchpublish.com

Parotid infection/abscess leading to facial nerve palsy is a rare presentation. Normally, malignant parotid masses are associated with facial nerve palsy. We present a case of parotitis which was complicated by facial nerve dysfunction and recovered well with conservative treatment.

In this paper, a novel vertically stacked silicon Nanosheet Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (NS-TFET) device scaled to a gate length of 12 nm with Contact poly pitch (CPP) of 48 nm is simulated. NS-TFET device is investigated for its electrostatics characteristics using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulator. The inter-band tunneling mechanism with a P-I-N layout has been incorporated in the stacked nanosheet devices. The asymmetric design technique for doping has been used for optimum results. NS-TFET provides a low leakage current of order10−16 A, an excellent subthreshold swing (SW) of 23mv/decade, and negligible drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) having a value of 10.5 mv/V. The notable ON to OFF current ratio of the order of 1011 has been achieved. The device exhibits a high transconductance of 3.022 × 10−5 S at the gate to source voltage of 1 V. The radiation effect of an alpha particle at different energies on NS-TFET is investigated. The injection causes drain current fluctuation for a short span and the result can serve as a guideline for designing of a robust circuit. NS-TFET shows tremendous improvement in short channel effects (SCE) and is a good option for advanced technologies.

The impression of gate dielectric and spacer dielectric on the performance of rectangular core shell double gate junctionless transistor (RCS-DGJLT) using extensive simulations is studied. The RCS-...

Haemangioma is a benign vascular soft tissue tumor which is compressible and nonpulsatile mass it may be non-blanching at times (as in the present case). Such benign vascular lesions frequently occur in the head and neck, approximately 80% are found in these areas. But they are very rare to be found on pinna. In our case, it was excised surgically on histolopathological examination only the diagnosis was made.

This article examines the impact of business-to-business (B2B) buying groups on buyer–supplier relationships. The authors outline two distinct initiatives—monitoring and community building—through which buying groups govern buyer–supplier exchange and impact supplier performance toward buyers. Two boundary conditions are identified for the performance efficacy of the buying group's governance efforts: the buyer's own governance of the supplier and the dependence relations among the focal parties. Analyses using two-wave primary data collected from the U.S. health care sector and replications using secondary outcomes indicate support for the proposed framework. The authors conduct a conjoint experiment to further enhance the generalizability of the findings and report that a buying group's monitoring of suppliers enhances supplier performance both by itself and with increasing supplier monitoring by the buyer firm. Further, the supplier's dependence on the buying group and the buyer's dependence on the supplier both sharpen the efficacy of the buying group's monitoring program. However, the performance effects of community building are weakened as the buyer–supplier relationship becomes stronger and as the buyer grows more dependent on the supplier. The authors thus uncover novel interplays between B2B buying groups and B2B dyads and document their consequences for firm performance.

The affinity between franchisees and their franchisor represents a captive marketing channel relationship, requiring a mutually well-managed partnership for long-term success and sustained performa...

Objective: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is fast becoming animportant public health issue. Nearly fifty percent of all heart failure cases are due to HFPEF.There are many associated comorbidities has been associated with this condition which maybe pathophysiologically related. There is no specific treatment yet. The focus remains onsymptomatic treatment of heart failure along with carefully managing the associated conditions.The present study was aimed at analyzing the comorbidities in HFPEF in a tertiary care centre. Method: Patient diagnosed with heart failure wereechocardiographically analyzed. Thoseshowing diastolic dysfunction on tissue Doppler imaging were diagnosed as HFPEF. Patientswith chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, valvular heart disease, constrictive pericarditis,restrictive/ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sepsis related diastolic dysfunction were excluded.One hundred such patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Plasma Btype natriuretic peptide(BNP) level was assayed in all participants. Institutional Ethics Committeeapproval was taken beforehand. Written informed consent was taken from each patient. Result: The mean age of the patients in the study group was 63.06yrs. HFPEF was more commonin females(62%). The common comorbidities observed were hypertension(82%), high bodymass index (80%),anaemia (76%), hyperlipidemia (30%) diabetes mellitus(28%). The plasmaBNP was elevated in all except 2 patients. The BNP level was higher in those with higherleft atrial size and those showing more severe diastolic dysfunction on tissue doppler imaging.Conclusion- HFPEF can be diagnosed clinically with the help of echocardiography. Plasma BNPlevel assay may be done when diagnosis is in doubt. The patients with HfpEf are heterogeneousand treatment need to be individualized depending on the associated comorbidities. Furtherstudies with larger sample size are required to define the profile of this disease. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.39-44

Carbon papers (CPs) are used as an electrode backing in PEMFC. It assists the diffusion of both the reactant gases and products toward and from the reaction site and aids the flow of electrons. CP ...

