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Background: Overweight and obese individuals may have no cardiometabolic risk whereas normal weight individuals may present with cardiometabolic risk. The term‘Metabolic obesity’ has been floated to identify hidden metabolic risks irrespective of BMI. The pathophysiology of metabolic obesity can be explained by microvascular dysfunction and microalbuminuria is a wellknown marker of microvascular dysfunction. Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the association of microalbuminuria with metabolic obesity in Bangladeshi adult subjects. Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional analytical study included 200 individuals who attended outpatient department in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from March 2018 to February 2019. The study subjects were divided into metabolically obese (metabolically unhealthy) group and metabolically non-obese (metabolically healthy) group by metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the South Asian Modified-National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin to creatinine of 30 to 300 mg/gm. Demographic profile, BP, height, weight, waist circumference etc. were measured and fasting blood glucose, serum triglyceride, serum HDL-C were estimated and albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Results: The frequencies of metabolically obese (metabolically unhealthy) group and metabolically non-obese (metabolically healthy) group were 128 (64%) and 72 (36%) respectively. Mean values for age (p value 0.001), body mass index (p value 0.027), waist circumference (p

Background: Overweight and obesity are recognized as “escalating epidemics” affecting both developed and developing countries. Of the factors contributing to obesity, stress seems to be particularly important as stressful condition leads to irregularity in diet, lack of exercise and addiction. Medical students are exposed to a lot of stress throughout their education. Hence, this study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of overweight and obesity among undergraduate medical students. Objectives: The present cross-sectional study was intended to find out the prevalence of overweight/obesity among medical students of Enam Medical College and its association with their sociodemographic and life-style pattern. Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted among medical students in Enam Medical College, Savar, Dhaka from March to July 2017. A total of 283 1st and 2nd year MBBS students were included in the study. After getting permission from college authority and concerned Ethical Committee data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire containing the variables of interest. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were noted. Data were analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 16.0. Results: In the present study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 21.2% and 6.0% respectively. Males were found more overweight or obese (70.1%) compared to females (29.9%) (p=0.041). No other sociodemographic variables were found associated with overweight or obesity. Family history of obesity was observed for evaluation of overweight/obesity among the respondents (p=0.018) although family history of hypertension and/or diabetes did not influence the overweight/ obesity. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the overweight/obese group were higher than their normal counterparts (p=0.003 and p=0.002). There was no association between BMI and behavioral variables such as exercise, sleep, entertainment and food behavior. Conclusion: More than one-quarter of the undergraduate medical students are overweight or obese and overweight or obesity are more predominant in males. Overweight and obese students generally have family history of overweight or obesity. Behavioural factors such as taking exercise, time spent on sleep and entertainment and food habit are not associated with BMI. J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(2): 86-92

not available J Enam Med Col 2021; 11(1): 60

not available J Enam Med Col 2021; 11(1): 3

not available J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(3): 135

not available J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(2): 63

Background : Smoking is a recognized harmful factor for general health. The prevalence of smoking is gradually increasing among the young people. Medical students are also vulnerable in this arena. Worldwide studies revealed that students start and continue smoking during their school and college periods. Objectives : To determine the current tobacco use among medical college students and to find out the risk factors associated with smoking and also to assess the knowledge of students regarding smoking. Materials and Methods : This cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students of different educational levels (first year to fifth year) in Enam Medical College, Savar, Dhaka during the period January to March 2012. An anonymous, pretested, selfadministered study questionnaire was distributed among the subjects. Data collected included smoking habits, demographic factors such as age, gender, parents’ occupation and monthly income. Study subjects were categorized as smokers, non-smokers and ex-smokers. Smoking-related knowledge was assessed and opinion regarding cessation of smoking was documented. The data were entered into the computer and statistical analyses were done using GraphPad Prism version 6.01. Results : Among the study subjects 290 were male and 202 were female. There were 79 (27.24%) smokers, 199 (68.62%) non-smokers and 12 (4.13%) ex-smokers among male and 197 (97.52%) non-smokers, 4 (1.98%) smokers and 1 (0.49%) ex-smoker in female. Regarding age, 196 (39.83%) students were below 20 years of age and 296 (60.16%) were more than 20 years of age. Most of the smokers (43.37%) are from affluent families. Influence of friends (44.57%) is the major reason of smoking followed by depression (27.71%). About 37.34% smokers have family members who are currently smoking. Regarding quitting smoking, 66% intended to stop smoking. The reasons for no intention to stop smoking include lack of incentive followed by addiction. There are significant differences among study subjects regarding smoking related knowledge. Conclusion : Even medical students are not fully aware of health consequences due to smoking and this lack of knowledge may lead to increase the number of smokers among students. Appropriate anti-smoking measures should be taken to create awareness about smoking and its health consequences and to reduce the incidence of smoking among the students. J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(3): 152-156

