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Introduction: The presence of ureteral stones can cause pain, infections of urinary tract and hydronephrosis, resulting in the loss of renal function. For two decades, Ureteroscopy and laser stone fragmentation (URSL) attained a big rise and is the first line management for large ureteric stones and renal stones up to 2 cm. The present study was conducted to assess the success rate of ureteroscopic lithotripsy in treatment of ureteric calculus after local administration of aminophylline. Materials and methods: 100 patients having ureteric calculi <20 mm in size, aged 20–60 years were included in the study and randomly divided into Group A (n = 50) with administration of local aminophylline and Group B (n = 50) with administration of saline infusion. Ureteroscopy was performed after 5 min of administration of the solution. URSL was done using pneumatic lithoclast and/or laser. Various parameters like duration of procedure, ease of ureteral access, requirement of DJ Stent and need of further operative interventions were compared between case and control groups. The data was collected and then subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS 20.0 version at significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of study subjects having ureteral stones was found to be between 31 and 40 years of age with males being more affected. We observed less mean duration of surgery, higher success rate, easy ureteral access (p -value < 0.05) with aminophylline use than control group. The need of ureteral stent and Auxiliary procedures was significantly higher in the control than in the case group (38%). Conclusion: The use of aminophylline has been found to be highly useful and effective in reducing the need of stents and secondary surgery, decreased pain, and increased success rate. Thus, the use of aminophylline is recommended during URSL procedure for the successful management of ureteral calculi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aminophylline relaxes smooth muscle by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase enzyme and activating protein kinase A, and alleviates inflammation by decreasing the production of leukotrienes. We aimed to assess the effect of intraoperative intravenous (IV) aminophylline on postoperative pain in patients undergoing ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 50 patients who were scheduled for ureteroscopic lithotripsy under general anesthesia. Patients were divided into two equal groups. Group 1 received 4 mg/kg aminophylline diluted in 100 ml saline 0.9% IV over 20 minutes. Group 2 received saline 0.9% with a similar volume and period as the aminophylline group. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score was recorded at arrival to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after surgery. Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) was assessed at PACU arrival, 1 h, 2 h, and 6 h postoperatively. Results: VAS measurements at arrival to the PACU, 1 h, 2 h, and 6 h postoperative were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (p < 0.05). Total pethidine consumption in the first 24 hours postoperatively was significantly lower in group 1 (43.04 ± 14.52 mg) than in group 2 (59.32 ± 18.34 mg); p = 0.002. Aminophylline significantly decreased the incidence of moderate-to-severe CRBD at PACU arrival and 1 h after surgery (p = 0.005 and 0.007, respectively). There was no significant variation between both groups regarding side effects. Conclusions: In patients undergoing ureteroscopic lithotripsy, intraoperative IV aminophylline infusion reduced postoperative pain and opioid consumption. It also decreased the incidence of early moderate-to-severe CRBD without evidence of intraoperative hemodynamic alterations or postoperative side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aminophylline (AMP) is a bronchodilator. The therapeutic and toxic doses are very close. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of AMP is essential in clinical practice. Microgels were synthesized by free radical precipitation polymerization. Silver@poly(N -isopropyl acrylamide) (Ag@PNIPAM) hybrid microgels were obtained by loading silver (Ag) nanoparticles into the three-dimensional network of the microgels by in situ reduction. The microgel is a three-dimensional reticular structure with tunable pore size, large specific surface area, and good biocompatibility, which can be used as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of target molecules in complex matrices and as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate. We optimized the conditions affecting SERS enhancement, such as silver nitrate (AgNO3) concentration and SPE time, according to the SERS strategy of Ag@PNIPAM hybrid microgels to achieve label-free TDM for trace AMP in human serum. The results showed good linearity between the logarithmic concentration of AMP and its SERS intensity in the range of 1–1.1 × 102 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.9947 and a low detection limit of 0.61 µg/mL. The assay accuracy was