Purpose: In radiotherapy, accuracy in dose estimation of dose calculation methods is critical. The influence of deformity on radiation dose calculations derived by planning system is evaluated in present study. The goal of study was to create a low-cost inhomogeneous phantom for measuring absorbed dose using an Ionisation chamber and Gafchromic film, which was validated using treatment planning system (TPS) dose outcome. Methods:and Materials: The central axis dose calculations were computed using Pencil Beam Convolution algorithm (PBC), Collapsed Cone Convolution (CCC) and Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm in the Monaco treatment planning system using an In-house phantom (20 × 20 × 20cm3) made up of acrylic sheet containing water and inhomogeneous material wooden powder equivalent to lung. Phantom was scanned in Computed Tomography (CT) scanner and image set was sent to the planning workstation. The depth dose evaluations were performed using ionization chamber and Gafchromic film with same beam settings and monitor units in every setup. Following that, the calculated doses obtained from TPS and measured depth doses were compared. Results: The results was reported for photon energies 6MV, 10MV, 15MV, 6FFF and 10FFF at varying field sizes of 4 × 4 cm2, 5 × 5 cm2, 10 × 10 cm2, and 15 × 15 cm2. MC maximum dose variation predicted was 2.06% in 15MV of measured chamber dose and −2.06% of measured gafchromic film dose in 6MVFFF. CCC maximum dose variation predicted was 2.68% of measured chamber dose in 6MV and 3.31% of measured gafchromic film dose in 6MV whereas PB maximum dose variation predicted was −5.94% in 15MV of measured chamber dose and −11.6% of measured gafchromic film dose in 6MVFFF. Conclusion: Low-cost in-house phantoms can be utilised to assess point and planar doses during patient-specific quality assurance in centres that don’t have accessibility to phantoms due to the high cost of commercially available tools.

These days electricity is the fundamental requirement of Homosepines. As the persistence of electrical energy is expand and shoot up day by day there is call for utilization of inexhaustible root of energy. In the contemporary and modern epoch of powers scantiness in the India, the consumption of solar energy might be serviceable and advantageous to abundant span. By consuming solar energy it subsidizing in saving large volume of H20, Air, fossil fuels any many more natural resources which is very much essential to save for coming generation and to protect the ecosystem from Global warming, Acid rain Greenhouse gas effect etc[1]. On behalf of this Inducement the numbers & magnitude of the Photovoltaic (PV) structures are spreading and accordingly the proportion of the speculation & financing and also allied chances and threats are escalating. Toward fabricate solar energy more prolific, productivity and cost effectiveness of solar array systems must bemaximized. For the productivity and cost effectiveness estimation of PV panels, that has been considered with specific recognition to the existence of dirts, moisture and supreme potency of Sun light on the panel surface. Mostly, the dusty effect, moisture & Power of Sun light on the effectiveness of the PV panels have been spotlighted. It provides transient explanation of the plan, outline & manufacture of microcontroller-based sun tracking solar panels with automatic cleaning system

Many organizations face competing agendas by which they are expected to simultaneously grow sales output while controlling associated costs. At the interface of this organizational pressure and the...

The presence of fluoride is the most hazardous ion in drinking water for human kind. Fluorine as a corrosive gas is not stable in its elemental state owing to its high electronegativity and reactivity. Therefore it exists as a fluoride in the environment. Fluoride enters water by two sources: natural and anthropogenic. Natural discharge of fluoride in water occurs from the fluoride-rich minerals in rocks, volcanic eruptions, and marine aerosols. However, anthropogenic discharge of fluoride also takes place in water by activities such as coal combustion, cement manufacture, aluminum smelting, and excess use of fertilizers in crops. Fluoride deposition on teeth and skeletons cause dental fluorosis and skeleton fluorosis and its uptake in very high concentration may also cause death. The allowable concentration of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 mg/L as per World Health Organization guidelines. This chapter contains the knowledge of permissible limits of fluoride, its sources, and the environment risk of fluoride pollutants, removal methods, and future prospects.

