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This review aimed at identifying specific features of PYD interventions with a PA component that appear most promising at reducing bullying behaviors among pre- and early adolescents. We reviewed articles that included PYD interventions with a PA component among pre- and early adolescents aged 8-14 years from five databases and found seven studies representing 3892 participants. Studies collectively showed that PYD-PA interventions can promote an interactive and supportive relationship between participants and staff and foster adolescents' psychosocial development. The review's limitations include the variation of PA components and geographical contexts of interventions leading to a difficulty in synthesizing the results. PA-based PYD interventions provide a promising approach that can foster youth's psychosocial development such as the use of an interactive approach and the use of several PYD components (e.g., empathy and caring). This approach, consequently, may lower bullying behaviors. Given the nature of this review, further evaluation is warranted.

Authors propose their splenic mimetic filtration method, microsphiltration, and utilise this approach in a drug-screen, to identify compounds that induce a stiffening effect on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. They proceed to assess safety and tolerability of one identified compound in a phase I clinical trial.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are important modulators of red blood cell (RBC) rheology. Dietary LC-PUFAs are readily incorporated into the RBC membrane, improving RBC deformability, fluidity, and hydration. Female C57BL/6J mice consumed diets containing increasing amounts of fish oil (FO) ad libitum for 8 weeks. RBC deformability, filterability, and post-transfusion recovery (PTR) were evaluated before and after cold storage. Lipidomics and lipid peroxidation markers were evaluated in fresh and stored RBCs. High-dose dietary FO (50%, 100%) was associated with a reduction in RBC quality (i.e., in vivo lifespan, deformability, lipid peroxidation) along with a reduced 24 h PTR after cold storage. Low-dose dietary FO (6.25–12.5%) improved the filterability of fresh RBCs and reduced the lipid peroxidation of cold-stored RBCs. Although low doses of FO improved RBC deformability and reduced oxidative stress, no improvement was observed for the PTR of stored RBCs. The improvement in RBC deformability observed with low-dose FO supplementation could potentially benefit endurance athletes and patients with conditions resulting from reduced perfusion, such as peripheral vascular disease.

This study explores the perceptions of integration and cultural identity redefinitions expressed by Chinese adult learners of French as a second language (FSL) in Quebec (Canada). We present their reflections from their perspective of learning and using French, Quebec's main language. Interviews were conducted in French with 15 newly-arrived immigrants, intermediate speakers of the language. The study shows that these Chinese immigrants mostly develop a utilitarian relationship with the French language. French courses are first and foremost perceived as a first step toward their linguistic and professional integration. Results show that learning the language and using it outside of the formal learning context constitute essential components of the integration process into the host society. French learning is also perceived as a space in which to build one's identity, a sort of negotiation between the culture of origin and the host culture. Study results help to better understand Chinese learners in FSL classrooms and consider relevant pedagogical actions for these learners.

This study examines the association between rates of change in daily fruit and vegetable intake and in weekly levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) over a 15-month period in women following primary treatment completion for breast cancer. Breast cancer survivors (N = 199) self-reported fruit and vegetable intake and wore an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days to measure levels of MVPA on five occasions every 3 months. Multivariate latent growth modeling revealed that the rate of change in fruit and vegetable intake was not associated with the rate of change in levels of MVPA. Baseline (Mean = 3.46 months post-treatment) levels of MVPA were not associated with the rate of change of daily fruit and vegetable intake; likewise, baseline fruit and vegetable intake was not associated with the rate of change in levels of MVPA. Behavioral interventions promoting fruit and vegetable intake should not be assumed to yield concomitant effects in promoting MVPA or vice versa.