demonstrated by spiking experiments, with recoveries ranging from 93.0 to 101.8%. The method is rapid, sensitive, reproducible, requires simple sample pretreatment, and has good potential for use in clinical treatment drug monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary calcified lesions are commonly encountered and coronary atherectomy is commonly used for lesion modification during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). The release of adenosine during atherectomy can result in bradyarrhythmias and aminophylline is commonly used to prevent this reaction. We identified 138 patients to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) aminophylline administration prior to coronary atherectomy. A total of 159 calcified lesions were treated, and the atherectomy device was orbital atherectomy, rotational atherectomy, and both in 52 %, 42 %, and 6 %; respectively. After administration of aminophylline, 4.3 % of patients required intraprocedural insertion of a transvenous pacer (TVP), and 18.1 % of patients required administration of IV atropine. Technical success was achieved in 98.6 % of patients, and no adverse reactions to aminophylline were reported. All patients survived to discharge. In conclusion, aminophylline administration prior to coronary atherectomy was safe and effective. No adverse effects of aminophylline were seen, and the rate of bailout TVP placement was low.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit. One key management modality of AKI is the use of diuretics to reduce fluid overload. Aminophylline, a drug that is well known for its use in the treatment of bronchial asthma, is also purported to have diuretic effects on the kidneys. This retrospective cohort study assesses the effect of aminophylline in critically ill children with AKI. Methods: A retrospective chart review of children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit of the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCWMCH) with AKI who received aminophylline (from 2012 to June 2018) was carried out. Data captured and analyzed included demographics, underlying disease conditions, medications, urine output, fluid balance, and kidney function. Results: Data from thirty-four children were analyzed. Urine output increased from a median of 0.4 mls/kg/hr [IQR: 0.1, 1.1] at six hours prior to aminophylline administration to 0.6 mls/kg/hr [IQR: 0.2, 1.9] at six hours and 1.6 mls/kg/hr [IQR:0.2, 4.2] at twenty-four hours post aminophylline therapy. The median urine output significantly varied across the age groups over the 24-h time period post-aminophylline, with the most response in the neonates. There was no significant change in serum creatinine levels six hours post-aminophylline administration [109(IQR: 77, 227)—125.5(IQR: 82, 200) micromole/l] P-value = 0.135. However, there were significant age-related changes in creatinine levels at six hours post-aminophylline therapy. Conclusions: Aminophylline increases urine output in critically ill children with AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease which is also one of the major health problems in the world. Uncontrolled asthma symptoms will exacerbate asthma, which is the biggest cause of the patient into the ER. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator that belonged to the short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA), which is an obligatory choice in the management of asthma exacerbations. Unlike the aminophylline group in Indonesia which is still often used widely and rarely appear in the side effects of its use. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nebulized salbutamol versus intravenous aminophylline for reduction in asthma symptoms, improvement in lung function, and a long hospital stay. The study involved 57 adults asthma exacerbation patients without complication who received treatment in the ER, were studied by using quasi-experimental methods in this study cost-effectiveness analysis to compare intravenous aminophylline (n:27) versus nebulized salbutamol (n:30) therapy to determine the most cost-effective. Intravenous aminophylline therapy was more cost-effective than nebulized salbutamol in reducing the symptoms of asthma and PEF value improvement. Clinical outcome of the length of hospital stay outcome both had the same effective, and cost analysis results showed intravenous aminophylline (US$5.38) cheaper than nebulized salbutamol (US$5.71). intravenous aminophylline was more effective in reducing asthma symptoms than nebulized salbutamol (Pvalue=0.001). Meanwhile, the average decrease in lung function intravenous aminophylline than nebulized salbutamol, although not significantly different (Pvalue=0.507). Aminophylline therapy was more cost-effective in reducing asthma symptoms and improvement in lung function compared nebulized salbutamol in exacerbations asthma patients. But cost-effectiveness researchers need to measure substance abuse outcomes in terms of Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALY), as this will make their findings more relevant to the development of treatment policy.

