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We report the first empirical confirmation of the co-occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) additives and microplastics (MPs) in benthic compartments from the Loire estuary. Higher median concentrations of MPs (3387 items/kg dw), ∑13tri-OPEs (12.0 ng/g dw) and ∑4di-OPEs (0.7 ng/g dw) were measured in intertidal sediments with predominance of fine particles, and under higher anthropogenic pressures, with a general lack of seasonality. Contrarily, Scrobicularia plana showed up to 4-fold higher ∑tri-OPE concentrations in summer (reaching 37.0 ng/g dw), and similar spatial distribution. Polyethylene predominated in both compartments. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), its degradation metabolite (BEHP) and tris-(2-chloro, 1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were the most abundant OPEs in sediments, while TCIPP predominated in S. plana. The biota-sediment accumulation factors suggest bioaccumulation potential for chlorinated-OPEs, with higher exposure in summer. No significant correlations were generally found between OPEs and MPs in sediments suggesting a limited role of MPs as in-situ source of OPEs.

Ce rapport présente la synthèse des données des campagnes de chalutages scientifiques NourDem réalisées en 2022 dans les estuaires de la Loire, de la Seine et de la Gironde. Les échantillonnages de la macrofaune benthique épigée, démersale et pélagique (individus d’une taille supérieure à 3 cm) sont réalisés au moyen du chalut à Grande Ouverture Verticale Ifremer-NourDem (GOV 16,45 x 11,90 m ; ouverture en pêche : 7 X 2 m) qui est tracté à partir de chalutiers professionnels locaux. Ceci permet d'échantillonner les estuaires depuis le zéro de salinité jusqu'aux eaux marines (34/35 pour mille), et par des bathymétries comprises entre -3 et + 25 m. Les campagnes durent 8 journées dans chaque estuaire, et permettent la réalisation de 60 à 75 traits de 15 minutes. Les peuplements des trois estuaires sont présentés : espèces principales, migrateurs amphihalins, indices d'abondance et de biomasse, distributions des tailles, indices de biodiversité, cartographies de répartition des espèces, indentification des secteurs de nourricerie. L'un des objectifs du rapport est en effet de produire un état des lieux des biocœnoses (échantillonnables au chalut) à la fin 2022, et en comparaison avec les résultats obtenus précédemment, i.e. depuis 2016 en Loire, 2017 en Seine et 2019 en Gironde. Un second objectif est d’évaluer la qualité des trois estuaires en tant que nourricerie. Pour ce faire, des courbes de croissance sont réalisées conjointement à des dosages de cortisol (hormone de stress) ainsi que d'éléments trace métalliques et de composés organiques chez des juvéniles de bar européen Dicentrarchus labrax de différentes classes d'âge. NourDem 2022, comme les projets NourDem précédents, a été mené dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre l'Ifremer et le Comité National des Pêches Maritimes et Elevages Marins (CNPMEM), avec le soutien opérationnel des trois comités régionaux des pêches concernés : le CRPMEM de Normandie, le COREPEM des Pays de la Loire et le CRPMEM de Nouvelle A

High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based non-target analysis coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is gaining momentum due to its ability to provide complementary information which can be useful in the identification of unknown organic chemicals in support of efforts in unraveling the complexity of the chemical exposome. The chemical exposome in the marine environment, though not as well studied as its freshwater counterparts, is not foreign to chemical diversity specially when it comes to potentially bioaccumulative and bioactive polyhalogenated organic contaminants and natural products. In this work we present in detail how we utilized IMS-HRMS coupled with gas chromatographic separation and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) to annotate polyhalogenated organic chemicals in French bivalves collected from 25 sites along the French coasts. We describe how we used open cheminformatic tools to exploit isotopologue patterns, isotope ratios, Kendrick mass defect (Cl scale), and collisional cross section (CCS), in order to annotate 157 halogenated features (level 1: 54, level 2: 47, level 3: 50, and level 4: 6). Grouping the features into 11 compound classes was facilitated by a KMD vs CCS plot which showed co-clustering of potentially structurally-related compounds. The features were semi-quantified to gain insight into the distribution of these halogenated features along the French coast, ultimately allowing us to differentiate between sites that are more anthropologically impacted versus sites that are potentially biodiverse. This work demonstrates how the identity and distribution of potentially bioaccumulative halogenated organic contaminants and natural products were identified, in marine bivalves from the French coasts, using CCS and KMD.

A collaborative trial involving 16 participants from nine European countries was conducted within the NORMAN network in efforts to harmonise suspect and non-target screening of environmental contaminants in whole fish samples of bream (Abramis brama). Participants were provided with freeze-dried, homogenised fish samples from a contaminated and a reference site, extracts (spiked and non-spiked) and reference sample preparation protocols for liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Participants extracted fish samples using their in-house sample preparation method and/or the protocol provided. Participants correctly identified 9-69 % of spiked compounds using LC-HRMS and 20-60 % of spiked compounds using GC-HRMS. From the contaminated site, suspect screening with participants' own suspect lists led to putative identification of on average ∼145 and ∼20 unique features per participant using LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS, respectively, while non-target screening identified on average ∼42 and ∼56 unique features per participant using LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS, respectively. Within the same sub-group of sample preparation method, only a few features were identified by at least two participants in suspect screening (16 features using LC-HRMS, 0 features using GC-HRMS) and non-target screening (0 features using LC-HRMS, 2 features using GC-HRMS). The compounds identified had log octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW) values from -9.9 to 16 and mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 68 to 761 (LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS). A significant linear trend was found between log KOW and m/z for the GC-HRMS data. Overall, these findings indicate that differences in screening results are mainly due to the data analysis workflows used by different participants. Further work is needed to harmonise the results obtained when applying suspect and non-target screening approaches to environmental biota samples.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are anthropogenic contaminants of emerging concern that are ubiquitous in the marine environment. This chapter provides recent insights into the main aspects of research on this class of compounds in the oceans. It describes their main uses and predominant sources in the marine environment and provides an update on the analytical procedures fit for marine matrices. Occurrence and processes affecting these compounds in abiotic compartments are addressed, followed by a focus on bioaccumulation and biomagnification in biota. The biological effects in marine organisms are then reviewed per taxa. In agreement with recent literature, recommendations for future research are proposed, which should guide future efforts toward the key environmental questions on PFASs