Many organizations recommend the use of equations that provide a rapid method of assessing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to facilitate the detection, evaluation, and management of chronic kidney diseases. Indeed, many clinical laboratories already report estimated GFR (eGFR) values whenever the serum creatinine level is measured. To compare the predictive equations for the measurement of GFR in Bangladeshi population, we measured GFR by creatinine clearance rate (CCR) and also estimated it by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) 4 variables equation and Cockcroft and Gault (C-G) formula in 61 Bangladeshi subjects who were referred to Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Dhaka Cantonment for the estimation of GFR by physicians during the period of March 2011 to November 2011. Results are expressed as mean ± SD and compared by two-tailed paired t test, Bland-Altman plots for bias, precision (r2), receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve, and accuracy within 15%, 30% and 50% of the measured GFR. We included 39 (63.93%) males and 22 (36.06%) females with mean age of 52±14 years. The GFR measured by CCR was 61.30±37.38 mL/min/1.73 m2 and eGFR by MDRD4 and C-G were 51.26±26.86 (P0.05) mL/min/1.73 m2 respectively. The bias was “10.55±25.34 mL/min/1.73 m2 for MDRD, “6.32±25.90 mL/min/1.73 m2 for C-G; precision was 0.5407 for MDRD, 0.5201 for C-G; the areas under the ROC curve was 0.5722 (P>0.05) for MDRD4, 0.5444 (P>0.05) for C-G. The percentages of eGFR falling within 15% and 30% of measured GFR were 30%, 52% for MDRD and 35%, 52% for C-G. Both MDRD4 and C-G showed positive bias at GFR60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The results indicate that Cockcroft-Gault formula is more accurate than MDRD4 equation in the overall GFR range, but MDRD4 appears to be more accurate at GFR

Introduction: In our country, very few of clinical laboratories are running proper quality control program and to the best of our knowledge the preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical rates of laboratory errors have not been studied extensively. In this study we evaluated the preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical components of laboratory errors in 3,200 consecutive specimens of a clinical chemistry laboratory in a tertiary hospital for measurement of different analyte concentrations in plasma or serum. Materials and methods: This study was conducted during the period from June 2009 to July 2010 on 3,200 specimens. Analytical errors were detected by repeat analysis of primary sample and by checking quality control. Results: The numbers of preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical errors were 23, 14 and 76 respectively among 32000 tests that we have done on 3,200 specimens (average 10 tests per specimen). Moreover, the causes of errors were analyzed and it was found that preanalytical errors were mostly due to specimen drawn distal to IV infusion, specimen for potassium first drawn into GREY tube (containing sodium fluoride and K EDTA) and then transferred into GREEN tube, long tourniquet time and underfilling of blood collection tube. The analytical errors were due to random and systemic errors and postanalytical errors were due to transcription errors. Conclusion: Results of our study suggest that errors mostly occur in the postanalytical part of testing and they are due to transcription errors. To reduce the laboratory errors we suggest introduction of Laboratory Information System (LIS) of the clinical laboratories connected with Hospital Management System along with stringent quality control program in preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical stages.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2015; 33(1): 3-6

Background: Meaningful underestimation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is an important shortcoming of Friedewald’s formula (FF) at higher triglyceride (TG) levels. Recently a regression equation (RE) has been developed using lipid profiles in one setting and validated externally for the calculation of LDL cholesterol. This newly developed RE requires more studies in different settings.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the regression equation against direct measurement.Materials and Methods: Lipid profiles of 600 subjects attending a tertiary healthcare center were included in this study. Specimens were collected and lipid profiles were measured by standard methods. Sixty two lipid profiles with TG above 400 mg/dL were excluded. Calculated LDL cholesterol values using FF and RE were compared with measured LDL cholesterol by Pearson’s correlation test, Passing & Bablok regression, accuracy within ±5% and ±12% of measured LDL cholesterol and two-tailed paired t test at various TG ranges.Results: The mean value of LDL cholesterol was 148.6 ± 37.2 mg/dL for direct measurement, 146.9 ± 42.4 mg/dL for FF and 148.6 ± 34.7 mg/dL for RE. The correlation coefficients of calculated LDL cholesterol values with measured LDL cholesterol were 0.949 (p