Introduction: The accuracy of dose calculation algorithms depends on the electron density and computed tomography (CT) number of medium scanned. Our study aimed to verify the impact of different CT scanning protocols on Hounsfield unit (HU) and effect on dose calculation algorithms. Materials and Methods: CIRS thorax phantom with different density material plugs was scanned at varying tube voltages from CT scanner and HU values were measured in treatment planning system (TPS). Calibration curves of electron density at different tube voltages were plotted and used for dose calculation with different calculation algorithms at varying high energy megavoltage photon energies. Results: Insignificant difference is obtained in electron density curves plotted at different tube voltages. The mean variation in HU values was found at different tube voltages for bone, lung, and water are 896.75 (standard deviation [SD] 122.88), −799.25 (SD 5.74), and −17.5 (SD 0.57), respectively. The estimated P values for change in HU values were 0.089, 0.258, and 0.121 for bone, lung, and water, respectively. Pencil beam (PB) convolution and collapsed cone algorithms show no significant dose difference, i.e.

Membrane technology is an advanced approach to making a healthier and cleaner environment. Using such catalytic membrane technology to get clean, usable water by removal of dye impurities as well as pathogenic microbes is the main goal behind the research work. Here, we present the synthesis and efficacy study of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based Ag/ZnO/TiO2 trimetallic bifunctional nanofibers with antibacterial and photocatalytic activity. The nanofibers have been proven to be effective for the degradation of methylene blue (MB 93.4%), rhodamine B (Rh 34.6%), auramine-O (Au 65.0%) and fuchsin basic (FB 69.8%) dyes individually within 90 min in daylight. The study is further extended in abating a mixture of these dyes from contaminated water using composite nanofibers. Also, in the case of a mixture of these dyes (3 ppm each), nanofibers show dye degradation efficiency (DDE) of 90.9% (MB), 62.4% (Au) and 90.3% (FB and Rh) in 60 min. The role of Ag nanoparticles with a synergic photocatalytic effect on ZnO and TiO2 is also demonstrated. Also, PMMA/ZnO/TiO2 composite fiber membrane in synergy with silver particles shows better antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, making PMMA/Ag/ZnO/TiO2 fibers a promising candidate in water purification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13204-020-01540-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The pressure of oversight and scrutiny in the business-to-business purchasing process has the potential to cause psychological distress in purchasing professionals, giving rise to apprehensions about being ethically inappropriate. Utilizing depth interviews with public sector purchasing professionals in a phenomenological approach, the authors develop the notion of ethical purchasing dissonance to explain the psychological distress. An inductively derived conceptual framework is presented for ethical purchasing dissonance that explores its potential antecedents and consequences; illustrative propositions are presented, and managerial implications are discussed.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of transcanal endoscopic myringoplasty in the hand of young beginner surgeons who had just completed the residency programme. Methods: In a three year period (August 2012 to August 2015), 44 ears in 42 patients were operated upon by a beginner surgeon through the transcanal endoscopic approach in a subdistrict level hospital located in the north western ranges of the Himalayan region. Results: Of the 42 patient, 19 were male and 23 female. The mean age was 26.23 years (range: 15–47 years). In 40 ears, complete perforation closure was achieved at six months (success rate: 90.9%). The mean air conduction PTA preoperatively was 40.84 dB HL and improved to 28.06 dB HL postoperatively (p

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are adopting increasingly diverse and complex marketing channels to sell their products worldwide. They strive to manage channels that confront diverse demands from headquarters, foreign subsidiaries, and local partners as well as complex market environments. Because extant research on MNCs’ marketing channels is sparse, the authors propose an organizing framework to spur and guide research on MNC channel management. As a meta-theory that integrates economic and social elements of MNC channel management, the political economy perspective is used to propose two testable frameworks pertaining to determinants of (1) MNC marketing channel structures and processes and (2) MNC marketing channel outcomes. Building on these frameworks, the authors advance a research agenda to test substantive relationships, elaborate new constructs, and illustrate new contexts pertaining to MNC marketing channels. A set of propositions illustrates the applicability of these conceptual frameworks.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet count in patients with diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Materials and Methods: It was a case–control study conducted in a tertiary care hospital. We examined 100 cases of ACS and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All patients were subjected to focused history, focused clinical examination, vital recording, and baseline 12 lead electrocardiogram. MPV and platelet count were measured by a hemogram device, Melet Schloesing (MS-9) based on the Coulter principle. Results: The patients with ACS had a higher MPV 7.70 fl as compared to the normal healthy controls 6.64 fl (P < 0.0001). On the other hand, the platelet count was significantly decreased in the patients of ACS 172.44 × 109/L when compared with the healthy control group 204.98 × 109/L, and this difference was statistically significant with P < 0.0001. Conclusions: We concluded that the patients presenting with features of ACS have a higher MPV and a decreased platelet count as compared to normal population. These simple hematological markers such as MPV and platelet count can help us in reaching the diagnosis of ACS along with traditional tools.