Penggunaan ventilasi mekanik dapat mengakibatkan kelemahan diafragma yang didiagnosis sebagai ventilator induced diaphragmatic injury (VIDD) yang dapat terjadi mulai 72 jam pascapenggunaan ventilator mekanik. Aminofilin, derivat teofilin diketahui dapat meningkatkan rangsangan nervus phrenicus dan kontraktilitas diafragma pada kasus kelemahan diafragma akibat penggunaan ventilator mekanik. Laporan kasus ini membahas pemberian terapi aminofilin pada pasien dengan kesulitan penyapihan ventilator mekanik pascaevanterasio diafragma, dengan komorbiditas ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) selama rawatan. Aminofilin diberikan dengan dosis 6 mg/kgBB selama lima hari. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan menilai tidal volume, pressure support, dan keberhasilan spontaneous breathing trial. Pada pasien didapatkanpeningkatan tidal volume dengan penurunan kebutuhan pressure support (PS) signifikan pada hari pertama dan kedua pemberian terapi. Penurunan PS dari 12 menjadi 9 mmHg pada hari pertama, dan 6 mmHg pada hari kedua. Pasien dapat dilakukan spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) pada hari ketiga, dan penyapihan ventilator mekanik berhasil dilakukan. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa pemberian aminofilin bermanfaat dalam membantu penyapihan ventilator mekanik pada pasien dengan kesulitan penyapihan.

Objective: A method for the determination of aminophylline residues in edible tissues （muscle, liver and kidney） of pigs by solid-phase extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was established. Methods: After extracted by methanol, the aminophylline was purified by PRiME HLB solid phase extraction column in one step, and then separated by a C18 chromatographic column. 0.1% formic acid solution and acetonitrile were invoked as the aqueous phase and the organic phase for gradient elution, respectively. Electrospray positive voltage ionization and multi reaction monitoring （MRM） mode are used for compound detection, and matrix matching standard was used for quantification. Results: The analysis of aminophylline drugs was completed within 3.5 minutes, and the results showed good linear relationship （R＞0.998 0） on different matrices in the concentration range of 0.05~1.0 μg/mL. The average recoveries ranged from 87.2% to 101.3%, and the relative standard deviations ranged from 0.7% to 6.2% （n=6）. The detection limit was 2 μg/kg and the quantification limit was 5 μg/kg. Conclusion: The method which is simple and efficient, has good repeatability and high sensitivity. It is suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of aminophylline drug residues in edible tissues of pigs.

To investigate the effects of low-dose furosemide and aminophylline on the renal function in patients with septic shock. A total of 109 eligible septic shock patients in the intensive care unit were randomly divided into a control group (n = 55) and an intervention group (n = 54). The control group received normal saline, and the intervention group received low-dose furosemide (0.048 mg/kg.h−1) with aminophylline (0.3 mg/kg.h−1). The primary outcomes included the levels of serum creatinine (Scr), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urine output on admission and on days 3, 7 and 14. The secondary outcomes were the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) time and intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, hospital mortality and 28-day mortality. There were no significant differences in the levels of Scr, Ccr, BUN, or GFR between the two groups, while the urine output was higher in the intervention group on days 3, 7, and 14. Compared with the control group, the SOFA scores, ICU mortality, hospital mortality and 28-day mortality were significantly lower in the intervention group on days 3, 7, and 14, the CRRT time was shorter, and the cumulative fluid balance was lower on days 3 and 7 in the intervention group. Although low-dose furosemide and aminophylline have fewer protective effects on the renal function in septic shock patients, they could reduce the CRRT time and improve the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A new selective molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized for the electrochemical sensing of aminophylline (AMI). The MIP was fabricated via the co-polymerization of different monomers (acrylamide and methacrylic acid) around the template (AMI) in the presence of a cross-linker (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and an initiator (potassium persulfate). The prepared polymers were characterized by CHN elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. For electrochemical applications, a voltammetric sensor was constructed by dropping MIP on the glassy carbon electrode surface after modification with the graphene oxide. Electrochemical determinations were achieved using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which indicated a wide range (3.7 × 10-11-1 × 10-3 M) of AMI and a low detection limit (2.1 × 10-12 M). Alternatively, MIP was immobilized on a plasticized PVC membrane and deposited as one layer on the GCE to fabricate the potentiometric sensor. In the same context, a potentiometric sensor was constructed and exhibited a linear calibration curve in the concentration range of 2.6 × 10-9 M to 3.1 × 10-3 M, with a