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In this article, a single port with truncated corner and common T-shaped notch loaded microstrip patch antenna for bandwidth enhancement is presented which is useable for mid band of 5G applications. The design of this prototyped antenna is obtained by loading truncated corner and T-shaped notch on rectangular patch antenna having 50 Ω microstrip line feed. The optimized antenna 5 is selected as proposed antenna at design frequency 3 GHz among antenna 1- antenna 5after study of simulated results through IE3D Mentor Graphics simulation software. Proposed antenna covers a wide bandwidth from 2.39 to 4.04 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 51.3% with pair of resonance frequency having return loss of -23.38 dB and -29.65 dB respectively.

Background Although rare in small vestibular schwannomas, preoperative facial nerve paresis is often present in giant schwannomas. Preserving facial nerve function in these cases remains a herculean task. This study evaluates the facial functions after complete tumor removal and whether preoperative facial nerve involvement affects postoperative functional status. Methods This retrospective study from January 2014 to August 2021 excluded nongiant tumors (< 4 cm), neurofibromatosis type 2 cases, incomplete removals, redo surgeries, deaths, and cases done without nerve monitoring. These were grouped into preoperative facial palsy present (PFP) and no preoperative facial palsy (NFP). Facial nerve functions were assessed on first postoperative day, at the time of discharge, and at last follow-up and dichotomized into two groups: nondisfiguring (House–Brackmann [HB] grades I–III) and disfiguring (HB grades IV–VI). The cohort outcomes of patients with nondisfiguring PFP (HB grades I–III) were also analyzed. Results There were 88 cases (PFP, n = 57; NFP, n = 31). Facial nerve was preserved anatomically in 62 (70.45%) patients (PFP, n = 38; NFP, n = 24) without any statistical difference (p = 0.29). Statistically significant disfiguring facial outcomes (HB IV, V, VI) were seen in patients with preoperative facial palsy (p = 0.01); however, a comparison of facial functions in patients with only nondisfiguring PFP with those in NFP group did not show the statistical difference (p = 0.12). Conclusions Facial nerve palsy present before surgery does not seem to be a deterrent to intraoperative preservation of facial nerve during complete removal of giant vestibular schwannomas. Patients with nondisfiguring facial palsies have postoperative facial functions comparable to those without facial palsy.

Various types of skin disorders across each age group and in each part of geographical world are very dreadful. Despite not being fatal each time they are always of social and mental concern for suffering individuals, causing complications in millions of patients every day and require comparatively longer duration of treatment. Off late, various topical/transdermal formulations have been widely explored for the treatment of various skin ailments. The efficiency of topical therapy depends on various physiochemical properties of drugs like particle size, particle size distribution, partition coefficient, viscosity of dosage form, skin permeability, skin condition and the site of application. Therefore, in plenty of examples, long-acting topical formulations have shown to be markedly excellent in comparison to conventional dosage forms. The major advantages of topical formulations accrue from their demonstrated ability: (i) Reduced serious side effects that may occur due to undesirably higher systemic absorption of drug. (ii) Enhancement of drug accumulation at the desired site. (iii) Easy incorporation of enormous range of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and (iv) Reduced risk of dose dumping and comparatively easy termination of drug release. The prospective applications of topically applied formulations and the deposition of pharmaceuticals into the skin are examined.

Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is a highly toxic groundwater contaminant. In this study, we demonstrate a selective electrochemical process tailored for removal of Cr(VI) using a hybrid MOF@rGO nanomaterial synthesized by