Background: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important modulators of red blood cell (RBC) rheology. Dietary PUFAs are readily incorporated into the RBC membrane, improving RBC deformability, fluidity, and hydration. However, enriching the lipid membrane with PUFAs increases the potential for peroxidation in oxidative environments (e.g., refrigerated storage), resulting in membrane damage. Substitution of bis-allylic hydrogens with deuterium ions in PUFAs decreases hydrogen abstraction, thereby inhibiting peroxidation. If lipid peroxidation is a causal factor in the RBC storage lesion, incorporation of deuterated linoleic acid (DLA) into the RBC membrane should decrease lipid peroxidation, thereby improving RBC lifespan, deformability, filterability, and post-transfusion recovery (PTR) after cold storage.Study Design and Methods: Mice associated with good (C57BL/6J) and poor (FVB) RBC storage quality received diets containing 11,11-D2-LA Ethyl Ester (1.0 g/100 g diet; deuterated linoleic acid) or non-deuterated LA Ethyl Ester (control) for 8 weeks. Deformability, filterability, lipidomics, and lipid peroxidation markers were evaluated in fresh and stored RBCs.Results: DLA was incorporated into RBC membranes in both mouse strains. DLA diet decreased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) by 25.4 and 31% percent in C57 mice and 12.9 and 79.9% in FVB mice before and after cold storage, respectively. In FVB, but not C57 mice, deformability filterability, and post-transfusion recovery were significantly improved.Discussion: In a mouse model of poor RBC storage, with elevated reactive oxygen species production, DLA attenuated lipid peroxidation and significantly improved RBC storage quality.

Refrigerated storage of red cell concentrates before transfusion is associated with progressive alterations of red blood cells (RBC). Small RBC (type III echinocytes, sphero-echinocytes, and spherocytes) defined as storage-induced micro-erythrocytes (SME) appear during pretransfusion storage. SME accumulate with variable intensity from donor to donor, are cleared rapidly after transfusion, and their proportion correlates with transfusion recovery. They can be rapidly and objectively quantified using imaging flow cytometry (IFC). Quantifying SME using flow cytometry would further facilitate a physiologically relevant quality control of red cell concentrates. RBC stored in blood bank conditions were stained with a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dye and incubated at 37°C. CFSE intensity was assessed by flow cytometry and RBC morphology evaluated by IFC. We observed the accumulation of a CFSEhigh RBC subpopulation by flow cytometry that accounted for 3.3 and 47.2% at day 3 and 42 of storage, respectively. IFC brightfield images showed that this CFSEhigh subpopulation mostly contains SME while the CFSElow subpopulation mostly contains type I and II echinocytes and discocytes. Similar numbers of SME were quantified by IFC (based on projected surface area) and by flow cytometry (based on CFSE intensity). IFC and scanning electron microscopy showed that ≥95% pure subpopulations of CFSEhigh and CFSElow RBC were obtained by flow cytometry-based sorting. SME can now be quantified using a common fluorescent dye and a standard flow cytometer. The staining protocol enables specific sorting of SME, a useful tool to further characterize this RBC subpopulation targeted for premature clearance after transfusion.

In 2017, Quebec’s Auditor General reported several major issues regarding government-funded French as a second language (FSL) courses, especially those intended for adult students with limited or interrupted formal education (SLIFE). To this day, no official framework or program exists for this specific population, a situation that the government of Quebec wishes to resolve. Our research team was thereby mandated by the Ministry of Immigration to conduct a large-scale multilingual study with the objective of gaining a better understanding of the realities and needs of the various stakeholders involved in low-literate FSL classes. We met 42 teachers, 24 French learning center directors, and 10 pedagogical advisors in individual interviews; we also led 107 group interviews with SLIFE in 26 languages, allowing us to meet 464 adult SLIFE enrolled in low-literate FSL classes from 11 regions of the province of Quebec, most of them being refugees. This article reports on the decision-making process in which we engaged to overcome the ethical and methodological challenges we faced at various stages of the data collection with SLIFE participants: recruitment, informed consent, confidentiality, interview protocol design, instrument piloting, data collection, and data translation and transcription. To make informed decisions, we had to turn to literature outside SLA (i.e., refugee research and translation/interpreting literature) for guidance. In this article we discuss the limitations and contributions of our research to guide researchers who will conduct studies with similar non-academic samples/populations.