detection limit of 1.5 × 10-10 M. Additionally, the developed methods displayed great selectivity for AMI compared to other competing molecules, high repeatability, and stability. In addition, the proposed methods were successfully applied for AMI detection in pharmaceutical drugs with recovery values (98.2-99.6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Renal microlithiasis includes renal hyperechogenic deposits in the calyces, pelvis, or ureter with a diameter of less than 2-3 mm by ultrasound. Currently, there is no information about the outcome and possible complications of renal calcification in premature infants in Iran. The current study aimed to evaluate its outcome in preterm infants.Methods: A total of 50 preterm infants with microlithiasis and nephrocalcinosis enrolled in study. The follow-up ultrasound was evaluated 2, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis. Following the diagnosis, infants were assessed for nephrocalcinosis progression. The group was termed unrecovered if the issue persisted during follow-up, and it was considered recovered if it disappeared on follow-up ultrasound. The neonatal data included gestation age, birth weight, length of hospital stay, age at diagnosis of microlithiasis, and used medications.Results: A total of 50 premature infants with microlithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, including 14 females (28%) and 36 males (72%), were born with an average gestation week of 30.78 ± 2.78. The mean age of diagnosis was 2.60 ± 1.11 months. The average hospital stays at the neonatal intensive care unit) NICU (and neonatal ward were 27.38 ± 16.06 and 10.50 ± 9.57 days, respectively. At the end of the 12-month study period, renal calcification recovered in 40 (80%) patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients with sustained and recovered microlithiasis in terms of gender, age of onset of renal calcification, gestational age, mean hospital stay in NICU and neonatal ward, use of antibiotics, potassium citrate, and hydrochlorothiazide. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all statistical analyses.Conclusion: The obtained results of the study reveal that a high percentage of premature infants with nephrocalcinosis recovered at the end of the 12-month period, indicating this phenomenon is benign. Keywords: Aminophylline, Kidney function, Microlithiasis, Nephrocalcinosis, Premature infants

Background Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is one of the most common complications in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of aminophylline and theophylline on PDPH. Methods Relevant studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases, without language restriction, until June 2020: Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library-CENTRAL, and CINAHL Complete. Random effects models were used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of aminophylline and theophylline on PDPH, respectively. The Cochrane tool was used for the quality assessment of the included studies. The certainty of the evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method. Results Of the 1,349 initial records, 15 met our eligibility criteria (6 studies on therapeutic and 9 on prophylactic effects). A significant reduction in the pain score was observed following aminophylline/theophylline treatment (SMD = –1.67; 95% CI, –2.28 to –1.05; P < 0.001, I2 = 84.7%; P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the therapeutic effect was significantly higher when these agents were compared to placebo than when conventional therapies were used. The risk of PDPH after aminophylline administration was not significantly reduced (RR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.31; P = 0.290). Conclusions Theophylline and aminophylline have therapeutic, but not prophylactic, effects on PDPH.

AbstractBackground To investigate the effects of low-dose furosemide and aminophylline on the renal function in patients with septic shock.Methods and Results A total of 109 eligible septic shock patients in the intensive care unit were randomly divided into a control group (n = 55) and an intervention group (n = 54). The control group received normal saline, and the intervention group received low-dose furosemide (0.048 mg/kg.h−1) with aminophylline (0.3 mg/kg.h−1). The primary outcomes included the levels of serum creatinine (Scr), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urine output on admission and on days 3, 7 and 14. The secondary outcomes were the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) time and intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, hospital mortality and 28-day mortality. There were no significant differences in the levels of Scr, Ccr, BUN, or GFR between the two groups, while the urine output was higher in the intervention group on days 3, 7, and 14. Compared with the control group, the SOFA scores, ICU mortality, hospital mortality and 28-day mortality were significantly lower in the intervention group on days 3, 7, and 14, the CRRT time was shorter, and the cumulative fluid balance was lower on days 3 and 7 in the intervention group.Conclusions Although low-dose furosemide and aminophylline have fewer protective effects on the renal function in septic shock patients, they could reduce the CRRT time and improve the prognosis.