Excessive fluoride concentration (>1.5 mg/L) in water adversely affects human teeth and bones. The present study focuses on the development of a fluoride adsorbentvia wet chemical method, by treating activated carbon and CaO (derived from rice straw and egg shell respectively) with alum. The prepared adsorbents were characterized for various physico-chemical parameters and fluoride adsorption test. The optimized composite with highest fluoride adsorption capacity was further subjected to batch adsorption study. The adsorbent followed second order kinetic model with intra-particle diffusion revealing that the adsorption was controlled by pore diffusion along with the other process, i.e. electrostatic interaction between opposite charges. This has been explained by a mechanism which in turn is supported by XPS data. Langmuir isotherm fitted well with experimental data suggesting homogenous and monolayer adsorption of fluoride. The adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm model is 48.78 mg/g. Thus the adsorbent is highly effective in removing fluoride from the initial concentration of 10 ppm to less than 0.2 ppm which is safe for drinking purpose.

Driven by organizational focus on bottom-line profitability, business-to-business (B2B) sales managers face pressure to justify and control sales expenses. As cost information becomes more accessible, higher value may be placed on this information relative to revenue information to help alleviate this pressure. Therefore, this study conceptualizes cost prioritization and argues that while bottom-line management gains may ensue, cost prioritization may also have unintended consequences for sales force engagement. Therefore, this research examines the effect of managerial cost prioritization on sales force turnover. Output control, behavior control, and micromanagement are identified as key factors impacting the relationship between cost prioritization and sales force turnover. Empirical testing is based on a survey of B2B sales managers from various industries across the United States. Results indicate cost prioritization increases sales force turnover. Output control attenuates, while micromanagement exacerbates, this relationship. In addition, functional and dysfunctional turnover are differentially impacted by cost prioritization.

Malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is an exceedingly rare tumor representing 0.2 to 8% of all melanomas. Mucosal melanomas are extremely rare and aggressive neoplasms. Patient reporting to the clinician with a pigmented lesion should raise suspicion in the first visit itself and should be further investigated so as to detect this dreaded malignancy at an earlier stage and thus managed appropriately. We presented two such rare cases who reported at our centre treated with different modalities and had different responses to treatment. In first case report 65 year old male patient diagnosed with malignant melanoma of left upper alveolus underwent multiple modalities of treatment like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy but unfortunately as he defaulted post-surgery and also due to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions he was treated in various centres and finally the result was inoperable residual gigantic mass resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In second case report, 82 year old male patient reported with malignant melanoma hard palate having good response to initial chemotherapy. He was planned on hypo-fractionated radiotherapy in view of his old age but he refused radiation treatment and is on oral temozolamide and thalidomide with stable disease and good quality of life since past 6 months.