IntroductionPhysical activity (PA) is an important aspect for health and well-being, yet many older adults do not maintain their PA long term. The identification of key factors that are associated with, and likely causally related to, older adults’ PA maintenance is a crucial first step towards developing programmes that are effective at promoting long-term PA behaviour change. The purpose of this protocol is to outline a systematic review that will examine the relationship between four motives (ie, satisfaction, enjoyment, self-determination and identity) and older adults’ PA maintenance.Methods and analysisStudies that investigated PA maintenance with a sample mean age ≥55 years will be included. Five electronic databases (PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) were searched on 6 April 2018 with no publication date limit (ie, from inception). One reviewer screened 100% of titles and abstracts (k=21 470) while a random subsample (20%) was screened independently by two reviewers. An update of the search was run on 1 October 2019. All studies for which the full text was retrieved will be independently screened by two reviewers. Data pertaining to study sample, design, motives, PA (eg, measurement validity evidence, study definition of maintenance) and essential bias domains (eg, bias due to missing data) will be extracted. Study-level effect sizes will be calculated, and if the number of studies is ≥5, a random-effects meta-analysis will be performed using inverse-variance methods; a narrative synthesis will be performed otherwise.Ethics and disseminationThe university’s Human Research Protection Program determined that the proposed study qualifies as exempt from the Institutional Review Board review under Exemption Category 4 (PROPEL #: 80047007). Results will be published in a peer-review journal, and the findings will help inform future interventions with older adults.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018088161.

After blood donation, the red blood cells (RBCs) for transfusion are generally isolated by centrifugation and then filtrated and supplemented with additive solution. The consecutive changes of the extracellular environment participate to the occurrence of storage lesions. In this study, the hypothesis is that restoring physiological levels of uric and ascorbic acids (major plasmatic antioxidants) might correct metabolism defects and protect RBCs from the very beginning of the storage period, to maintain their quality. Leukoreduced CPD-SAGM RBC concentrates were supplemented with 416 µM uric acid and 114 µM ascorbic acid and stored during six weeks at 4 °C. Different markers, i.e., haematological parameters, metabolism, sensitivity to oxidative stress, morphology and haemolysis were analyzed. Quantitative metabolomic analysis of targeted intracellular metabolites demonstrated a direct modification of several metabolite levels following antioxidant supplementation. No significant differences were observed for the other markers. In conclusion, the results obtained show that uric and ascorbic acids supplementation partially prevented the metabolic shift triggered by plasma depletion that occurs during the RBC concentrate preparation. The treatment directly and indirectly sustains the antioxidant protective system of the stored RBCs.

The purpose of this study was to provide three construct validity evidence for using fitness center attendance electronic records to objectively assess the frequency of leisure-time physical activity among adults. One hundred members of a fitness center (45 women and 55 men; aged 18 to 64 years) completed a self-report leisure-time physical activity questionnaire. The theory of planned behavior constructs (e.g., intention and perceived behavioral control), VO[subscript 2]max, and % BF were assessed. Fitness center attendance electronic records were expressed as the weekly mean number of mandatory check-in records retrieved from the fitness center's electronic database over a 12-week period prior to participant's physical fitness evaluation. A continuous (frequency) and categorical ("adherent" versus "non-adherent") scores were computed. Results indicated that perceived behavioral control was associated with fitness center attendance electronic records and mediated the fitness center attendance electronic records-intention relationship. Fitness center attendance electronic records were associated with VO[subscript 2]max and self-report leisure-time physical activity. Therefore, results provide three evidence of construct validity of using fitness center attendance electronic records scores to assess leisure-time physical activity behavior.