Coated microneedles have emerged as a promising drug delivery system for inflammatory pain treatment. We have previously shown that tramadol injection into the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) induces an antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, microneedles coated with tramadol were investigated as a platform to treat TMJ pain. Male Wistar rats were administered tramadol using an intra-TMJ injection or with microneedles coated with tramadol, followed by 1.5% formalin nociceptive challenge administered 15 minutes later. The nociceptive behavior of rats was evaluated, and their periarticular tissues were removed after euthanasia for analysis. The duration of antinociceptive effect was determined by performing the formalin challenge at different time points extending up to 6 days post tramadol administration. Microneedles coated with tramadol produced an antinociceptive effect similar to injection of tramadol into the rat TMJ. Surprisingly, tramadol delivery using coated microneedles produced a more durable antinociceptive effect lasting as much as 2 days post tramadol delivery as compared with an antinociceptive effect lasting under 2 hours from intra-TMJ injection of tramadol. The proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were found to be reduced, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was found to be elevated in tramadol-treated groups. In conclusion, microneedles coated with tramadol can offer a therapeutic option for pain control of inflammatory disorders in the TMJ.

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is a simple and low-cost method for brackish water desalination involving reversible electrosorption using high surface area, porous electrodes paired with ion-exchange membranes. Ion-exchange membranes improve charge efficiency and salt adsorption capacity by limiting the transport of co-ions and inhibiting faradaic reactions at the electrode surface. Effective ion-exchange membranes for MCDI should have high permselectivity and low ionic resistance, but there is typically a trade-off between these two properties. In this work, we studied partially sulfonated pentablock copolymer (sPBC) as a cation-exchange coating for MCDI electrodes. sPBC ion exchange coatings of varying ion exchange capacity (IEC, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 meq g−1) and a range of casting solvent compositions (10–60 wt% n-propanol in toluene) were prepared. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the membranes showed a morphological change from a micellar to lamellar and then to an inverse micellar structure with increasing polarity of the casting solvent. Water uptake and salt permeability increased with increasing IEC and casting solvent polarity over the entire range of conditions tested. MCDI device studies indicated that charge efficiency and salt adsorption capacity both increased with water uptake over a range of casting solvent compositions due to morphological changes in the sPBC film. This work demonstrates an effective solution-processible ion-exchange layer for MCDI using a self-assembling block copolymer and suggests that ideal ion-exchange coatings for MCDI should have high water uptake to minimize ionic resistance while at the same time maintaining a high charge density of fixed charged groups to achieve high permselectivity.

A mathematical model based on Markov death birth process of pulp manufacturing system is presented for improving the availability of this process. Here, the system passes through a series of preventive as well as corrective maintenances on its different transitions to pending-to-failed and failed states correspondingly. The probability recommendations at all stages of this system have numerous differential equations; those have to be solved by applying Laplace Transformations to compute state probabilities. Genetic algorithms have been developed to optimize the availability with varying input variables. The analysis boosted researcher’s energy for the identification of key factors and there exists good scope to improvement in the system availability by controlling the contributing factors.

Carbon nanomaterials have been attracting attention in oncology for the development of safe and effective cancer nanomedicines in increasing improved patient compliance for generally recognized as safe (GRAS) prominence. Toxicity, safety and efficacy of carbon nanomaterials are the major concerns in cancer theranostics. Various parameters such as particle size and shape or surface morphology, surface charge, composition, oxidation and nonoxidative-stress-related mechanisms are prone to toxicity of the carbon nanomaterials. Currently, few cancer-related products have been available on the market, although some are underway in preclinical and clinical phases. Thus, our main aim is to provide comprehensive details on the carbon nanomaterials in oncology from the past two decades for patient compliance and safety.

