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Using games for teaching-Learning include features that engage the learners. Gamified instruction builds learning for the better in many ways. First, it empowers students to be responsible for their learning. Well-designed games are particularly effective at keeping reluctant learners engaged because they keep the learner close to but not over their capacity threshold. Second, gamified methods help students maintain a skillful mindset when encountering new obstacles. Moreover finally, gamified instructional techniques build on the ways games boost a player to survive in the face of challenges to help students better overcome hurdles in their learning environment. Engagement of the students in teaching-learning activities plays an important role, but only engaging the students and fun are insufficient, or it could not be the aim. The accomplishment of learning objectives is significant. So games should also be associated with the skill to be evaluated, and evaluation patterns decided by the teacher. During or after the conduction of the game, the teacher should collect the pieces of evidence; must interpret them to get a value with a view to action.

The hip joint is one of the most important parts of the body and the fractures of these joints are common nowadays. The reasons for fracture are accidents, age, and diseases. This study was conducted on 35–45-year-old male bone by applying the required materials properties with boundary conditions by varying the loading from 75 N to 200 N with the increment of 25 N. The modeling and static structural analysis /FEA were carried out using CREO 3.0 and NASTRAN-PATRAN respectively. It is found that as the load increases the displacement and von-mises stress increases linearly. The hip joint failure occurs at 200 N load for 35–45 male femoral head and the displacement will be large enough to cause the slipped capital femoral epiphysis and leads to fracture in a short period. Also, it is observed that the stress is maximum at the middle shaft of the bone. This study helps in selecting the proper implant materials for Hip joint in case of fracture based on age and loading conditions.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of infrazygomatic (IZ) implants along with mini-implants for full-arch distalization of maxilla and reduction of gummy smile in patients with class II division I malocclusion.Ten orthodontic patients were taken from the department of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. Each patient required distalization and intrusion of the complete maxillary arch as a part of the treatment plan. Patients were of class II malocclusion with gummy smile. Initial leveling and alignment were done by using 0.22″ slot Mclaughlin Bennett Trevisi (MBT) prescription. Fav Anchor infrazygomatic crest (IZC) implants of 2 mm of head diameter and 14 mm length were inserted between first and second molar and 2 mm above the mucogingival junction in the alveolar mucosa and in the anterior region, two titanium mini-implants of 1.4 mm head diameter and 6 mm length. The screws were loaded immediately with e-chain with a minimal force from mini-implants in the anterior region to crimpable hook placed between lateral and canine and continuing the same till the IZ implants. To measure the amount of distalization and reduction of gummy smile, pre- and postlateral cephalograms were taken and assessed. Pre- and postdistalization and intrusion readings of all patients were obtained and calculated statistically for quantifying the amount of distalization of maxillary arch and intrusion for reduction of gummy smile.The distalization of the maxillary arch achieved was 4.6 mm which is clinically and statistically significant. The anterior teeth in the study were intruded with a minimum of 3.8 mm which is clinically and statistically significant; the gingival smile line was reduced with a mean of 3.4 mm which is clinically and statistically significant. Overbite correction of 4 mm was done with the mean difference of 4 mm which is also statistically significant.The IZ bone screws can be effectively used as an absolute anchorage to correct class II skeletal discrepancy with gummy smile devoid of premolar extraction with noninvasive procedure.The use of IZC implants along with anterior implants, a biomechanical approach is effective in achieving full-arch distalization of maxilla and intrusion as the force vectors allow that the line of action passes through the center of resistance (Cr) of the entire maxillary arch, facilitates the distalization and intrusion of the maxillary arch, establishes ideal occlusion, and improves the smile esthetics.

Skin stiffened constructions are common in aircraft structural components that are subjected to compressive loads. The skin is so thin that it provides very little resistance to buckling against in-plane compressive loads. The objective of the design optimization is to obtain the minimum structural weight of the stiffened panel. The MSC/NASTRAN is used for design optimization. Von Misses failure criteria, Panel Buckling criteria (Metal) and Eigen value criteria are incorporated in an automatic way by exploiting the secondary response constraint feature of the design optimizer. The optimizer allows calculating the secondary response quantities at any stage of design optimization, using the primary response quantities like stress values and design variables values as input; and the secondary response constraint is used in defining the design constraints. Therefore, this study reveals that 125 mm stinger spacing is the optimum spacing and this configuration provides a reduction in weight by 22.14%