Background: B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) a neurohormone synthesized in ventricular myocardium and released into the circulation in response to ventricular dilatation and pressure overload, is a current biomarker used for identifying patients at high risk of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). High level of BNP is associated with an increased risk of Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE) including new or progressive heart failure and myocardial infarction. The objective of this study was to assess the prognosis of newly diagnosed ACS patients by using plasma BNP level. Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) in collaboration with National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD) from January 2013 to December 2013. Total 100 newly diagnosed ACS patients, aged 30 to 70 years, irrespective of sex who reported within 24 hours of onset of symptoms were enrolled in this study by purposive and convenient sampling. Plasma BNP level of selected study subjects was measured within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. Then subjects were grouped on the basis of their empirical cut-off value of plasma BNP concentration Group I having plasma BNP level

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Bangladesh since long before. Standard first line drugs are isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. Of these, isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide have been observed to have hepatotoxic potentials. Drug Induced Hepatotoxicity (DIH) is an important and commonly encountered adverse effect with anti-TB treatment. A higher risk of hepatotoxicity has been reported in Bangladeshi patients than in their western counterparts. The reasons for the higher rate of hepatotoxicity in Bangladeshi patients are unclear. Objectives: To know the possible risk factors for the development of drug induced hepatotoxicity and to see their association with hepatoxicity in patients receiving antitubercular treatment as per National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional prospective study, 100 freshly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending the Medicine Outpatient Department, admitted in Chittagong Medical College Hospital, DOTS center in the hospital were selected for the study. Results: In this study we found twenty percent patients (20%) developed Antituberculosis Treatment (ATT) induced hepatotoxicity and most of them were in the age group of 50–65 years. Among the patients who developed hepatotoxicity (DIH) 27% patients were in BMI 18.5 group. The patients presenting with radiologically severe Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) developed higher hepatotoxicity than patients with milder disease. The patients with history of high alcohol intake and with pre-treatment hypoalbuminemia were also found to have higher drug induced hepatotoxicity as compared to non-alcoholics and normal serum albumin level respectively. This study showed the evidence of ATT induced liver damage in twenty percent (20%) patients. Among them 05% cases developed overt drug induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) and remaining 15% cases had asymptomatic elevation of serum ALT, AST and bilirubin levels. The remaining 80% cases did not show any significant change in their serum bilirubin and/or enzyme levels as compared to pre-treatment levels. Conclusion: Advanced age, high alcohol intake, radiologically severe disease before treatment and pretreatment hypoalbuminemia are predisposing factors for the development of ATT induced hepatotoxicity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v14i1.22873 Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.14 (1); Jan 2015; Page 15-18

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2):64-66

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2016; 6(1): 57-59

Background: Uric acid is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hospital admission for ischemic heart disease (IHD) is increasing rapidly in our country. Although studies were conducted abroad regarding association of serum uric acid with in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), no data is yet available to show the association in our country. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the association of serum uric acid level on admission with in-hospital outcomes of the patients with ACS. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional comparative study was done in the Department of Cardiology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) from January to December 2012. After proper ethical consideration total 93 ACS patients were enrolled in the study by nonrandom sampling. Serum uric acid of all subjects was measured within 24 hours of admission. Then in-hospital outcomes were observed in all subjects. Results: The frequency of hyperuricemia among ACS patients was 24.7% (22.54% in male and 31.82% in female). Hyperuricemic patients significantly developed heart failure (30.4% vs 11.4%, p=0.032) and conduction defect (13.0% vs 1.4%, p=0.017) than normouricemic subjects. The mean ejection fraction was significantly lower in hyperuricemic patients than patients with normal uric acid level (50.87 ± 10.27% vs 55.94 ± 6.66%). The mean ± SD duration of hospital stay of hyperuricemic group was significantly longer in patients with ACS (8.26 ± 1.18 vs 7.51±1.18 days, p=0.010). Conclusion: The measurement of serum uric acid level, an easily available and inexpensive biochemical tool, might turn out as a valuable risk marker for prediction of in-hospital outcomes in patients with ACS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21492 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 15-22