Motivated by the fact that the location(s) and structural properties of the pinning node(s) affect the algebraic connectivity of a network with respect to the reference value and thereby, its dynamic performance, this paper studies the application of intelligent single and multiple pinning of distributed cooperative secondary control of distributed generators (DGs) in islanded microgrid operation. It is shown that the intelligent selection of a pinning set based on the degree of connectivity and distance of leader DG(s) from the rest of the network improves the transient performance for microgrid voltage and frequency regulation. The efficacy of the distributed control strategy based on the proposed algorithms is illustrated via numerical results simulating typical scenarios for a variety of microgrid configurations., Comment: 8 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Trans. on Power Systems

Motivated by the need for the fast synchronized operation of power microgrids, we analyze the problem of single and multiple pinning in networked systems. We derive lower and upper bounds on the algebraic connectivity of the network with respect to the reference signal. These bounds are utilized to devise a suboptimal algorithm with polynomial complexity to find a suitable set of nodes to pin the network effectively and efficiently. The results are applied to secondary voltage pinning control design for a microgrid in islanded operation mode. Comparisons with existing single and multiple pinning strategies clearly demonstrate the efficacy of the obtained results.

The pain arising from temporomandibular disorders is often treated with opioids and agents that inhibit the immune response and are associated with substantial adverse effects and long-term risks. Thus, the development of new therapies that are safer and more effective is of great interest to patients and clinicians. 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is naturally produced in the human body and has anti-inflammatory properties. We have previously shown in a rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) model that injection of 15d-PGJ2 into the rat TMJ can provide antinociceptive relief against a subsequent noxious challenge from formalin injection into the same TMJ. However, intra-TMJ injections are painful. Thus, to make the treatment patient friendly, this study aimed to evaluate whether the antinociceptive property of 15d-PGJ2 cream can be enhanced with microneedles (MNs). We found that topical application of 15d-PGJ2 cream for 15min directly on the rat TMJ skin did not induce any significant antinociceptive effect. However, if MNs were inserted in the skin for 5min, removed, and then 15d-PGJ2 cream was applied, a significant reduction in formalin-induced nociceptive behavior was observed. This reduction in nociception was comparable to an intra-TMJ injection of 15d-PGJ2. A concentration-dependent effect of 15d-PGJ2 was observed, with higher concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 in the cream showing a more durable effect up to 8h. 15d-PGJ2 cream associated with MNs also significantly reduced the release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1 beta, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that 15d-PGJ2 cream associated with MNs provides antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect, and can offer a potential patient-friendly therapeutic option for pain control related to inflammatory disorders of the TMJ.

It has become a high need for specialist co-ops, endeavors, IP apparatuses producers, application designers, and governments to start their organizations of IPv6. Consistent movement from IPv4 to IPv6 is difficult to accomplish. Along these lines, a few instruments are required which guarantees smooth, stepwise, and free change to IPv6. Not exclusively is the change, yet the reconciliation of IPv6 is likewise required into the current systems. The arrangements are to be partitioned into three classes: Tunneling, Dual-Stack, and Translation. Numerous individuals believe that NAT is a superior methodology yet Tunneling is a liked and most adaptable approach to convey IPv6 in existing IPv4 situations. IPv6 can be empowered any place IPv4 is empowered alongside the related highlights needed to make IPv6 routable, exceptionally accessible, and secure. These current places of business the difficulties as far as availability, security, portability, and unwavering quality. The paper centers around the future works and vision expected to execute the Internet of Everything to arrive at an interoperable, trustable, versatile, conveyed, significant, and ground-breaking empowering agent for rising applications. The overall accuracy of the methods is calculated for transmitted packets during transmission and delay of the packets at different data rates. So there is a huge improvement at a higher data rate. Hence, the examination of IPv4, 4to6 passage, and IPv6 systems present us with their exhibition qualities through measurable investigation. The insights acquired from reproduction give us that the throughput execution of IPv6 is far superior to IPv4 and 4to6 passage. IPv6 performs better under explicit occasions. By considering the exhibition gauges the IPv6 convention has better transmission proficiency and high throughput. Quantitatively, the proposed method has outperformed 51.19% for different data rates and 18.90% for the same data rate in the case of IPv4. 64.34% for different data rates and 35.53% for the same data rate in the case of IPv6. 61.43% for different data rates and 29.27% for the same data rate in the case of Tunnelling.