This paper proposes a method of weight optimization of a composite hat stiffened panel of a transport aircraft wing meeting the strength and buckling design constraints for different stringer spacings. The final configuration of stiffened panel drives the optimum stringer spacing and the minimum weight. The YSFI criterion is used for strength whereas PBF criteria and the Eigen value approach is used for buckling. These criteria are incorporated in an automatic way by exploiting the secondary response constraint feature of design optimizer; which allows calculating the secondary response quantities at any stage of design optimization. The MSC/PATRAN and NASTRAN tools are used as pre processor and optimizer. Therefore, this study reveals that 150 mm stinger spacing is the optimum spacing, but for weight optimization, the 100 mm stringer spacing provides a reduction in weight by 31.18%.

This study is based on the biomechanical analysis of femur bone using Finite Element technique. Real life activities are taken as boundary conditions and the weight of a person is considered as load for walking, standing and jumping. For biomechanical analysis, three-dimensional CAD model of human femur bone is modelled from MRI/CT Scan data using ITK-Snap software. Pre-processing and post-processing operations are done using HYPERWORKS whereas the solver is NASTRAN 10.0. Analysis is done using three materials- natural bone material, AZ31 (magnesium alloy), CP Ti (Commercially Pure Titanium Alloy). Comparative study shows that CP-Ti material generates minimum stresses for jumping, standing and walking, which are 5.69, 5.34 and 5.71 MPa respectively. And also minimum displacements for jumping, standing and walking are 0.146, 0.0583 and 0.0623 mm respectively. It is found that AZ31 is the best suited material for Bone implants and as its weight is approximately same as natural bone.

This research work explores the area of biomedical image processing. A CAD model of human femur structure has been developed from computerized tomographic image taken as input data, which is further modified and segmented to form an accurate CAD model of a human femur by varying the segmentation methods and parameters, multi component model of whole femur structure is obtained as an assembly of bone. The segmentation is performed using an open source code ITK SNAP. This segmented CAD model of human femur structure can be used for engineering analysis such as static structural analysis, Model analysis and also used in manufacturing of handicapped aids, artificial bones, safety in sports equipment, design and implementing the rapid prototyping for Multi scaled model development.

Biomechanics deals with the study of the mechanical aspects of the biological objects. The humerus bone is the longest bone of the upper body. In this study, we apply different loads on the humerus bone fixing the proximal (upper end) and applying varying loads on the distal side (lower end) and note down the displacement and maximum stress occurring at different loads for different materials. From this we come to know about the maximum stress at which the bone fails. Model is prepared using ITK-Snap software. MSC Patran software is used for pre processing and post processing, whereas MSC Nastran is used as solver. Analysis is carried out for three different material, natural bone, AZ31, and CP-Ti. It is found that at 85 N natural bone fractures at middle portion of the bone (Deltoid Tuberosity). Bone implants made up of AZ31 materials will be absorbed by the body and no further surgery is required. The stress and displacement are comparatively minimum for this material and it is light weight as compared to CP-Ti. The manufacturing cost is also minimal.

Finite element analysis of carbon-epoxy (Unidirectional lamina) composite laminate is carried out for stress-strain relationship in the rectangular cross-section utilizing ANSYS 14.2. Tsai-Wu failure theory based on (Goldenblat and Koponov’s work) in-plane stress for maximum stress-strain in laminate are incorporated in the analysis. The final analysis gives the maximum stress and maximum strain in the composite laminate. ANSYS ACP is employed to model composite plate of three lamina using 60 degree angle lamina of carbon-epoxy (UD). Under investigation it is found that the layer wise maximum strain is 6.2406e−04 which is in the first layer and maximum stress is 41.946 MPa which is in the second layer. Also shear strain is 4.9813e−04 and shear stress is 13.01 MPa.

Biomechanics deals with the study of mechanical aspects of biological objects. Humerus is the bone present in human hand which extends from the shoulder joint up to the elbow joint. The main reason behind this study is to examine the changes in the modal frequency of humerus bone for different materials. In this study we apply different loads on the humerus bone fixing the proximal (upper end) and applying 850 N load on the distal side (lower end) and note down the Modal frequencies for different materials. From this we get to know about the Modal frequency at which the bone fails. Model is prepared using ITK-Snap software. MSC Patran software is used for preprocessing and post processing whereas MSC Nastran is used as solver. Analysis is carried out for three different materials, natural bone, AZ31 and CP-Ti. It is found that 0.095 Hz–0.451 Hz is the modal frequency of natural bone. Modal frequency of AZ31 is 0.184 Hz–0.871 Hz and Modal frequency of CPTi is 0.29 Hz–1.36 Hz. These modal frequencies do not exceed the natural frequency of the bone materials. As far as Bone implants are concerned, AZ31 is best and this will be absorbed by the body and no further surgery is required. The stress and displacement are comparatively minimum for this material and it is lighter in weight as compared to CP-Ti. The manufacturing cost is also minimal.