Background and Aims: The return of consciousness (ROC) after general anesthesia (GA) is by stopping the administration of anesthetic agents. At present, no drug is given to reverse the loss of consciousness produced by general anesthetic agents. This study is conducted to find whether caffeine and aminophylline hasten the ROC. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 75 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II female patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy, aged between 18 and 60 years. The patients were divided into three equal groups (Group C: caffeine citrate, Group A: aminophylline, and Group S: saline) of 25 each by a computer-generated random number table. GA was induced with propofol, fentanyl, and maintained with propofol infusion. On completion of the surgery, the neuromuscular blocking agent was reversed and then the infusion of propofol was stopped. The study drug was administered intravenously when the BIS 60 was achieved. Time to achieve BIS 90, return of first gag reflex, eye-opening on verbal command, and extubation after study drug administration were noted. Hemodynamic parameters and SpO2 were also monitored. Results: The time for BIS 60 to 90 was 10 (4.25) min in the caffeine group, 13 (4.25) min in the aminophylline group, and 26 (9.0) min in the saline group. The time to return of gag reflex and time to extubation were shorter in the caffeine and aminophylline group compared to the saline group. The time to eye-opening on verbal command was shorter in the aminophylline group compared to the saline group. Hemodynamic parameters after infusion of the study drug were comparable in all three groups. Conclusion: Caffeine hastens the recovery from total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl in laparoscopic hysterectomy as effectively as aminophylline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Renal microlithiasis includes renal hyperechogenic deposits in the calyces, pelvis, or ureter with a diameter of less than 2-3 mm by ultrasound. Currently, there is no information about the outcome and possible complications of renal calcification in premature infants in Iran. The current study aimed to evaluate its outcome in preterm infants. Methods: A total of 50 preterm infants with microlithiasis and nephrocalcinosis enrolled in study. The follow-up ultrasound was evaluated 2, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis. Following the diagnosis, infants were assessed for nephrocalcinosis progression. The group was termed unrecovered if the issue persisted during follow-up, and it was considered recovered if it disappeared on follow-up ultrasound. The neonatal data included gestation age, birth weight, length of hospital stay, age at diagnosis of microlithiasis, and used medications. Results: A total of 50 premature infants with microlithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, including 14 females (28%) and 36 males (72%), were born with an average gestation week of 30.78 ± 2.78. The mean age of diagnosis was 2.60 ± 1.11 months. The average hospital stays at the neonatal intensive care unit )NICU( and neonatal ward were 27.38 ± 16.06 and 10.50 ± 9.57 days, respectively. At the end of the 12-month study period, renal calcification recovered in 40 (80%) patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients with sustained and recovered microlithiasis in terms of gender, age of onset of renal calcification, gestational age, mean hospital stay in NICU and neonatal ward, use of antibiotics, potassium citrate, and hydrochlorothiazide . A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all statistical analyses. Conclusion: The obtained results of the study reveal that a high percentage of premature infants with nephrocalcinosis recovered at the end of the 12-month period, indicating this phenomenon is benign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common complication of critical illness characterized by lung inflammation, epithelial and endothelial dysfunction, alveolar-capillary leakage, and worsening respiratory failure. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor aminophylline. New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: animals with respiratory failure defined as PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F) below

Background and Aims: The return of consciousness (ROC) after general anesthesia (GA) is by stopping the administration of anesthetic agents. At present, no drug is given to reverse the loss of consciousness produced by general anesthetic agents. This study is conducted to find whether caffeine and aminophylline hasten the ROC. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 75 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II female patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy, aged between 18 and 60 years. The patients were divided into three equal groups (Group C: caffeine citrate, Group A: aminophylline, and Group S: saline) of 25 each by a computer-generated random number table. GA was induced with propofol, fentanyl, and maintained with propofol infusion. On completion of the surgery, the neuromuscular blocking agent was reversed and then the infusion of propofol was stopped. The study drug was administered intravenously when the BIS 60 was achieved. Time to achieve BIS 90, return of first gag reflex, eye-opening on verbal command, and extubation after study drug administration were noted. Hemodynamic parameters and SpO2 were also monitored. Results: The time for BIS 60 to 90 was 10 (4.25) min in the caffeine group, 13 (4.25) min in the aminophylline group, and 26 (9.0) min in the saline group. The time to return of gag reflex and time to extubation were shorter in the caffeine and aminophylline group compared to the saline group. The time to eye-opening on verbal command was shorter in the aminophylline group compared to the saline group. Hemodynamic parameters after infusion of the study drug were comparable in all three groups. Conclusion: Caffeine hastens the recovery from total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl in laparoscopic hysterectomy as effectively as aminophylline.

