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The main purpose of this experimental research is to study the effects of different silver concentrations on the optical properties of bimetallic Agshell/Aucore nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles are ablated by the PLAL technique of the gold target on the bottom of the container. The container is filled with colloidal silver nanoparticles and manufactured by chemical reduction. The colloidal solution of mixed nanoparticles is irradiated by the second harmonic of the pulsed laser Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm wavelength. The peak absorption of gold nanoparticles around 530 nm is used to transfer laser energy to nanoparticles and synthesis the Agshell/Aucore bimetallic nanoparticles. The volumetric ratio of nanoparticle solutions are the experimental variables. Bimetallic nanoparticles are distinguished by the following: X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), spectroscopy in the range of UV-Vis-NIR and IR, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Photoluminescence spectrum (PL) and, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). In addition, FE-SEM and TEM images are used to investigate nanoparticle size and morphology. One of the objectives of this research is the preparation of stable bimetallic systems and the study of optical properties, in order to check the reactivity of silver nanoparticles in the bimetallic system. Moreover, the shell thickness and catalytic properties of bimetallic structure with a different silver concentration is discussed. The following, dipole mode is shown in the visible area for every samples and quadrupole mode is not detected in sample with high silver concentration.

In this research optical properties of synthesized gold-graphene/polyvinyl alcohol (AuG/PVA) nanocomposite have been investigated. Gold and graphene nano colloidal solution (NCS) synthesized by laser ablation method individually. The resulting NCS were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PVA/Au and PVA/AuG with different concentration of AuG were mixed to form polymeric films via solution casting. Doped polymeric films were analyzed by FTIR and spectrophotometer analyses. The results show that by increasing of AuG concentration, the band gap energy of the PVA films significantly enhanced and other optical parameters such as refraction and extinction coefficients remarkably changed.

In this study, copper nanoparticles were synthesized and identified by laser ablation method. For the synthesis of copper nanoparticles, a constant magnetic field equal to 10 mT and different electric fields equal to 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 V/Cm were applied and their effect on the properties and morphology of the nanoparticles were investigated. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, FTIR, RAMAN, UV–Vis spectrum, FE-SEM and TEM analyzes. The results of UV–Vis spectrum indicated that the size of nanoparticles was decreased by increasing the applied electric field. RAMAN and XRD analysis showed that the amount of copper nanoparticles were increased with increasing the applied electric field and also FTIR analysis confirmed that copper nanoparticles were formed. The FESEM images showed that with increasing electric field along with constant magnetic field, nanoparticles from spherical to flower-shaped and to rod-like were formed. The purity of the synthesized copper nanoparticles was confirmed by EDX spectra. TEM images of the nanoparticles showed that by increasing the electric field, the crystalline form of the nanoparticles shifted from large scales spherical particles to rod-like nanoparticles and then transformed to rod-like with very small spherical particles.

Copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) nanoparticles have been grown simultaneously on glass and silicon substrates by RF sputtering method to form three Cu/Ni nanocomposites at different deposition times. The existence of Cu and Ni peaks in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles confirms the crystalline structure of samples with Cu and Ni atomic content which have also been characterized by Rutherford backscattering (RBS) method. Moreover, the structural and morphological properties of the prepared nanocomposites have been compared with respect to their morphologies by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. In order to compare the surface roughness over different spatial frequency ranges and evaluate surface quality, power spectral density (PSD) of each sample has been extracted from AFM data and also, the experimental and theoretical results have been compared. The fractal nature of these nanocomposites has been finally discussed.

This work describes an analysis of titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) thin films prepared on silicon substrates by direct current (DC) planar magnetron sputtering system in O2 /Ar atmosphere in correlation with three-dimensional (3D) surface characterization using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The samples were grown at temperatures 200, 300, and 400°C on silicon substrate using the same deposition time (30 min) and were distributed into four groups: Group I (as-deposited samples), Group II (samples annealed at 200°C), Group III (samples annealed at 300°C), and Group IV (samples annealed at 400°C). AFM images with a size of 0.95 μm × 0.95 μm were recorded with a scanning resolution of 256 × 256 pixels. Stereometric analysis was carried out on the basis of AFM data, and the surface topography was described according to ISO 25178-2:2012 and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B46.1-2009 standards. The maximum and minimum root mean square roughnesses were observed in surfaces of Group II (Sq = 7.96 ± 0.1 nm) and Group IV (Sq = 3.87 ± 0.1 nm), respectively.