Background: Friedewald’s formula (FF) is used worldwide to calculate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol). But it has several shortcomings: overestimation at lower triglyceride (TG) concentrations and underestimation at higher concentrations. In FF, TG to very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-chol) ratio (TG/VLDL-chol) is considered as constant, but practically it is not a fixed value. Recently, by analyzing lipid profiles in a large population, continuously adjustable values of TG/VLDL-chol were used to derive a novel method (NM) for the calculation of LDL-chol. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the novel method compared with direct measurement and regression equation (RE) developed for Bangladeshi population. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional comparative study we used lipid profiles of 955 adult Bangladeshi subjects. Total cholesterol (TC), TG, HDL-chol and LDL-chol were measured by direct methods using automation. LDL-chol was also calculated by NM and RE. LDL-chol calculated by NM and RE were compared with measured LDL-chol by twotailed paired t test, Pearson’s correlation test, bias against measured LDL-chol by Bland-Altman test, accuracy within ±5% and ±12% of measured LDL-chol and by inter-rater agreements with measured LDL-chol at different cut-off values. Results: The mean values of LDL-chol were 110.7 ± 32.0 mg/dL for direct measurement, 111.9 ± 34.8 mg/dL for NM and 113.2 ± 31.7 mg/dL for RE. Mean values of calculated LDL-chol by both NM and RE differed from that of measured LDL-chol (p130 mg/dL were 0.816 vs 0.815, 0.637 vs 0.649 and 0.791 vs 0.791 for NM and RE respectively. Conclusion: This study reveals that NM and RE developed for Bangladeshi population have similar performance and can be used for the calculation of LDL-chol. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21491 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 10-14

not available J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(1): 3

Acute Coronary syndrome (ACS) is the most common cause of admission to the coronary care unit with highest risk of death and adverse outcomes. ACS accounts for 60–70% of all admissions in the hospital. Patients with ACS encompass a heterogeneous group that varies widely regarding severity of the underlying coronary artery disease, prognosis and response to treatment. Patients with the highest risk of subsequent events usually have the largest benefit of an intensified pharmacological treatment and early mechanical intervention. The prognosis for low-risk patients, on the other hand, is often difficult to improve further and these patients usually benefit more from a conservative management with a lower risk of side effects. Therefore, risk stratification is essential and should be initiated early and updated continuously throughout the hospital stay. Early risk stratification is usually performed by the use of clinical background factors, clinical presentation, electrocardiography and biochemical markers of myocardial damage. Levels of natriuretic peptides have been shown to reflect cardiac performance. The aim of this study was to review elaborately on B type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and its prognostic value in patient with ACS. This review focuses on the emerging role of these peptides in the early risk stratification of ACS patients. Elevation of BNP levels in acute MI and UA is predictive of a greater risk of death, post infarction heart failure, or reinfarction. Post infarction studies demonstrate that elevated plasma BNP levels are associated with larger infarct size, increased probability of ventricular remodeling, lower ejection fraction, higher risk of heart failure, and increased mortality. This cardiac marker is a potent predictor of mortality in patients with all forms ACS. BNP measurements serve as an index of severity of the ischemic injury, as well as the degree of impairment in left ventricular function.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i2.21079

Background: Following menopause there are changes in values of lipid profile parameters. Abdominal obesity has also been linked to significant metabolic abnormalities including changes in lipid parameter values. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) calculated as log (TG/HDL-C) has been used as some practitioners as a significant predictor of atherosclerosis. So, we designed this study to observe the pattern of lipid profile parameters and to find out AIP in postmenopausal central obese women and to compare these between postmenopausal women with central obesity and postmenopausal nonobese women. Objectives: To assess the lipid profile status and AIP of postmenopausal women with central obesity and to compare these parameters with that of postmenopausal nonobese women.Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sixty six postmenopausal women with central obesity and age matched 56 nonobese postmenopausal women were included in the study. Central obesity was defined having waist hip ratio more than 0.8 and BMI

Background : Hypokalemia is a very common electrolyte imbalance in diabetic patients which leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. Severe hypokalemia is associated with lifethreatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. There are no adequate studies regarding the incidence and factors precipitating hypokalemia in Bangladeshi diabetic subjects. Objective : The objective of this study was to find out the factors precipitaing hypokalemia in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods : A total 95 admitted diabetic patients with hypokalemia were studied. Specimens were collected from all adult diabetic patients with serum potassium level