Economic growth of developing countries primarily depends upon the various socio-economic factors such as level of output, rate of saving and investment, standard of living of people, per capita income as well as national income and finally on industrial development. Pakistan is the second largest economy in the south Asia in terms of market size and availability of cheap labor force, however, failed to attract the surge of FDI inflow in the economy during last two decades. More specifically, the foreign investment comes in Pakistan generally on the basis of relation i.e. Pak –US relationship whose effect can be observed clearly during interval 2000 to 2007. Later, the financial crisis dumped the world economy resultant the developed countries channelize their investment within country to cope up with the worsening effect of financial crisis rather than concentrating on foreign investment. The prime motto behind this study is to observe the challenging effect of FDI inflow on the economy of Pakistan during most impressive period in Pakistan history in terms of foreign investment. In this study the economic growth of Pakistan is being measured by developing the econometric model over various indicators such as GDP, GDPPC, GNI, TOP during clustering period 2000 to 2012.Empirical results shows that the entrance of FDI, however, uplifted the status of GDP whereas another variables are negatively influenced during first interval i,e.2000 to 2006. On the other hand, during second interval of study i.e. 2007 to 2012 the entrance of FDI inflow strongly affected the status of GDP Per Capita, whereas other variables are negatively influenced. At last, despite of favorable investment environment and key macroeconomic fundamentals, the Pakistan is still legging continuously in attacking the large FDI inflow caused to poor infrastructure, terrorist activities, energy issues, distortion in law and orders and large security issues. Key wordsEconomic growth, financial crisis, GDP, GDPPC, GNI, TOP. I. EFFECT OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT ON PAKISTAN ECONOMY In previous two decades, it has been observed that in developing countries the domestic investment generally fails to accomplish the needs of growth and development that could mould the countries scenario to look forward towards alternative source of finance. In general, the developing countries for bridging the gap between demand and supply of funds always welcome the foreign investment. Recently, the FDI has been recognized as a most efficient source of finance for developing countries. It assist the companies not only the availability of funds but also attempts to bridge the technology gap knowledge spillover, human capital and provide competitive business environment (Kalim and Shahbaz, 2009). Pakistan is a young country with an ancient history and with rapidly growing populations. Her economy primarily depends on agriculture, a per capita income is low, and much of the population lives in poverty. In spite of all, Pakistan always fetch the substantial FDI inflow in its economy on behalf of large domestic market and favourable policies environment but terrorist violence, energy and financial crisis create hurdles for investors caused to turbulent trend in foreign investment. Previously, the inconsistent investment policies observed as the major constraints in free flow of FDI until 1991 but the FDI inflow has steadily increased during the early post-liberalization period. More specifically, FDI inflow to Pakistan has increased in many folds during last two decades i.e. US $485 Million in 2001-02 to US $5,409.80 Million in 2007 -08 further declined to US $820.7 Million in 2011-12 (as per UNCTAD „WIR‟ report). However, FDI plays a vital role to acceralate the economic growth of developing IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319–7668 Special Issue AETM'16 70 | Page countries (Khan, 2007). It is evident with the study of Pakistan economy, the energy sector, telecom sector and financial sector attracted surge of FDI inflow on behalf of large market share, cheap labour force and vast opportunities. The prospect of this economy reflect that these sector failed to keep up the upward trend of FDI inflow for longer period later 2008 these specific sectors mislead the growth path resultant the investors lose their confidence in Pakistan economy. If we closely analyze, the macroeconomic parameters and opportunities in Pakistan, then realized that the share of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow is negligible as compared to the absorbing capacity and economic fundamentals of the country. Even though, the share of Pakistan is less than one percent compared to world total FDI inflow. That can be due to political instability, security issues, law and order situation, energy crisis, corruption, lack of required infrastructure, lack of enforcement of contracts and high corporate tax rates. This research paper aim is to analyze the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow and economic variables i.e. GDP, GDP PC, GNI, Trade openness in Pakistan for the period 2000 to 2012. The rest of the paper framed as: Section 2 provides the trends of FDI investment in Pakistan. Section 3 provides the previous theoretical studies on FDI investment. In section 4 data sources and econometric methodological is being discussed. Section 5 represents the econometric results and discussion. Finally, the section 6 states the conclusions and recommendation regarding further scope and guidelines for board of investment. II. TRENDS OF FDI INFLOW IN PAKISTAN In Pakistan, FDI is primarily invested through equity capital, re-invested earning and other capital. The FDI Investment continuously follows the regular pattern in Pakistan‟s economy since year 1991 with a view to escalates the economic growth of country. Generally, the foreign investors fetch the funds in many ways in term of FDI investment i.e. launching a new project or acquiring the already existing domestic projects with huge profit potentials (Sajid et al. 2012). The discussion over FDI inflow in Pakistan‟s economy has been substituted in four specific categories, which were further determined on the basis of velocity of FDI inflow in the economy. Actually, the consensus behind this clustering study is to go in depth and searched the causes of slow as well as rapid movement of FDI inflow at different time interval. Fig. 1: Categorical FDI inflow in Pakistan (USD Millions) 0 200 400 600 80