In this study, Al2O3/Pd(NO3)2/zeolite composite films have been fabricated by roll coating method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The gas adsorption was tested in an experimental setup by a continuous gas analyzer KIMO KIGAZ 210 at constant temperature and pressure (32 °C and 1.5 bar) and as a function of reaction time (s). The inlet CO gas concentration was 150 mg L−1, and the saturation level of CO gas concentration was 5 mg L−1. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) and maximum adsorption efficiency (%) were calculated as 111.16 mg g−1 and 97%, respectively. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models were investigated to kinetic study of CO adsorption on Al2O3/Pd(NO3)2/zeolite adsorbents. Results indicated that CO adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order model well according to regression coefficient value (R2 = 0.98), and the value of pseudo-second-order rate constant of adsorption was obtained as 2 × 10−5 g mg−1 s−1. According to the intra-particle diffusion model, adsorption is affected by only one process. So, adsorption of CO by Al2O3/Pd(NO3)2/zeolite adsorbent indicated an effective adsorption by obtained results.

In this study, Cu nanoparticles were synthesized for the first time using an electric field-assisted pulsed laser ablation in liquid media (EPLAL) process and the influence of electric field on the properties of the synthesized nanoparticles was investigated. As-synthesized nanoparticles were successfully characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectra, Dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis demonstrated face centered cubic (FCC) structure of pure Cu nanoparticles. The FE-SEM and TEM analyses revealed that increasing the strength of electric field leads to fabricating nanoparticles with narrower range of size distribution. Also, the copper nanoparticles formation were confirmed by the characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak in UV–Vis spectra. On the other hand, the UV–Vis spectra displayed the blue-shifts from 588 to 582 nm of SPR peak by increasing the strength of applied electric field, which indicated the size of Cu nanoparticles were reduced. Furthermore, the DLS analysis confirmed that the size of Cu nanoparticles reduced from 115.8 to 91.7 nm by increasing the strength of applied electric field.

The vortex gas injection into plasma torch is considered as a method for reducing electrodes erosion. In order to investigate the effects of vortex gas injection on plasma structure, as well as the effect of gas viscosity on the rate of rotation, a three-dimensional nonequilibrium and time-dependent non-transferred DC plasma torch model has been simulated. Viewing the general characteristics of the plasma shows that the model works well. The results have shown that if the components of the inlet gas velocity are not properly selected, it is possible that the rotary effects of the gas are greatly depleted even before the gas reaches the cathode tip and plasma formation. In this case, only the change in the axial component of the gas causes changes in the structure of the plasma. Vortex reduction is also observed during the movement of cold gases. It is observed that the change in viscosity of gas has significant effects on the rate of the vortex.

Significant applications of metallic nanocatalysts motivated us to study the role of catalyst contents by choosing Cu–Ni nanocatalyst in synthesizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Cu–Ni thin films were prepared by RF sputtering method with different deposition time of Ni. They inserted the prepared catalysts into a quartz tube reactor for carbon nanotubes fabrication. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) recorded the diameter distribution of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) while atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied for surface roughness estimation. Both analyses confirm the positive effect of deposition time on the catalytic properties of Cu/Ni nanocatalysts which ends to the improved quality of prepared CNTs. In addition, the structure of multi walled carbon nanotubes were investigated by Raman spectroscopy.

In this paper, examples of all types of signal injection such as different signal , harmonic signal and multiple signal injections in a TWT including hollow electron beam near frequency 1800 MHz and within input powers lower than TWT saturation power has been analyzed using approximate analytical solution of S-MUSE model. Later, the results obtained from approximate analytical solution with large signal code LATTE, that is a Lagrangian model, have been tested and simulated so that the effect of input phase difference between drive and injected wave and the effect of input powers on the amplification value of drive and generated second-order harmonic waves were investigated. The phase difference between drive and harmonic waves is a key parameter in harmonic injection for increasing the output power of drive and second-order harmonic frequencies.