Red blood cells (RBC) ability to circulate is closely related to their surface area-to-volume ratio. A decrease in this ratio induces a decrease in RBC deformability that can lead to their retention and elimination in the spleen. We recently showed that a subpopulation of “small RBC” with reduced projected surface area accumulated upon storage in blood bank concentrates, but data on the volume of these altered RBC are lacking. So far, single cell measurement of RBC volume has remained a challenging task achieved by a few sophisticated methods some being subject to potential artifacts. We aimed to develop a reproducible and ergonomic method to assess simultaneously RBC volume and morphology at the single cell level. We adapted the fluorescence exclusion measurement of volume in nucleated cells to the measurement of RBC volume. This method requires no pre-treatment of the cell and can be performed in physiological or experimental buffer. In addition to RBC volume assessment, brightfield images enabling a precise definition of the morphology and the measurement of projected surface area can be generated simultaneously. We first verified that fluorescence exclusion is precise, reproducible and can quantify volume modifications following morphological changes induced by heating or incubation in non-physiological medium. We then used the method to characterize RBC stored for 42 days in SAG-M in blood bank conditions. Simultaneous determination of the volume, projected surface area and morphology allowed to evaluate the surface area-to-volume ratio of individual RBC upon storage. We observed a similar surface area-to-volume ratio in discocytes (D) and echinocytes I (EI), which decreased in EII (7%) and EIII (24%), sphero-echinocytes (SE; 41%) and spherocytes (S; 47%). If RBC dimensions determine indeed the ability of RBC to cross the spleen, these modifications are expected to induce the rapid splenic entrapment of the most morphologically altered RBC (EIII, SE, and S) and further support the hypothesis of a rapid clearance of the “small RBC” subpopulation by the spleen following transfusion.

The proportion of transfused red blood cells (RBCs) that remain in circulation is an important surrogate marker of transfusion efficacy and contributes to predict the potential benefit of a transfusion process. Over the last 50 years, most of the transfusion recovery data were generated by chromium-51 (51Cr)-labeling studies and were predominantly performed to validate new storage systems and new processes to prepare RBC concentrates. As a consequence, our understanding of transfusion efficacy is strongly dependent on the strengths and weaknesses of 51Cr labeling in particular. Other methods such as antigen mismatch or biotin-based labeling can bring relevant information, for example, on the long-term survival of transfused RBC. These radioactivity-free methods can be used in patients including from vulnerable groups. We provide an overview of the methods used to measure transfusion recovery in humans, compare their strengths and weaknesses, and discuss their potential limitations. Also, based on our understanding of the spleen-specific filtration of damaged RBC and historical transfusion recovery data, we propose that RBC deformability and morphology are storage lesion markers that could become useful predictors of transfusion recovery. Transfusion recovery can and should be accurately explored by more than one method. Technical optimization and clarification of concepts is still needed in this important field of transfusion and physiology.

This study provides evidence of construct validity for the Brazilian version of the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GSLTPAQ), a 1-item instrument used among 236 participants referred for cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (Baecke-HPA) was used to evaluate convergent and divergent validity. The self-reported measure of walking (QCAF) evaluated the convergent validity. Cardiorespiratory fitness assessed convergent validity by the Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ), peak measured (VO2peak) and maximum predicted (VO2pred) oxygen uptake. Partial adjusted correlation coefficients between the GSLTPAQ, Baecke-HPA, QCAF, VO2pred and VSAQ provided evidence for convergent validity; while divergent validity was supported by the absence of correlations between the GSLTPAQ and the Occupational Physical Activity domain (Baecke-HPA). The GSLTPAQ presents level 3 of evidence of construct validity and may be useful to assess leisure-time physical activity among patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy individuals.