Correction: On the website, on 16/08/2014, the first author was changed from Md Aminul Khan TO Md Aminul Haque Khan. The PDF was correct.The most widely used investigation of renal function and GFR is the measurement of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance rate. This has been extremely popular in clinical medicine despite formidable difficulties associated with its quantification and interpretation. The main pathophysiological difficulties include variations in the rates of creatinine generation and its secretion by the renal tubules. Concentration of serum creatinine is now recognized as an unreliable measure of kidney function as it is affected by age, body weight, muscle mass, race and various medications. Several equations have been developed to improve the accuracy of serum creatinine level as a measure of GFR. The most widely used in adult populations are the Cockroft-Gault equation and the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Even with these equations, measurement of GFR is difficult because the equations are less accurate with higher levels of kidney function and are affected by interlaboratory variation in measuring creatinine level. In the above perspective, cystatin C concentration has become a promising marker for kidney function in both native and transplanted kidneys. Because of the possible potentiality of cystatin C to be an emerging endogenous marker for quick and accurate assessment of renal function, we have decided to review elaborately on cystatin C as a marker of renal function and to review the sensitivity and specificity of cystatin C as an endogenous marker compared to serum creatinine. Results of our review study suggest that cystatin C is a better marker of renal function compared to serum creatinine and other endogenous markers irrespective of age, sex and clinical condition. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i2.19680 J Enam Med Col 2014; 4(2): 110-122

Background: There are an increasing number of hospital admissions due to heart failure with diabetes or prediabetes in different hospitals in Bangladesh. But very little is known about the frequency of diabetes and prediabetes and the effect of its presence on the characteristics and outcome in patients hospitalized for heart failure. The objective of this study was to find out the frequency of diabetes and prediabetes in heart failure patients and to assess their association with in-hospital outcome. Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was done in the department of Biochemistry and Cardiology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University in collaboration with department of Cardiology of National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2010 to June 2011. After proper ethical consideration a total two hundred and fifty heart failure patients were enrolled in the study by nonrandom sampling. Fasting blood sugar was done in all patients and oral glucose tolerance test was done in patients with impaired fasting glycaemia. Results: The frequency of prediabetes among the total population was 12.8% (95% CI, 8.7-16.8) and that of diabetes was 37.2% (95% CI, 31.2-43.2%). Improvement was achieved in 27 (84.4%) cases in prediabetic group, 75 (80.6%) cases in diabetic group and 105 (84.0%) cases in nondiabetic group. Mortality rates in prediabetes, diabetes and nondiabetes were 5 (15.6%); 18 (19.4%) and 20 (16.0%) respectively. The differences found among the three groups were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Length of hospital stay was also similar in all groups of study subjects. Conclusion: Frequency of diabetes among heart failure patients is high and pre-diabetes is not negligible in our country. Future studies in this field should focus on all types of glucose abnormalities rather than previously diagnosed diabetes only. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i1.19409

Background: Various formulas are available to estimate serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. All of these are serum triglycerides (TG) dependent. But very recently de Cordova et al developed a simple formula (CF) to calculate LDL cholesterol without using serum TG and claimed it to be more accurate than Friedewald.s formula (FF). Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the CF for the calculation of LDL cholesterol in a Bangladeshi population. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and sixty adult Bangladeshi subjects were purposively included in this study. Serum total cholesterol (TC), TG, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were measured by direct automated methods. LDL cholesterol was also calculated by CF and FF. Results were expressed in conventional unit as mean ± SD and compared by two-tailed paired t test, bias against measured LDL cholesterol, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), Passing & Bablok regression and accuracy within ±10% of the measured LDL cholesterol. Results: The mean values of directly measured LDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol calculated by CF and FF were 117.7 ± 31.0, 111.8 ± 31.0 and 108.9 ± 39.7 mg/dL respectively. Bias of calculated LDL cholesterol against measured LDL cholesterol was -5.2% for CF and -9.6% for FF. The correlation coefficients of measured LDL cholesterol were 0.9796 (p