Technologies capable of selective removal of target contaminants from water are highly desirable to achieve “fit-for-purpose” treatment. In this study, we developed a simple yet highly effective method to achieve calcium-selective removal in an electrosorption process by coating the cathode with a calcium-selective nanocomposite (CSN) layer using an aqueous phase process. The CSN coating consisted of nano-sized calcium chelating resins with aminophosphonic groups in a sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel matrix, which accomplished a Ca2+-over-Na+ selectivity of 3.5–5.4 at Na+:Ca2+ equivalent concentration ratio from 10:1 to 1:1, 94 – 184% greater than the uncoated electrode. The CSN coated electrode exhibited complete reversibility in repeated operation. Mechanistic studies suggested that the CSN coating did not contribute to the adsorption capacity, but rather allowed preferential permeation of Ca2+ and hence increased Ca2+ adsorption on the carbon cathode. The CSN-coated electrode was very stable, showing reproducible performance in 60 repeated cycles.

Decoupling capacitors are required for power integrity performance. The use of package landside capacitors (LSCs) and/or board backside decoupling imposes significant design constraints on achievable system height. Low realizable capacitance due to limited component area and the need for additional package edge pins are also common design challenges on single-sided devices. On the other hand, due to surface-mount technology yield concern mobile platforms are usually voided on board surface copper layer to safeguard designs from interaction with LSCs causing waste of board resource. This paper presents a new decoupling capacitor technology which enhances capacitor effectiveness enabling single-sided board designs at competitive form factor and reduced system cost. Up to 70% capacitor cost saving and $\sim$16 mm$^{2}$ area shrink are shown feasible in addition to jitter reduction and battery life improvements.

Package design rules are traditionally determined by signal integrity reasons. However, these determine the total package inductance and the number of capacitors that can be installed, in turn determining the highest frequency impedance peak in the power delivery network. This paper provides an overview of design rule impact to electrical metrics. Simple equations and simulations based on electromagnetic extractions of representative microprocessor packages are utilized throughout. Based on these guidelines are provided for capacitor spacing and PTH size & placement evaluation as logic block sizes shrink with process node advancement.

Pervaporation desalination has several advantages over competing desalination technologies, most notably an ability to select for or against volatile organic compounds and the ability to process high salinity feeds at a low transmembrane pressure. Pervaporation has not been commercialized for desalination applications because of its energy intensity. However, emerging processes such as hydraulic fracturing produce high total dissolved solids (>30–45 g L−1) byproduct streams that exceed the operational limits of traditional reverse osmosis and could be treated by pervaporation. Here, we demonstrate free-standing pervaporation membranes with excellent permeance and high salt removal based on a partially sulfonated pentablock terpolymer with the tradename Nexar™. Pervaporation membranes were easily cast from this material with desalination performances comparable or superior to commercially available membranes. We found that the polymer degree of sulfonation and casting solvent polarity had a significant impact on the membranes’ water uptake but only a modest impact on the pervaporation desalination performance. Membranes with a degree of sulfonation of 52% (2.0 meq g−1 IEC) and a casting solution composed of 50 wt% n-propanol and 50 wt% toluene achieved a water flux of 3.32 kg m−2 h−1 (permeance 135 kg m−2 h−1 bar−1) with 99.5% salt removal in pervaporation from a 32 g L−1 sodium chloride feed solution at room temperature. We demonstrated that dense, non-porous Nexar™ pervaporation membrane permeance and salt separation performance were superior to commercial pervaporation membranes and equivalent to commercial membrane distillation membranes, which have much larger pores. This study demonstrates that commercially available sulfonated pentablock terpolymers are excellent membranes for pervaporation desalination because of their ease of casting and excellent performance.