Serotonin (5-HT) is a monoamine originally purified from blood as a vasoactive agent. In nonneuronal tissues, its presence is linked with the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of its synthesis. Targeted disruption in mice of the TPH1 gene results in very low levels of circulating 5-HT. Previous analysis of the TPH1 knockout (TPH1(-/-)) mouse revealed that they develop a phenotype of macrocytic anemia with a reduced half-life of their circulating red blood cells (RBC). In this study, to establish whether the observed reduced half-life of TPH1(-/-) RBC is an intrinsic or an extrinsic characteristic, we compared their survival to RBC isolated from wild-type mice. Both in vivo and in vitro data converge to demonstrate an extrinsic protective effect of 5-HT since presence of 5-HT in the RBC environment protects RBC from senescence. The protective effect played by 5-HT is not mediated through activation of a classical pharmacological pathway as no 5-HT receptors were detected on isolated RBC. Rather, 5-HT acts as an effective antioxidant since reduction of 5-HT circulating levels are associated with a decrease in the plasma antioxidant capacity. We further demonstrate a link between oxidation and the removal of damaged RBC following transfusion, as supplementation with 5-HT improves RBC post-transfusion survival in a mouse model of blood banking.

Abstract Background The promotion of physical activity among an overweight/obese population is an important challenge for clinical practitioners and researchers. In this regard, completing a questionnaire on cognitions could be a simple and easy strategy to increase levels of physical activity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to test the effect of completing a questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on the level of physical activity. Methods Overall, 452 overweight/obese adults were recruited and randomized to the experimental or control group. At baseline, participants completed a questionnaire on cognitions regarding their participation in leisure-time physical activity (experimental condition) versus a questionnaire on fruit and vegetable consumption (control condition). The questionnaires assessed the TPB variables that are beliefs, attitude, norm, perception of control, intention and a few additional variables from other theories. At three-month follow-up, leisure-time physical activity was self-reported by means of a short questionnaire. An analysis of covariance with baseline physical activity level as covariate was used to verify the effect of the intervention. Results At follow-up, 373 participants completed the leisure-time physical activity questionnaire. The statistical analysis showed that physical activity participation was greater among participants in the experimental condition than those in the control condition (F(1,370) = 6.85, p = .009, d = 0.20). Conclusions Findings indicate that completing a TPB questionnaire has a significant positive impact on subsequent participation in physical activity. Consequently, asking individuals to complete such a questionnaire is a simple, inexpensive and easy strategy to increase the level of physical activity among overweight/obese adults.

Abstract Background Intention is a key determinant of action. However, there is a gap between intention and behavioural performance that remains to be explained. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify moderators of the intention-behaviour and perceived behavioural control (PBC)- behaviour relationships for leisure-time physical activity. Method This was tested in reference to Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour. A sample of 300 volunteers, 192 women and 108 men, aged 18 to 55, participated in the study. At baseline, the participants completed a self-administrated psychosocial questionnaire assessing Ajzen's theory variables (i.e., intention and perceived behavioural control). The behavioural measure was obtained by mail three months later. Results Multiple hierarchical regression analyses indicated that age and annual income moderated the intention-behaviour and PBC-behaviour relationships. However, in the final model predicting behaviour (R2 = .46), only the interaction term of PBC by annual income (β = .24, p = 0.0003) significantly contributed to the prediction of behaviour along with intention (β = .49, p = 0.0009) and past behaviour (β = .44, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Physical activity promotion programs would benefit not only from focusing on increasing the intention of low intenders, but also from targeting factors that moderate the perceived behavioural control-behaviour relationships.