Background and Aims: In anesthesia practice, aminophylline is clinically used to treat bronchospasm. However, due to its antagonistic effect on adenosine, studies have recently focused on the drug's ability to enhance the recovery profile. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the administration of aminophylline leads to better recovery after general anesthesia in hysterectomy. Methods: This randomized controlled double‐blinded study, was conducted at Alzahra academic hospital in Guilan, Iran. During December 2022 to March 2023, 70 eligible women scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy were divided into two groups. Group A: received 3 mg/kg IV aminophylline diluted in 100 mL of normal saline and Group C: received 100 mL IV normal saline. The time to recovery of consciousness, tracheal extubation and discharge from post anesthesia care unit were recorded. In addition, heart rate, and mean arterial blood pressure were measured at 10 point times including; baseline (T0), immediately before the administration of aminophylline (T1), every 5 min until the end of the surgery(T2,T3,T4,T5,T6), and every 15 min in PACU(T7,T8,T9). Results: There was no significant difference in terms of demographic data between the study groups. Comparing the two groups, the time of ROC was shorter in Group A than group C; 5.95 ± 1.12 and 8.5 ± 1.77 for Groups A and C, respectively (p < 0.001). The extubation time was shorter in Group A than group C; 7.79 ± 1.48 and 10.55 ± 3.02, for Groups A and C, respectively (p < 0.001). In addition, the discharge time was also shorter in group A than Group C; 30.17 ± 5.24 and 37.57 ± 4.41 for Groups A and C, respectively (p < 0.001). Not serious side effects were reported among 71.4% of cases in Group A and 51.4% in Group C (p = 0.086). Conclusion: Administration of aminophylline at a dose of 3 mg/kg IV improves the recovery profile after abdominal hysterectomy without serious adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is one of the most common complications in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of aminophylline and theophylline on PDPH. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases, without language restriction, until June 2020: Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library-CENTRAL, and CINAHL Complete. Random effects models were used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of aminophylline and theophylline on PDPH, respectively. The Cochrane tool was used for the quality assessment of the included studies. The certainty of the evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method. Results: Of the 1,349 initial records, 15 met our eligibility criteria (6 studies on therapeutic and 9 on prophylactic effects). A significant reduction in the pain score was observed following aminophylline/theophylline treatment (SMD = –1.67; 95% CI, –2.28 to –1.05; P < 0.001, I2 = 84.7%; P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the therapeutic effect was significantly higher when these agents were compared to placebo than when conventional therapies were used. The risk of PDPH after aminophylline administration was not significantly reduced (RR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.31; P = 0.290). Conclusions: Theophylline and aminophylline have therapeutic, but not prophylactic, effects on PDPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apnea may occur during propofol sedation for endoscopy, which can be harmful to the patient and disruptive to the procedure. Objective: To test the hypothesis that a small dose of aminophylline before propofol sedation may result in a lower incidence of apnea, as well as faster emergence from sedation. Patients and Methods: The researchers conducted a single-center, prospective randomized controlled study on 76 adult ASA I or II patients with age ranged from 20 to 65 years old. They were admitted for upper gastrointestinal or colonoscopic endoscopies. All patients were sedated with 25µg fentanyl, 1mg/kg propofol bolus over 30 seconds, then propofol boluses (0.5 mg/kg) according to need. Patients were divided into two groups: Control group [Group C (n=38)], and a study group [Group Am (n=38)] who received 0.5 mg/kg aminophylline preoperatively. Apneas were counted during each procedure, and emergence from sedation was assessed with modified Aldrete score. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the overall incidence of apneas with aminophylline premedication (P = 0.025), as well as a reduction in the number of apneas per bolus of propofol (P = 0.006). However, there was no statistically significant difference regarding the average time to modified Aldrete score both when tested after 5 minutes or after 10 minutes after discharge from the endoscopy room. Conclusion: Premedication with a small dose of intravenous aminophylline significantly reduces the incidence of apnea during propofol sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopies, while its effect on emergence from sedation is not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to investigate the mechanism of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) combined with caffeine citrate and aminophylline in the treatment of premature infants with apnea. in present study, sixty premature SD mice were randomly divided into blank control group (n = 20), intermittent hypoxia group (n = 20) and drug administration group (n = 20). Establishment of intermittent hypoxia model: the oxygen concentration in the cabin of mice in intermittent hypoxia group was maintained at 40%, then decreased to 10% and maintained for 