This study evaluated the potential of coated microneedles for improved dermal delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which naturally gets converted by cells of the tissue in to a photosensitizer called protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). Microneedle patches containing 57 microneedles were coated with 5-ALA using an in-house developed micro-precision dip coater. The coating process was optimized to achieve higher 5-ALA loading on microneedles and a high delivery efficiency into porcine cadaver skin. Using 5 dips with 25% w/v 5-ALA solution, a mass of about 350μg of 5-ALA was coated per patch, which gave a delivery efficiency of about 90% in porcine cadaver skin. Bright-field and scanning electron microscopy established that coatings of 5-ALA on microneedles of the patch were uniform. In vivo dermal pharmacokinetics showed that delivery of just 350μg of 5-ALA using coated microneedles led to about 3.2-fold higher PPIX formation after 4h, as compared to topical application of 20% w/w 5-ALA in a conventional cream formulation (25mg cream). Furthermore, with use of coated microneedles, PPIX was observed in deeper regions of the skin (~480μm) as compared to topical 5-ALA cream formulation (~150μm). The potential of PPIX for photodynamic therapy was tested in vivo. After light exposure (633nm; 118J/cm(2)), PPIX got photosensitized, and due to higher initial amount of PPIX in the coated microneedle group, about twice the amount of PPIX was photobleached compared to topical cream application. Finally, even with a lower dose of just 1.75mg 5-ALA, coated microneedles suppressed the growth of subcutaneous tumors by ~57%, while a topical cream containing 5mg of 5-ALA did not suppress the tumor volume and led to tumor growth comparable to the untreated control group. Overall, the strategy of delivering 5-ALA using coated microneedles could be a promising approach for photodynamic therapy of skin tumors.

Out of many complications two major problems facing in formulation industry are poor solubility and short half-life of drugs which results into poor bioavailability after oral administration. Solid dosage forms are coated for a number of reasons, the most important of which is controlling the release profiles and bioavailability of the active ingredient. Thus the development of a significant dissolution procedure for drug products with limited water solubility has been a challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. Aceclofenac (Biopharmaceutical classification Class II drug) is a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) having anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, and is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. The investigation revealed that there is no official dissolution medium available in the literature. The objective of present study is to formulate film coated tablet of Aceclofenac and Chlorzoxazone having short half-life by coating with hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (E5 LV). Then the formulated tablets were evaluated for its physicochemical properties and in vitro release studies. The incorporation of drugs into polymer matrices is considered a valid tool in order to optimize insufficient features of the drug molecule, like solubility, stability or toxic effects. In the present work, the incorporation of aceclofenac was performed in inert HPMC and there was no chemical interaction between the drug and polymers as concluded from the FTIR studies. In the present study, parameters such as solubility, medium pH, surfactant type, dissolution behavior of formulations, stability, and discriminatory effect of dissolution testing in different dissolution mediums were studied for the selection of a proper dissolution medium. The drug showed an enhanced release rate in the dissolution media containing pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, 900 ml with 0.5 % sodium lauryl sulphate at 75 rpm for 60 min and thus was chosen as the discriminating dissolution method for film coated aceclofenac formulation. It was found that greater than 80 % of the label amount is released over 60 min.

The present study documents the fabrication and characterization of a topically applicable gel loaded with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) of adapalene (ADA) and vitamin C (ascorbyl-6-palmitate [AP]). The NLCs were prepared by high pressure homogenization (HPH) method followed by incorporation into AP loaded gel. The fabricated system was characterized for size, poly dispersity index, entrapment efficiency (EE) and in vitro drug release properties, and was further investigated for skin compliance, skin transport characteristics (skin permeation and bio-distribution), rheological behavior, texture profile analysis and anti-acne therapeutic potential against testosterone-induced acne in male Wistar rats. The NLC-based formulation improved targeting of the skin epidermal layer and reducing systemic penetration. The co-administration of vitamin C led to an adjunct effect in acne therapy in physiological conditions. In brief, the present results suggest the potential of NLCs as a novel carrier for the dermal delivery of ADA and also the synergistic effect of vitamin C in topical therapeutics.