Production and characterization of gold/silicon nanocomposites have been investigated experimentally, using laser ablation method. Firstly Si nanoparticles and Au nanoparticles were synthesized by ablation of their bulk in deionized water with the fundamental wavelength of Nd:YAG pulsed laser separately. Then the produced Au nanoparticles and Si nanoparticles suspensions were mixed and irradiated with the second harmonic of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm. Effects of the volumetric ratio of Au and Si nanoparticle suspensions in the characteristics of Au/Si nanocomposite have been studied in this research. A variety of analytical techniques such as UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, DLS measurement, FTIR spectrum, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and TEM and SEM imaging were applied to characterize the products. Strong plasmonic absorption band of Au nanoparticles around 530 nm made them to be heated and melted by the green laser irradiation to form nanocomposite with Si nanoparticles nearby.

Effects of DC magnetic field in the range of 0–180 mT on the properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) synthesized by pulse laser ablation method in distilled water has been investigated. Ablation was carried out in the presence of permanent magnets with variable strengths. Significant blue shift in excitonic absorption peaks of produced nanoparticles show that with increasing the magnetic field strength during the ablation process, size of nanoparticles was decreased noticeably. This result was confirmed by SEM and TEM images. XRD pattern show that with applying external magnetic field we may have crystalline structure nanoparticles while in the absence of external magnetic field, only amorphous phase of Co nanoparticles was produced. FTIR spectra present the metal oxygen vibration at 614 and 668 cm−1, revealed octahedral and tetrahedral site of cobalt oxide system. In overall it can be concluded that external magnetic field is a strong tool to control the properties of laser ablation produced ferromagnetic nanoparticles.

Summary Till now electron microscopy techniques have not been used to evaluate the plasma–target interactions undergone during the magnetron sputtering process. The destructive nature of this interaction severely alters the target microstructure. Utilising quantitative microscopy techniques can shed light on the complex plasma and solid‐state processes involved which can ultimately lead to improved functional thin film deposition. As a representative functional material, aluminium‐doped‐zinc oxide (AZO) is an upcoming alternative to conventional transparent electrode wherein the process optimisation is of great importance. In this paper, we evaluate the pre‐ and post‐sputter field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) data for ceramic AZO target fabricated at three final sintering temperatures (1100°C, 1200°C and 1300°C). In all cases, grain boundaries are merged in addition to a visible reduction in the secondary phases which makes segmentation‐based image analysis challenging. Through surface statistics (i.e. fractal dimension, autocorrelation length, texture aspect ratio and entropy) as a function of magnification we can quantify the electron microscopy image of the microstructure. We show that the plasma–microstructure interaction leads to an increase in autocorrelation length, texture aspect ratio and entropy for the optimum AZO ceramic sputtering target sintered at 1200°C. Furthermore, a maximum reduction in fractal dimension span (as determined by exponential regression) is also observed for 1200°C. In addition to the evaluation of plasma effects on sintering, our approach can provide a window towards understanding the underlying thin film growth mechanisms. We believe that this technique can be applied to the defect characterisation of a wide range of polycrystalline ceramic sputtering targets (e.g. ITO, CZTS, GAZO and so on) with the ultimate goal of improving the magnetron sputtering process and the resulting functional thin film. Lay Description Magnetron sputtering allows scientists to make functional thin films on the order of the nanoscale. In this technique, atoms are plucked from a ‘target’ then placed onto a substrate forming a thin nanometric film: all thanks to magnets, a special power supply and the fourth state of matter (plasma). Understanding what is going on and how to make a ‘good’ thin film is important for making better light emitting diodes, solar cells and light sensors. Scientists use electron microscopy to see what is going on in the microstructure of the sputtered thin films to fine tune the sputtering recipe. Here, for the first time, we have applied electron microscopy to see the surface of the microstructure before and after magnetron sputtering. This will help us understanding the plasma–microstructure interaction allowing us to make more informed decisions when fine‐tuning the sputtering process to get improved thin films. This is a case study of aluminium‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) target that could potentially replace indium tin oxide (ITO), which is widely used as a transparent electrode in devices involving light and electricity. In this case, improved characteristics would be lower electrical resistivity and higher transmission of light. We show that it is possible to use a mathematical description (e.g. the fractal dimension) of the scanning electron microscopy picture to show a link between the target surface and the functional properties. Simple explanation of fractal dimensions by Sixty Symbols ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmBljeC79Ls Experimental demonstration of magnetron sputtering by The Thought Emporium ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cyu7etM-0Ko Introductory video on magnetron sputtering by Applied Science ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OEz_e9C4KM Demonstration of AZO target fabrication and sputtering by Pradhyut Rajjkumar ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTLaTJfNX3c Simple explanation of a DIY SEM by Applied Science ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdjYVF4a6iU