Background : Rana Plaza collapse is the worst and deadliest man-made industrial disaster in the history of garment sector in the world. Around 1200 people died and thousands more were injured. Most of the victims of the disaster were treated in Enam Medical College Hospital (EMCH). We conducted this study to give an overview on the disaster victims and services provided by EMCH. Objective : The study was done to observe the length of time between accident and admission in EMCH, length of time between admission and discharge, to observe the numbers, types and sites of injuries to the victims, medical measures given to the victims and finally to observe the status of the victims at the time of discharge. Materials and Methods : This descriptive type of observational study was carried out among the victims of Rana Plaza tragedy during the period of May to October 2013. All admitted patients in EMCH were included in the study. Purposive nonprobability sampling technique was applied in this research work. Data were collected from the hospital record. After collection, data were manually compiled, edited and analyzed. Results : Among 621 victims treated in different wards, 276 (44.45%) were admitted to the hospital on the day of accident. Among the admitted patients, 255 (41.06%) stayed in the hospital for 1--3 days,133 (21.42%) for 4--7 days and 88 (14.17%) for more than 10 days. Fracture and dislocation were present in 32.70% patients, lacerated injury in 18.20%, abrasion in 15.78%, bruise in 13.53%, incised wound in 15.45% and punctured wound in 4.34% patients. Single injury was present in 56.68% and rest had multiple injuries. Lower limbs were the most (33.01%) affected part of the body followed by head and neck (22.06%), upper limbs (18.52%), thorax (17.55%) and abdomen (8.86%). Two hundred seventy two patients (43.80%) were improved after treatment and 56 (9.02%) were fully cured; 23.83% of the victims were referred to higher medical centers for special measures. Conclusion : The collapse of Rana Plaza has fueled a greater call for reform and safety in garment industry. At the same time, all health care centers should adopt a broad-based approach to disaster-preparedness by providing a framework to ensure a well-coordinated response to mass casualty event. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i1.18066 J Enam Med Col 2014; 4(1): 31-35

not available J Enam Med Col 2019; 9(3): 147

not available J Enam Med Col 2019; 9(2): 71

Background : Hypothyroidism is associated with many biochemical abnormalities including increased serum creatinine and uric acid levels. Many studies were done abroad regarding serum creatinine and uric acid levels in hypothyroid patients. We designed this study in our population for evaluation of serum creatinine and uric acid levels in hypothyroid patients. Objective : To assess serum creatinine and uric acid levels in hypothyroid patients and to find out relationship of creatinine and uric acid levels with severity of hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods : This retrospective cross sectional study to evaluate the serum creatinine and uric acid levels of hypothyroid patients and to find out relationship of hyperuricemia and hypercreatininemia with severity of hypothyroidism was done in the department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka. Results were compared with that of age and sex matched healthy euthyroid controls. Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS for Windows version 10.0. ANOVA and unpaired ‘t’ tests were done to see the significance among the groups and between groups respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was done to see the correlation of serum creatinine and uric acid levels with the severity of hypothyroidism. Results : Mean serum creatinine and uric acid levels in cases were 1.38 ± 0.53 and 7.00 ± 2.54 mg/dL respectively compared to 1.01 ± 0.17 and 5.21 ± 1.35 mg/dL in controls. Conclusion : Mean serum creatinine and uric acid levels were found significantly higher in hypothyroid patients compared to controls. These findings suggest that hyperuricemia and hypercreatininemia are associated with hypothyroidism. Therefore, patients presenting with these biochemical abnormalities are recommended to be investigated to explore hypothyroidism. Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 84-87 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16129

Background: Following menopause there are changes in values of lipid profile parameters. Abdominal obesity has also been linked to significant metabolic abnormalities including changes in lipid parameter values. So, we designed this study to observe the pattern of lipid profile parameters in postmenopausal central obese women. Objective: To assess the lipid profile status of postmenopausal women with central obesity. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2005 to December 2005. Seventy four postmenopausal women with central obesity and age matched 56 nonobese postmenopausal women were included in the study. Central obesity was defined having waist hip ratio more than 0.8. All statistical analyses were done by SPSS 12.0. p values

Objective: A modification of Friedewald’s formula was proposed to calculate LDL cholesterol in Bangladeshi population up to serum triglyceride concentration of 1000 mg/dL. The aim of this study was to validate the modification of Friedewald’s formula in Bangladeshi population.Methods: Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were measured in specimens obtained form 314 adult Bangladeshi subjects selected conveniently. LDL cholesterol concentrations were also calculated by modified Friedewald’s formula and original Friedewald’s formula. Results were expressed as mean ± SD and calculated LDL cholesterol was compared with measured LDL cholesterol by two-tailed paired t test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r).Results: The mean ± SD of measured LDL cholesterol was 138.3 ± 54.58 mg/dL. LDL cholesterol calculated by modified Friedewald’s formula and original Friedewald’s formula were 135.9 ± 59.26 mg/dL (P>0.05) and 123.5 ± 65.75 mg/dL (P