A collaborative trial involving 16 participants from nine European countries was conducted within the NORMAN network in efforts to harmonise suspect and non-target screening of environmental contaminants in whole fish samples of bream (Abramis brama). Participants were provided with freeze-dried, homogenised fish samples from a contaminated and a reference site, extracts (spiked and non-spiked) and reference sample preparation protocols for liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Participants extracted fish samples using their in-house sample preparation method and/or the protocol provided. Participants correctly identified 9–69 % of spiked compounds using LC-HRMS and 20–60 % of spiked compounds using GC-HRMS. From the contaminated site, suspect screening with participants’ own suspect lists led to putative identification of on average ~145 and ~20 unique features per participant using LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS, respectively, while non-target screening identified on average ~42 and ~56 unique features per participant using LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS, respectively. Within the same sub-group of sample preparation method, only a few features were identified by at least two participants in suspect screening (16 features using LC-HRMS, 0 features using GC-HRMS) and non-target screening (0 features using LC-HRMS, 2 features using GC-HRMS). The compounds identified had log octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW) values from − 9.9 to 16 and mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 68 to 761 (LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS). A significant linear trend was found between log KOW and m/z for the GC-HRMS data. Overall, these findings indicate that differences in screening results are mainly due to the data analysis workflows used by different participants. Further work is needed to harmonise the results obtained when applying suspect and non-target screening approaches to environmental biota samples.

Le dispositif « SELI » est mis en place depuis 2016 pour acquérir des données sur les effets biologiques intégrateurs de la contamination chimique chez des organismes marins (poissons et bivalves) et ainsi renseigner le critère 2 du descripteur 8 de la DCSMM (Le niveau de concentration des contaminants ne provoque pas d’effets dus à la pollution). Le présent rapport concerne le volet SELIseine. Des poissons plats (194 soles, flets et limandes) ont été prélevés en septembre 2018 sur le N/O Antéa, et des moules ont été prélevées en février 2019 sur 6 stations dans le cadre du suivi ROCCH MV suivant le protocole de la convention OSPAR (2012). Les biomarqueurs suivis chez ces organismes couvrent plusieurs types d’effets toxiques (reprotoxicité, génotoxicité, neurotoxicité) et incluent des mesures de la santé générale de l'organisme (pathologies, indices somatiques (e.g. RGS, RHS), stabilité de la membrane lysosomale). Les contaminants listés dans les Arrêtés du 17 décembre 2012 relatif à la définition du bon état écologique des eaux marines et du 28 avril 2015 relatif aux critères et méthodes pour l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre du programme de surveillance du plan d'action pour le milieu marin sont suivis. Ils concernent des éléments traces métalliques et des contaminants organiques hydrophobes (historiques et émergents) susceptibles de s’accumuler dans les organismes et/ou de s’amplifier dans les réseaux trophiques. L’ensemble de ces analyses permet de répondre aux questions : 1) Quelles sont les réponses biologiques observées chez les organismes marins (poissons plats, bivalves) ? 2) Quel est le niveau d’imprégnation des organismes marins (poissons plats, bivalves) à la contamination chimique ? et 3) Les réponses biologiques observées peuvent-elles être associées à l’exposition à un stress chimique dans des zones de pressions anthropiques variées ? De plus, les analyses de biomarqueurs et contaminants chez les soles, flets et limandes prélevés lors de la même campa

Telomeres protect the coding sequence of chromosome ends and Telomere Length (TL) has been proposed as a biomarker of cellular aging, cumulative stress exposure and life-span in humans. With the aim to propose new biomarkers, a q-PCR protocol was adapted for the measurement of TL in the European flounder Platichthys flesus. The protocol was then applied in 2-year-old flounders from the Seine Estuary. The absolute TL in the flounder is 54 ± 13 kbp per genome (mean ± standard error). Considering relative or absolute TL, no correlation was observed with DNA damage and any of the measured contaminant concentrations (trace elements, metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls, organochlorinated pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluoroalkyl substances). Because sampling was limited, further investigations are required to state a possible impact of chemical pollution on flatfish telomeres. This is motivated by correlations observed with organochlorinated compounds when decreasing statistical significance (p ≤ 0.10).

Dans le cadre du Réseau de Surveillance Prospective, un volet littoral est décliné en 2019, avec l’objectif de proposer un dispositif de recherche des substances d’intérêt émergent (contaminants of emerging concern - CEC) en milieu marin qui permettre in fine d’alimenter la liste des substances pertinentes candidates aux PSEE (Polluants Spécifiques de l’Etat Ecologique). Cela se traduit par l’élaboration en 2019 d’une stratégie d’acquisition de données (substances, matrices, points d’échantillonnage, fréquence et période) et sa déclinaison opérationnelle pour une acquisition de données en 2020-2022. Le principe est d’assurer la pérennité et l’évolutivité de ce dispositif. L’élaboration de cette stratégie s’appuie sur les travaux engagés depuis plus de 10 années par l’Ifremer sur les échantillonneurs passifs en lien avec l’AFB et Aquaref et sur l’expertise et la mise en œuvre de la surveillance environnementale opérées via le ROCCH et le projet de recherche Veille-POP.