Tungsten sub-oxide (W17O47) nanoparticles were produced for the first time, via pulsed laser ablation of a pure tungsten target in distilled water. The beam of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser of 1064 nm wavelength with 0.6, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.4 J/cm2 fluences was employed to irradiate the target. Produced nanoparticles were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and room temperature Photoluminescence (PL). XRD patterns revealed that all samples possess the monoclinic structure corresponding to $${\mathrm{W}}_{17}{\mathrm{O}}_{47}$$ phase. With increasing the laser fluence, the average size of the nanoparticles increased and subsequently, their band gap energy decreased. The PL spectra of the samples show the presence of oxygen vacancies or defects.

In this work, the effects of liquid environments on the characteristics and optical properties of carbon nanostructures – in particular, Graphene Oxide (GO) – prepared by pulsed laser ablation were studied experimentally. The second harmonic beam of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser of 532 nm wavelength at 6 ns pulse width and 0.7 J/cm2 fluence was employed to irradiate the graphite target in liquid nitrogen, deionized water, and 0.01 M CTAB solution under the same initial experimental conditions. Produced nanostructures were characterized by Raman scattering spectrum, FE-SEM and TEM images, Photoluminescence, and UV–Vis-NIR spectrum. TEM and FE-SEM images show sheet-like morphology with few square micrometer area graphenes in all samples. Raman and UV–Vis-NIR analyses show that graphene is oxidized due to the presence of oxygen molecules in ablation environment. Results demonstrate that the graphene nanosheets produced in deionized water are multilayer, contains the largest sp2 domain size, the least defects and the lowest possibility of aggregation.

To study the alumina template pore size distribution as a function of Al thin film grain size distribution, porous alumina templates were prepared by anodizing sputtered aluminum thin films. To control the grain size the aluminum samples were sputtered with the rate of 0.5, 1 and 2 Å/s and the substrate temperature was either 25, 75 or 125 °C. All samples were anodized for 120 s in 1 M sulfuric acid solution kept at 1 °C while a 15 V potential was being applied. The standard deviation value for samples deposited at room temperature but with different rates is roughly 2 nm in both thin film and porous template form but it rises to approximately 4 nm with substrate temperature. Samples with the average grain size of 13, 14, 18.5 and 21 nm respectively produce alumina templates with an average pore size of 8.5, 10, 15 and 16 nm in that order which shows the average grain size limits the average pore diameter in the resulting template. Lateral correlation length and grain boundary effect are other factors that affect the pore formation process and pore size distribution by limiting the initial current density. Keywords: Porous alumina, Alumina template design, Sputtering, Grain size distribution

The increasing the usage of wireless telecommunication needs to designing and optimizing the power amplifiers as an integral part of RF transceiver systems. In a high efficiency power amplifier, increasing even some percent’s of efficiency leads to significant reduction in the consuming power, that means having access to higher powers using less parts and lower size and price. In the present paper, designing of one sample of these amplifiers is targeted. Using the LATTE software, the amplifier lamp which is the 8537H (Hughes) model is analyzed. The circuit sever which is modeled by a resistant loss in the central section of the circuit is considered in this research. The simulation is in bandage L between the frequencies from 1.6 to 2.2 GHz. The helix pitch is changed and power gain more than 61 dB in 1.9 GHz frequency is obtained. Also, Electron efficiency prior to optimization was 33%, and the electron efficiency after optimization got 70%. In this research to linearize the power frequency injection in base band method is used and its function on a power amplifier of traveling wave tube (TWT) with the central frequency of 1.9 GHz is studied. Keywords: Helix circuit pitch, Latte model, Nonlinear distortion, Injection physic, Traveling wave tube