Background: To assess the use of tourniquets as mentioned in National Snake Bite Management Protocol among peripheral health care providers.Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care institute between June 2016 to June 2017. A total of 36 patients of snake bite referred from peripheral health facility were enrolled in the study and were evaluated for : date and time of bite, site of bite, weather snake was seen, type of envenomation, first aid given in Govt facility/alternative practitioner, tourniquet applied/not applied, anti snake venom given/not given as first aid and outcome.Results: The mean age of the study population was 39 years (17.38) range 18 years to 75 years. 18 patients were male and 18 were female. 30 (83.3%) patients had site of bite over the extremities’. The venom was hemotoxic in 12 (33.3%) patients and neurotoxic 21 (58.3%). 30 (83.3%) patients received first aid in the Government health facility manned by qualified in healthcare practitioner and 6 (16.7%) were treated by traditional healers. 29 (80.6%) patients had a tight tourniquet tied to the site of the bite when seen in emergency department of institute. None of the patients had their limbs splinted. 31 (86.1%) patients had received anti snake venom (ASV) at the peripheral health facility. The mortality rate was 5.6% with only 2 deaths.Conclusions: The majority of peripheral health care providers both qualified and unqualified use tourniquets in patients suffering with snake bite. The peripheral health care providers are not aware of importance of limb splinting and immobilisation. Though the rate of instilling ASV is good, the health care providers in the peripheral institutes should be made aware of recommendations of national snake bite management protocol with regard to use of tourniquets and limb splitting in snake bite patients.

Drinking water with excessive fluoride concentration (>1 mg/l) has detrimental effect on bones and teeth. Out of the several de-fluoridation methodologies, the present study is focused on the adsorption technique. Rice straw was processed in different ways before converting it into carbon to enhance its fluoride adsorption capacity. The adsorbents were subjected to various physico-chemical characterizations and adsorption tests. Alumina impregnated activated carbon (AIAC) was found to be the most efficient adsorbent and further batch adsorption studies, column studies, and regeneration studies were carried out with the same. It follows the second order kinetics model. The intra-particle diffusion model suggest pore diffusion to be a major contributor along with other processes, which may be operating simultaneously The D-R and Temkin Isotherm models reveal physical adsorption due to the electrostatic interaction between the opposite charges present in the adsorbate and adsorbent. This has been illustrated through a mechanism and further supported by XPS results. The adsorbent could effectively remove fluoride to less than 0.4 ppm when the initial fluoride concentration in water was 10 ppm. Further, the fluoride adsorbed AIAC was successfully reused as effective filler in developing particle board material.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic gripped many nations and lockdowns were declared to limit its spread. During those harrowing lockdown times what happened to non-COVID patients has not been answered yet. Objectives: In the present study, the authors have tried to study the impact of lockdown on the non-COVID patients. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care institute. The impact of lockdown (March 24, 2020–May 31, 2020) on number of patients visiting outpatient department (OPD), admission, and deaths of non-COVID patients due to medical causes in wards of internal medicine and emergency was studied and compared with the corresponding period in 2019 (March 24, 2019–May 31, 2019). Results: OPD numbers plummeted from 14,050 in 2019 to just 3916 during lockdown a reduction of 258.78%. The total admissions appreciated from 887 in 2019 to 959 during lockdown 2020 an increase of 8.11%. The rate of admission substantially surged from 6.31% in 2019 to 24.48% in lockdown. Death rate witnessed a marginal increase from 2.36% in 2019 to 3.64% during lockdown. Mortality from renal causes increased substantially from two cases in 2019 to 10 in lockdown an increase of 400%. Conclusion: The research points out that during lockdown times OPD numbers plummeted significantly and admission rate of non-COVID patients showed an upward trend. A slight insignificant increase of in hospital mortality rate of non-COVID patients was also noted. These observations point out that non-COVID patients received due medical care during lockdown 2020.

With concern of global warming, low power design is an important research domain for scientist and engineers. Focusing upon the energy saving trend, this paper compares the performance analysis of all possible fin shapes in a 16 nm Bulk FinFET device from low power design perspective. Performance metrics include transconductance, transconductance generation factor (TGF), on/off current ratio, Subthreshold swing (SS), Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) and power consumption. Low power system design feasibility with the optimized round fin shape resulting from the comparative analysis is justified by implementing N and P FinFET devices with perfectly matched VI characteristics. Prospective usage to meet recent developments in system design and control engineering with power optimization and scalability success in round FinFET device is also reviewed through this work.