3 min. After that, it was continuously increased to 40%, and was decreased to hypoxia after 8 min. The operation was repeated 3 times every 3h. The drug administration group was treated with continuous CPAP during modeling. The expressions of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and prostaglandin (PGE) in lower respiratory tract were detected by the kit; the expressions of protein kinase B (Akt), Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blot. According to our findings after drug treatment, the body weight and respiratory ventilation of mice returned to normal level compared with the intermittent hypoxia group. Compared with the blank control group, after intermittent hypoxia, the contents of MDA, SOD and PGE in the lower respiratory tract of SD mice were significantly lower than those in the normal air group (P<0.05); after the premature mice were treated with drugs, the contents of MDA, SOD and PGE in the lower respiratory tract of SD mice were almost normal compared with those in the intermittent hypoxia group. RT-PCR results showed that compared with the blank control group, the expression of VEGF gene in the lower respiratory tract of SD mice increased after intermittent hypoxia (P<0.05). WB results showed that compared with the blank control group, the expressions of Akt and Bax protein in the lower respiratory tract of SD mice in intermittent hypoxia group were increased. The expression of Bcl-2 was decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). for conclusion, CPAP combined with caffeine citrate and aminophylline could improve the expressions of Akt, Bax and bcl-2 protein to treat premature infants with apnea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common complication of critical illness characterized by lung inflammation, epithelial and endothelial dysfunction, alveolar-capillary leakage, and worsening respiratory failure. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor aminophylline. New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: animals with respiratory failure defined as PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F) below < 26.7 kPa, and induced by saline lung lavage (ARDS), animals with ARDS treated with intravenous aminophylline (1 mg/kg; ARDS/AMINO), and healthy ventilated controls (Control). All animals were oxygen ventilated for an additional 4 h and respiratory parameters were recorded regularly. Post mortem, the lung tissue was evaluated for oedema formation, markers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor, TNFα, interleukin (IL)-1β, -6, -8, -10, -13, -18), markers of epithelial damage (receptor for advanced glycation end products, RAGE) and endothelial injury (sphingosine 1-phosphate, S1P), oxidative damage (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS, 3-nitrotyrosine, 3NT, total antioxidant capacity, TAC). Aminophylline therapy decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, markers of epithelial and endothelial injury, oxidative modifications in lung tissue, reduced lung oedema, and improved lung function parameters compared to untreated ARDS animals. In conclusion, non-selective PDE inhibitor aminophylline showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity suggesting a potential of this drug to be a valuable component of ARDS therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Some studies have reported that the topical forms with aminophylline as the active ingredient appear to be relatively effective on local fat burning while having no/minimal side effects. This systematic review accumulates all of the data on the local fat-burning potency of aminophylline topical formulation. Methods: Documents were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases until Aug 2022. Data were extracted from clinical trials reporting the reduction in thigh or waist circumference as a result of using topical forms containing aminophylline. Screening of included studies was performed independently by two authors and the quality assessment of included studies was performed based on the Cochrane Collaboration's approach. Results: Of the 802 initial studies, 5 studies were included in the systematic review. Several concentrations of aminophylline were used in different studies. Most studies administred the topical formulation on participants' one thigh, and the other thigh was considered to be the control for comparing the fat reduction amount. Except for one study, all other studies reported that all participants lost more fat on the treated area than the control groups. The amount of fat reduction differed in studies regarding their different aminophylline concentrations and administration routines. In the case of side effects, except for some studies reporting skin rashes, other studies reported no significant side effects at all. Conclusions: Aminophylline topical formulation offers a safe, effective, and much less invasive alternative to cosmetic surgery for localized fat reduction. It seems that the 0.5% concentration, administered five times a week for five weeks is the most potent concentration. However, more high-quality clinical trials are needed to verify this conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Apnea is defined as cessation of breathing for longer than 20 sec, or for shorter duration in presence of bradycardia or change in skin colour (pallor or cyanosis) in a neonate having gestational age <37 weeks is a consequence of physiological immaturity of centres that control breathing .Significant bradycardia has been defined as heart rate <80 bpm and significant desaturation defined as oxygen