Quatre-vingt-dix millions de patients reçoivent une transfusion de globules rouges chaque année. Cette procédure nécessite une étape de stockage des globules rouges entre le don et la transfusion au receveur, permettant la réalisation de contrôles de qualité et une meilleure gestion des flux. Les nombreuses améliorations techniques des dernières décennies permettent aujourd'hui le stockage réfrigéré des concentrés érythrocytaires (CGR) pendant 42 jours avant utilisation. Ce stockage s'accompagne cependant d'altérations des globules rouges, collectivement nommés les « lésions » de stockage, dont l'amplitude augmente avec la durée de conservation et serait responsable de la clairance post-transfusionnelle précoce d'une partie des globules rouges transfusés (en moyenne 18 %), diminuant d'autant le rendement transfusionnel. L'impact de la durée de conservation sur la sécurité transfusionnelle a été largement débattu au cours des dernières années et, si l'innocuité de la prise en charge standard semble établie, la question de la sécurité des CGR après 35 jours de stockage est l'objet de controverses. En Europe, le seul critère de qualité des CGR est l'hémolyse à 42 jours qui ne doit pas dépasser 0,8 %, mais ce paramètre n'a pas été corrélé au rendement transfusionnel. De nouveaux marqueurs, notamment basés sur les modifications morphologiques liées au stockage, pourraient être mieux corrélés au rendement transfusionnel. Ninety million patients receive a red blood cell transfusion every year. This procedure requires to store red blood cells (RBC) between donation and transfusion to the recipient, to allow quality control and better flow management. Numerous technical improvements in recent decades now allow refrigerated storage of RBC concentrates for 42 days before use. During this 6-week-long period, a series of modifications that alter RBC have been described, collectively referred as the storage «lesion». These alterations increase with storage duration and is responsible for the early post-transfusion clearance of a portion of the transfused RBC (on average 18 %), reducing transfusion yield. The impact of storage duration on transfusion safety has been widely debated in recent years and, while the safety of standard care management seems to be established, the question of the safety of RBC stored for more than 35 days is still controversial. In Europe, the only quality criterion for RBC concentrates is hemolysis at 42 days, which should not exceed 0.8 %, but this parameter has not been correlated with transfusion efficacy. New markers, including storage-related morphological changes, may better correlate with transfusion yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Findings about the efficacy of interventions promoting blood donation are scattered and sometime inconsistent. The aim of the present systematic review was to identify the most effective types of interventions and modes of delivery to increase blood donation. The following databases were investigated: MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Proquest Dissertations and Theses. Additional studies were also included by checking the references of the articles included in the review and by looking at our personal collection. The outcomes of interest were either blood drive attendance or blood donations. A total of 29 randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies were included in the review, detailing 36 interventions tested among independent samples. Interventions targeting psychosocial cognitions (s = 8, s to represent the number of independent samples; odds ratio [OR], 2.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-4.28), those stressing the altruistic motives to give blood (s = 4; OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.03-14.76), and reminders (s = 7; OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.22-2.99) were the most successful in increasing blood donation. The results suggest that motivational interventions and reminders are the most effective in increasing blood donation, but additional studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of other types of interventions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Although refrigerated storage slows the metabolism of volunteer donor RBCs, cellular aging still occurs throughout this in vitro process, which is essential in transfusion medicine. Storage-induced microerythrocytes (SMEs) are morphologically-altered senescent RBCs that accumulate during storage and which are cleared from circulation following transfusion. However, the molecular and cellular alterations that trigger clearance of this RBC subset remain to be identified. Using a staining protocol that sorts long-stored SMEs (i.e., CFSE high ) and morphologically-normal RBCs (CFSE low ), these in vitro aged cells were characterized. Metabolomics analysis identified depletion of energy, lipid-repair, and antioxidant metabolites in CFSE high RBCs. By redox proteomics, irreversible protein oxidation primarily affected CFSE high RBCs. By proteomics, 96 proteins, mostly in the proteostasis family, had relocated to CFSE high RBC membranes. CFSE high RBCs exhibited decreased proteasome activity and deformability; increased phosphatidylserine exposure, osmotic fragility, and endothelial cell adherence; and were cleared from the circulation during human spleen ex vivo perfusion. Conversely, molecular, cellular, and circulatory properties of long-stored CFSE low RBCs resembled those of short-stored RBCs. CFSE high RBCs are morphologically and metabolically altered, have irreversibly oxidized and membrane-relocated proteins, and exhibit decreased proteasome activity. In vitro aging during storage selectively alters metabolism and proteostasis in SMEs, targeting these senescent cells for clearance.