In this study, electrical arc discharge method is used for the synthesis of multi wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The advantages of applied setup for producing CNTs are simplicity, low-cost procedures and avoiding the multistep purification. The experiments were optimized by submerging graphite electrodes inside deionized water and various concentrations of sodium chloride solution. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of liquid medium on growth, size and quality of the CNTs structures. The results show that CNTs of 150 Â µm length or larger with high purity and quality without using catalyst are produced on the cathode surface. Furthermore, the quantity of CNTs is influenced by NaCl concentration. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction technique were used to characterize the results.

In this study, the effect of oxygen content on a thin copper oxide layer deposited on BK7 and steel substrates by DC magnetron sputtering were investigated. Argon as working gas with impurity of 99.9% and various oxygen ratios were used to sputter a pure Cu cathode target in a cylindrical geometry. The produced samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectrophotometry techniques. The films thickness was measured by profilometer facility. The results show that by increasing oxygen content in the working gas the sputtering rate reduces. Moreover, the type of oxide phase (Cu2O or CuO) in the synthesized layer and consequently its optical properties dramatically depend on Ar/O2 ratio in the working gas.

Effects of nonthermal electrons and positrons on the nature of ion acoustic cnoidal wave in the plasma contains ions, positrons, and electrons are investigated. Reductive perturbation method was employed to solve the fluid dynamic equations with appropriate boundary condition and derivation of Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation for nonlinear periodic ion acoustic wave. Sagdeev potential was extracted and the condition of plasma nonthermality on the formation of solitary and cnoidal ion acoustic wave has been discussed in detail. Results show that for all magnitudes of electrons (positrons) nonthermal coefficient, α e ( α p ) ion acoustic wave may generate in plasma medium. With increasing both α e and α p the amplitude of cnoidal ion acoustic wave increases. The wavelength of ion acoustic wave increases with increasing α p and decreases with increasing α e .

Three steps anodization process is used to synthesize highly ordered and uniform multilayered titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes and effect of different anodization voltages are studied on their physical properties such as structural, morphological and optical. The crystalized structure of the synthesized tubes is investigated by X-ray diffractometer analysis. To study the morphology of the tubes, field emission scanning electron microscopy is used, which showed that the wall thicknesses and the diameters of the tubes are affected by the different anodization voltages. Moreover, optical studies performed by diffuse reflection spectra suggested that band gap of the TiO2 nanotubes are also changed by applying different anodization voltages. In this study using physical investigations, an optimum anodization voltage is obtained to synthesize the uniform crystalized TiO2 nanotubes with suitable diameter, wall thickness and optical properties.

Application of ion beam has been widely used as a surface modification method to improve surface properties. This paper investigates the effect of argon ion implantation on surface structure as well as resistance against tantalum corrosion. In this experiment, argon ions with energy of 30 keV and in doses of 1 × 1017–10 × 1017 ions/cm2 were used. The surface bombardment with inert gases mainly produces modified topography and morphology of the surface. Atomic Force Microscopy was also used to patterned the roughness variations prior to and after the implantation phase. Additionally, the corrosion investigation apparatus wear was applied to compare resistance against tantalum corrosion both before and after ion implantation. The results show that argon ion implantation has a substantial impact on increasing resistance against tantalum corrosion. After the corrosion test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyzed the samples’ surface morphologies. In addition, the elemental composition is characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The purpose of this paper was to obtain the perfect condition for the formation of tantalum corrosion resistance. In order to evaluate the effect of the ion implantation on the corrosion behavior, potentiodynamic tests were performed. The results show that the corrosion resistance of the samples strongly depends on the implantation doses.