High current voltage regulators for microelectronic loads like microprocessors and field programmable gate arrays have stringent overshoot requirements due to reliability and performance implications. Toward this end this paper presents two novel inductor energy reduction schemes for overshoot mitigation. In first scheme inductor energy is transferred to load capacitance in a physically adjacent domain via an inter-domain switch. Results show a 40% reduction in overshoot magnitude. The second scheme eliminates inductor energy increase via a fast duty ratio clamp resulting in 22% overshoot reduction. Both schemes save overall system power - the former via energy transfer and the latter via reduction in energy build up, thereby making them superior to conventional methods. Salient equations describing overshoot behavior, and simulation results of mitigation mechanisms for multi-domain scenarios are provided.

Merger of multiple loads on single voltage rail results in increase in self and coupling noise due to close proximity of load spatial distribution and limited package resources for individual isolation inductor. This paper presents a new filtering technique to mitigate self and cross-noise concerns on multiple closely spaced cascaded loads via positive and/or negative coupled inductors and carefully designed coupling polarities. Analytical descriptions and detailed evaluations for two and three load systems are discussed. Transient and frequency domain simulation results validate the theory showing up to 67% noise mitigation. In addition, approximately 3X area reduction is shown to be feasible. Design guidelines are derived to decide choice of mutual inductance and coupling polarities to maximize design benefits.

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is a low-cost technology for desalination. Typically, MCDI electrodes are fabricated using a slurry of nanoparticles in an organic solvent along with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric binder. Recent studies of the environmental impact of CDI have pointed to the organic solvents used in the fabrication of CDI electrodes as key contributors to the overall environmental impact of the technology. Here, we report a scalable, aqueous processing approach to prepare MCDI electrodes using water-soluble polymer poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a binder and ion-exchange polymer. Electrodes are prepared by depositing aqueous slurry of activated carbon and PVA binder followed by coating with a thin layer of PVA-based cation- or anion-exchange polymer. When coated with ion-exchange layers, the PVA-bound electrodes exhibit salt adsorption capacities up to 14.4 mg/g and charge efficiencies up to 86.3%, higher than typically achieved for activated carbon electrodes with a hydrophobic polymer binder and ion-exchange membranes (5-13 mg/g). Furthermore, when paired with low-resistance commercial ion-exchange membranes, salt adsorption capacities exceed 18 mg/g. Our overall approach demonstrates a simple, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and scalable method for the fabrication of high-capacity MCDI electrodes.

With modern low power circuits needing supply voltages around 0.6 [V], there is a growing need for accurately accounting for DC variations. To accentuate the problem proliferation of power supplies for extended battery life has forced tightly co-located voltage regulators which can easily see 20–50 [mV] variation on common ground plane. Independent analysis of loads therefore can lead to suboptimal power and performance estimates. This paper presents analysis and design methodology to study DC interaction of input and output network for power converters to accurately account for spatial distribution of current and the resulting potential differences. The contribution also enables important design aspects such as sense point optimization and PCB & package layout bottleneck identification. Paper documents design of a 1 [V] output buck voltage regulator with 4% output voltage spread for illustration.

Placement of discrete capacitors per unit area is restricted by solder resist opening (SRO) spacing rule. In addition to processor die size and bump pitch reduction over generations, number of voltage rail increase due to power management requirements have led to insufficient independent capacitors allowed for each load for self and cross-noise mitigations [1-4]. This paper presents a new capacitor technology to eliminate need of SRO spacing for performance and/or area benefits. Up to 30% impedance reduction and 38% increase in total capacitance per unit area is shown to be feasible. In addition, integration of isolation filter for cross-noise mitigations is described. Design guidelines are derived to decide integrated negative coupling factor for optimized self and cross-noise reduction.