saturation <80-85%. Aims: To study the efficacy of caffeine versus Aminophylline in management of Apnoea of Prematurity. Materials and Methods:The present study was a Randomised Control study. This Study was conducted from February 2018 to July 2019 at Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) U.P.U.M.S., Saifai, Etawah. Total 230 patients were included in this study. Result: Caffeine was more effective in preventing Apneic episodes over 4-7 days as compared to aminophylline (p-value 0.013), but both the groups had almost equal effectivity in preventing apneic episodes over 8-14 days(p-value0.8). Also Mean Apnea Rate was less in Caffeine group than Aminophylline group (p-value-0.013) but Isolated desaturations over 8-14 days were comparable in both groups (p-value-0.8) which showed both had almost similar efficacy in treating Apnea of prematurity. Conclusion: we concluded that caffeine is more effective than aminophylline in reducing apneas in neonates with apnea of prematurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of aminophylline and hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of elderly patients with respiratory failure and their effects on pulmonary function. Methods: Used a retrospective study method, from August 2016 to May 2021,84 caes of elderly patients with respiratory failure who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital were selected as the research objects,and the patients were equally divided into the control group and the combination group by random 1:1 digital table method. Both groups were treated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation, the control group were treated with nebulized aminophylline, and the combination group were treated with hyperbaric oxygen on the basis of the treatment of the control group. Both groups were treated for 14 days. Results:After treatment, the PaO2values of the two groups were significantly increased, and the PaCO2values were decreased, and there were difference compared between the two groups( P＜0.05). The total effective rates after treatment in the combination group were 97.6 %, which were significantly higher than 83.3 % in the control group( P＜0.05). After treatment, the FEV1/FVC values of the combination group and the control group were significantly higher than those before treatment( P＜0.05), and the combination group were higher than that before treatment, and were higher than the control group( P＜0.05). After treatment, the serum interleukin( IL）-6 and IL-10 levels in the combination group and the control group were showed significant downward trend, and the combination group were lower than the control group( P＜0.05). Conclusion: Aminophylline combined with hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of elderly respiratory failure can inhibit the expression of IL-6 and IL-10, improve the body’s blood gas status and lung function, improve the overall treatment effect, and reduce the incidence of complications, which is worthy of clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diuretic effect of the combined furosemide and aminophylline/theophylline among pediatric patients remains unclear. The primary aim of this systematic review was to examine the clinical diuretic effects (urine output and fluid balance) of co-administration of furosemide and aminophylline/theophylline as compared to furosemide alone in pediatric population. Ovid MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and EMBASE were searched from its inception until March 2022 for observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the administration of furosemide versus furosemide and aminophylline/theophylline in pediatric population. Case reports, case series, commentaries, letters to editors, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were excluded. Five articles with a total sample population of 187 patients were included in this systematic review. As compared to the furosemide alone, our pooled data demonstrated that co-administration of furosemide and aminophylline/theophylline was associated with higher urine output (mean difference: 2.91 [90% CI 1.54 to 4.27], p < 0.0001, I2 = 90%) and a more negative fluid balance (mean difference − 28.27 [95% CI: − 46.21 to − 10.33], p = 0.002, I2 = 56%) than those who received furosemide alone. Conclusion: This is the first paper summarizing the evidence of combined use of furosemide with aminophylline/theophylline in pediatric population. Our systematic review demonstrated that the co-administration of furosemide and aminophylline/theophylline could potentially yield better diuretic effects of urine output and negative fluid balance than furosemide alone in pediatric patients with fluid overload. Given the substantial degree of heterogeneity and low level of evidence, future adequately powered trials are warranted to provide evidence regarding the combined use of aminophylline/theophylline and furosemide as diuretic in the pediatric population. What is Known: • Fluid overload is associated with poor prognosis for children in the intensive care unit. • The ineffective result of furosemide alone, even at high dose, as diuretic agent for children with diuretic resistant fluid overload in the intensive care unit. What is New: • This is the first systematic review that compares furosemide alone and co-administration of furosemide and aminophylline/theophylline. • This paper showed potential benefit of co-administration of furosemide and aminophylline/theophylline promoting urine output and negative fluid balance compared to furosemide alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]