In this experimental study, Cd (OH)2/CdO nanostructures were produced by pulsed laser ablation method. The beam of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with wavelength of 1064 nm at different fluences was employed to irradiate the cadmium target in distilled water. The obtained products at different fluences of laser pulse were characterized by UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that both morphology and chemical bonds of produced Cd nanostructures were changed by increasing the laser fluence. The absorption spectra shows that the Cd(OH)2 nanostructures could be transformed into CdO nanostructures with increasing the laser fluence. XRD analysis showed the presence of crystalline γ-Cd(OH)2, Cd(OH)2 and CdO phases, in the monoclinic, hexagonal and cubic structure, respectively. Results revealed that obtained nanostructures are particle in lowest fluence, while wire shaped nanostructures were formed with increasing the laser fluence. An increase of the laser fluence induced the synthesis of higher aspect ratio nanowires with a smaller tendency of adhesion.

The role of laser fluence in producing cobalt oxide nanoparticles in distilled water by laser ablation method has been studied experimentally. Output of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser of 1064 nm wavelength and 7 ns pulse width with 10 Hz repetition rate was employed to irradiate a high purity cobalt bulk in distilled water. According to results, size of produced nanostructures as well as their oxidation was strongly under the influence of laser energy. Although a high purity Co bulk was used as the target of laser irradiation in the experiment but produced nanoparticles were mainly cobalt oxides. X ray diffraction pattern indicates that produced nanostructures are Co3O4. The excitonic absorption peak of Co3O4 nanoparticles was occurred in UV region. Results show that with increasing the fluence of laser pulse, size of nanoparticles was decreased while their aggregation was increased noticeably.

In this study, the effect of a nitrogen compression plasma flow on the microstructural and mechanical properties, as well as on the elemental and phase compositions of a Zr/chromium–nickel steel system has been investigated. The Zr/steel system was exposed to a single pulse of the compression plasma flow or to a series of pulses. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analyses, and subjected to a Vickers microhardness test. The findings showed the formation of a surface modified layer alloyed by Zr with the thickness of up to ∼12 μm. The modified layer contains α- and γ-iron-based solid solutions, the Fe 23 Zr 6 intermetallic compound, and ZrN and Cr 2 N nitrides due to nitrogen diffusion. The microhardness of the modified layer increased by a factor of ∼2.

Low-pressure plasma treatments in an radio frequency (RF) discharge of air have been used on the surface of wood to stimulate polar function groups onto pine and beach surfaces to enhance the wettability and activation. The effects of plasma treatments on the morphology and wettability of surfaces were characterized by using static contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A clear increase in the surface energy of the wood surface due to air plasma treatment was observed. The surfaces became highly hydrophilic when woods were exposed for 5 s or longer to the plasma discharge. The wettability of wood surface can be improved when oxygen functionalities were generated, which can be achieved directly in O-containing plasma or via post plasma reaction. A small reduction in the surface energy of the treated wood after 12 days of aging showed that the plasma-induced cross-linking in the surface of the wood was not the dominan...

The new candidates for laser fusion energy with minimized radioactivity were presented. The possibility of side-on laser ignition of H–11B with negligible radioactivity encouraged to study the fusion of solid state H–7Li fuel which again turns out to be only about ten times more difficult than the side-on ignition of solid deuterium–tritium using petawatt-picosecond laser pulses at anomalous interaction conditions if very high contrast ratio. Updated cross sections of the nuclear reaction are included. In other words, the specific approach discussed here involves inducing a fusion burn wave without radioactivity by laser-driven impact of a relatively large block of plasma on the outside of a solid density H–11B and H–7Li targets.

In this paper the effects of substrate temperature (room temperature – 350 °C) on the phase composition and crystallization orientation of the tantalum thin film deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering in an extremely low power deposition regime are presented. In this experiment, heating the substrates to 350 °C resulted in the growth of the hard and brittle tetragonal crystalline structure (β-Ta). Deposited tantalum has a conical structure with large voided boundaries. Sheet resistance of samples is much larger than for the convenient conductors which decreased with increasing the substrate temperature.