Cardiovascular disorders or cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major illness associated with heart and blood vessels. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated during excessive oxidative stress, are responsible for the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, ventricular remodeling, ischemia/reperfusion injury and myocardial infarction. Cellular "redox homeostasis" generally maintains the healthy physiology in cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells. However, during excessive oxidative stress body's endogenous system fails to maintain normal physiology hence antioxidant supplementation is necessary, which could scavenge the free radicals and other toxic radicals. Several antioxidants such as CoQ10, beta carotene, lycopene, quercetin, reserveterol, vitamin C and vitamin E have shown preventive and therapeutic benefits in different forms of CVD. However, poor biopharmaceutical properties and variable pharmacokinetics of several antioxidants limits their use as therapeutic agents. Hence delivery of stable antioxidants at their site of action is a need of current scenario. Several novel carriers based approaches have shown considerable benefits for the systemic and site specific delivery of antioxidants for the preventive and therapeutic treatment of several cardiovascular diseases. In the present review, conventional as well as novel antioxidants have been discussed with special emphasis for the treatment of CVD. Further, the current review also highlights the critical challenges for antioxidant delivery and various novel carriers (nanoformulations) including, liposomes and nanoparticles explored for their efficient delivery in the therapeutic management of CVD.

The present work focusses on the formulation development and evaluation of a functional excipient (surfactant stabilizer), a vitamin E TPGS loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), for improving the deliverability and safety profile of cyclosporine A (CyA). The saturation solubility of individual bioactive compounds were evaluated in a series of oils and surfactants. In addition, a ternary phase diagram-based exhaustive optimization was performed to identify the nanoemulsification region that yields the desired quality of attributes and maximum loading capacity of CyA and vitamin E TPGS. The optimized formulation exhibited excellent stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. In vitro drug release studies revealed significantly higher rapid release of CyA from CyA-TPGS SNEDDS as compared to that of the clinically available counterpart Bioral® or in-house CyA-SNEDDS. In vivo pharmacokinetics further demonstrated a 4.48-fold increase in oral bioavailability in the case of the developed formulation as compared to Bioral®. CyA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HEK cell lines was significantly diminished in the case of CyA-TPGS SNEDDS in contrast to that of CyA SNEDDS, Bioral® and the CyA + vitamin E TPGS physical mixture. The results were further corroborated by in vivo nephrotoxicity studies wherein the levels of biochemical markers of nephrotoxicity, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were comparable to that of a negative control in the case of the developed formulation in contrast to that of Bioral®. In a /nutshell, the employed strategy of functional excipient loaded SNEDDS poses a viable strategy for developing value-added nanoformulations of CyA.

This paper presents design considerations for grouping multiple loads to a common power plane. Power management & VR low load efficiency are covered briefly. The main focus is power integrity aspects to address differing load excitations, noise sensitivities, and wide spatial distribution. Design guidelines are illustrated with an example supported by simulation and experimental data.

This paper presents analysis & methodology for impedance design of distributed voltage domains supplied from high frequency voltage regulators (VRs). The approach addresses entire system including the combination of routing parasitics, decoupling capacitor dynamics, and control design for a low impedance solution. The detailed modeling is applicable to any power converter — on die, on package, power management IC (PMIC) & mother board VRs, where control bandwidth, decoupling capacitor & power delivery network (PDN) resonances, and load transients are in a narrow frequency range.

Integrated voltage regulators (IVRs) are central to Intel microprocessor power delivery since the Fourth Generation Core™ products with advantages of lower board cost and area, distributed power management, higher dynamic power, and smaller package size. This paper focusses on IVR generated voltage ripple distinguishing it from a lumped element design for a low frequency discrete component voltage regulator (VR), and emphasizing combined power conversion and power integrity (PI) analysis including package parasitics, spatial distribution of loads, inductor implementation, and capacitance. The voltage ripple reduces effective minimum voltage for computational logic and increases jitter for analog circuits. It is shown that detailed accurate modeling and combined PI and power conversion techniques are essential for analysis and design.