The Hip joint is the main joint of our body which connects the upper portion of femur to pelvic which is responsible for the movement of the body. Hip fracture depends upon the strength of bone as well as the impact forces applied From past studies we got to know that the percentage of hip fractures are more in old persons and it is also a main cause of disability. In this study static structural analysis of Hip joint is carried out for the different varying bone properties according to the age of the individual. We found that the stress distributions in all the three cases are the same but there is a variation in the displacement at the hip joint. It is also proved that elderly people are prone to hip joint fractures.

Structural design optimization of stiffened panels of a typical transport aircraft composite wing is carried out for minimum weight, meeting all the structural design constraints. The design variables are: skin thickness and stringer cross section for different sets of stringer spacings. The Yamuda-Sun Failure Criterion (YSFC) for strength and Panel buckling Factor (PBF) criteria for buckling of panels are incorporated in the optimization. The final configuration of stiffened plate gives the optimum stringer spacing, which gives the minimum weight of stiffened plate for satisfying the strength and buckling constraints. In this study it is found that 125 mm spacing is optimum as compared to 100 mm stringer spacing and with this about 20% weight can be saved.

Gear is an important mechanical machine component. Designing of gears involves complicated analysis and the loads were chosen by Trial and error method along with the gear parameters. This paper mainly focuses on the study of mechanical behaviour of a traction/spur gear assembly for different materials and also the main focus is to estimate the fatigue life along with the understanding of stress behaviour at root radii of the gear. In the analysis it was found that the root radius 0.8 mm and 1.4 mm showed less deformation as compared to 1.0 mm radius in AISI 4140 steel alloy where as Ti6242S alloys with 1.0 mm root radius show less deformation as compared to 0.8 mm and 1.4 mm root radius. Ti6242S alloy has got better fatigue life as compared to AISI 4140 alloy.

Biomechanical analysis is an interdisciplinary branch which combines biology and mechanical engineering to understand the behaviour of biological materials. Finite element analysis is widely used to describe the mechanical behaviour of bones. In this study a three dimensional virtual femur bone is modelled using Solid Edge V19 and the bone is analysed for hip contact stresses/forces during normal walking, standing, running and jumping activities. The stress analyses were carried out using ANSYS 14.0, a Finite Element code, in order to investigate the behaviour of the femur bone during these activities. The stress results obtained are compared with the previous studies and were found to be optimized.

Although catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) is commonly used to improve symptoms, AF recurrence is common and new tools are needed to better inform patient selection for CA. Left atrial function index (LAFI), an echocardiographic measure of atrial mechanical function, has shown promise as a noninvasive predictor of AF. We hypothesized that LAFI would relate to AF recurrence after CA.All AF patients undergoing index CA were enrolled in a prospective institutional AF Treatment Registry between 2011 and 2014. LAFI was measured post hoc from pre-ablation clinical echocardiographic images in 168 participants. Participants were mostly male (33% female), middle-aged (60 ± 10 years), obese and had paroxysmal AF (64%). Mean LAFI was 25.9 ± 17.6. Over 12 months of follow-up, 78 participants (46%) experienced a late AF recurrence. In logistic regression analyses adjusting for factors known to be associated with AF, lower LAFI remained associated with AF recurrence after CA [OR 0.04 (0.01-0.67), P = 0.02]. LAFI discriminated AF recurrence after CA slightly better than CHADS2 (C-statistic 0.60 LAFI, 0.57 CHADS2). For participants with persistent AF, LAFI performed significantly better than CHADS2 score (C statistic = 0.79 LAFI, 0.56 CHADS2, P = 0.02).LAFI, an echocardiographic measure of atrial function, is associated with AF recurrence after CA and has improved ability to discriminate AF recurrence as compared to the CHADS-2 score, especially among persistent AF patients. Since LAFI can be calculated using standard 2D echocardiographic images, it may be a helpful tool for predicting AF recurrence.