Background: HbA1c can be measured by different methods. Enzymatic, boronate affinity chromatographic and cation-exchange high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods are considered as gold standard methods. To make the test cost-effective many laboratories use the immunological method installed in a chemistry analyzer. Objective: To compare the values of HbA1c measured by high performance liquid chromatographic method and immunological method in two laboratory settings.Materials and Methods: This observational and comparative study was conducted in Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) and Enam Medical College, Savar, Dhaka. HbA1c levels measured by HPLC in BIHS were compared with that measured by immunological method in Enam Medical College, Savar, Dhaka. p values 10.0% group, but it was within acceptable limit.Conclusion: HbA1c can be measured by immunological method installed in an automated chemistry analyzer to make the test cost-effective. But HPLC method is preferable.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v2i2.12839J Enam Med Col 2012; 2(2): 62-66

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 172-173

not available J Enam Med Col 2019; 9(1): 3

Background: Iodine is essential for normal growth, mental development and survival of infants. Bangladesh is an iodine deficient region. Breast milk is the only source of iodine for exclusively breast-fed infants. Routine measurement of breast milk iodine concentration is very difficult in our country due to some social and religious barriers. So, we designed this study in our population using urinary iodine as the indicator for assessing iodine status. Objectives: To assess the iodine status of lactating mothers and their breast-fed infants and to propose a method on how to predict the iodine concentration in breast milk . Materials and Methods: This observational analytical study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka with active cooperation of Kumudini Women’s Medical College Hospital, Mirzapur, Tangail involving fifty lactating mothers and their exclusively breast-fed infants. Early morning urine and breast milk samples were collected in dry and clean plastic container free from any chemical contamination. All statistical analyses were done by using SPSS (Statistical Programme for Social Science) 12 version software package for windows. Results: The median (range) urinary iodine concentration of lactating mothers and their breast-fed infants were 225.25 μg/L (61.50-530.00) and 225.75 μg/L (100.50-526.50). 96% (48) mothers had no biochemical iodine deficiency (UIE ≥100μg/L), only 4% (2) mothers had mild biochemical iodine deficiency (UIE 50-99μg/L). There was no biochemical deficiency of breast-fed infants. The median (range) breast-milk iodine concentration was 157 μg/L (54.50-431.50) which was more than three times of recommended minimum concentration (50 μg/L). Iodine in breast milk of lactating mothers positively correlated with their urinary iodine excretion (P

No AbstractDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i2.19456

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2018; 8(3): 121

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2018; 8(1): 3

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2018; 8(1): 55

Background: Hypothyroidism is associated with many biochemical abnormalities including increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Very few studies have been done regarding serum alanine aminotransferase activity in hypothyroid patients and, as far we know, no such study has been done in our populations. So, we designed this study in our population for evaluation of serum alanine aminotransferase activity in hypothyroid patients. The objective of this study was to assess serum alanine aminotransferase activity in hypothyroid patients and to find out relationship of alanine aminotransferase activity with severity of hypothyroidism. Methods: It was a retrospective cross sectional study to evaluate the serum alanine aminotransferase activity of hypothyroid patients and to find out relationship of alanine aminotransferase activity with severity of hypothyroidism and the values were compared with that of age and sex matched healthy euthyroid controls. Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS for Windows version 12.0. Unpaired ‘t’ test was done to find out any significant difference between the cases and controls with respect to age and serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Chisquare test was done to find out any significant difference between the cases and controls with respect to sex. Pearson correlation coefficient test was done to see the correlation of alanine aminotransferase activity with the severity of hypothyroidism. Results: Mean serum alanine aminotransferase activity was found significantly higher in hypothyroid patients compared to that of controls. Conclusion: Results of our study suggest that increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity is associated with hypothyroidism. Therefore, patients presenting with increased ALT activity with normal liver function tests are recommended to be investigated to explore hypothyroidism. Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2013: 49-51

Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 120-122 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16137

Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 60-62 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16124

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(1): 50-51

Medicine Today 2011 Volume 23 Number 01 Page 60-62 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i1.11950

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 119

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(2): 55

not avaialableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(2): 115

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i1.18048 Journal of Enam Medical College Vol 4 No 1 2014

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2015; 5(2): 128-129

not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21965 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 62-63

not availableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(1): 03