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The purpose of this study was to examine the organoleptic, homogeneity and antibacterial properties of transparent soap. The treatment used is; F1 (3% teak leaf extract), F2 (6% teak leaf extract), F3 (9% teak leaf extract), and F4 (12% teak leaf extract). The implementation of the research begins with product optimization in advance of the proportion of the use of raw material components. The results of the homogeneity test experiment showed that all formulas were homogeneous and in accordance with SNI standards, then the results of the water content obtained from each preparation proved to meet the requirements set by SNI ( Indonesian National Standard). The results of the pH measurements showed that at pH F0 it remained at 8. The results for measuring pH F1 showed results with a pH of 8. Meanwhile, pH F2 had a pH of 8. The last measurement for pH at pH F3 showed the same pH results as the other formula, namely at pH 8. So that F0, F1, F2, and F3 have the same pH, namely pH 8, where pH 8 is the pH of the positive control, namely soap on the market. Staphylococcus aureus with a concentration of 3% by 13 mm, 6% by 15 mm, 9% by 17 mm, 12% by 20 mm. The greater the concentration of teak leaf extract in transparent solid coir, the greater the inhibition of bacterial growth.

Based on people's unhealthy lifestyle habits and from data on the five biggest diseases for the period July – September 2022 which shows that diabetes mellitus occupies the second level of the five biggest diseases in Batu Bara Hospital, and drug information services are very necessary because there are many patients who still do not understand what to do about drugs, this is done to minimize abuse and interactions between drugs that are not wanted by patients. To find out how drug information services are for DM patients at the Batu Bara Hospital pharmacy installation on an outpatient basis, and to identify the completeness of the information provided by pharmaceutical staff to patients at the Framing Installation at the Batu Bara General Hospital, and also to find out the problems found in technical drug information services provided to patients at the Batu Bara Regional Hospital Pharmacy Installation. This type of research is an observational study. The design of this study is qualitative by making direct observations or observations, interviews and documentation. Drug information services for diabetes mellitus patients in outpatient care at the Batu Bara Hospital pharmacy installation were in the very good category with a result of 96%. Drug information services performed by eight pharmacists consisting of six pharmacists and two pharmacy technicians for outpatient diabetes mellitus patients at the Batu Bara Hospital pharmaceutical installation have met the standards in the very good category with a yield of 96%.

This study aims to determine the characterization of red algae simplicia and the amount of yield obtained from the manufacture of red algae ethanol extract using the soxhletation method. Red algae were taken from Banggai Islands Regency, South Sulawesi and processed into dry simplicia and characterized by macroscopic examination, determination of water content, content of water soluble extract and ethanol, total ash content and acid insoluble ash content. Simplicia was extracted using 96% ethanol solvent by soxhletation method and calculated the amount of yield obtained. Macroscopic observation of red algae simplicia obtained a brown coarse powder accompanied by a distinctive taste and odor. Determination of the water content of simplicia obtained 7.21%, water soluble extract content 31.54%, ethanol soluble extract content 17.27%, total ash content 33, 96% and 11.42% acid insoluble ash content. The ethanolic extract of red algae using the soxhletation method was obtained as much as 68.92 grams with a total extract yield of 13.78%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the simplicia characterization of red algae meets the requirements and has a large extract yield.

Blush on atau pewarna pipi adalah salah satu sediaan kosmetik yang digunakan untuk mewarnai pipi dengan sentuhan artistik sehingga dapat meningkatkan estetika dalam tata rias wajah. Pewarna pipi dapat digunakan langsung dengan melekatkan pada kulit pipi. Tujuan : penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kestabilan formulasi dan untuk mengetahui adanya reaksi iritasi pada pembuatan sediaan pewarna pipi compact powder dengan menggunakan ekstrak daun sambang darah. Metode : Ekstrak diperoleh dengan cara maserasi menggunakan etanol 96% untuk ekstrak daun sambang darah (Excoecaria cochinchinensis) dengan konsentrasi 10%, 15%, 20%.

Pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) is waste form the pineapple fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of pineapple peel extract and to antibacterial activity in various concentrations effective in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli is a bacterium that generally lives in the large intestine of humans can become a pathogen when it reaches tissues outside the digestive tract which can cause diarrheal disease. The pineapple peel extract is made by using the ectraction method in the form of meceration. The method used in the inhibitory test using the two replication sampels in each treatment groups. The samples consisted of 6 treatment groups is pineapple peel extract concentration 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 75mg/ml, and 100mg/ml, as well as positive and negative control. The results obtained from pineapple screening contain alkaloi, flavonoid, tanin, and saponin compounds. The data analysis showsthat pineanepple peel extract concentrations of 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 75mg/ml, and 100mg/ml had inhibitory sones with the medium-strong category while ciproloxacin as the control has a strong inhibition zone. The conclusion that while the extract concentration increases, the diameter of the inhibition zone increases.

One of the Indonesia plant has the potential to produce a natural antioxidannt is nangka leaf containing flavonoids,saponins, tannins.objectives: tomake preparations creamy nangka leaf extract mask. Method the study was conducted experimentally,the sampelwas extracted by maceration for 3x24 hours using 96% ethanol. The results of the viscous extract is obtained as the active substances with concentrations 5% and 10%. Test preparations test organoleptis, include an examination of its homogeneity, ph preparations and skin moisture. Homogeneity test showed that the mask cream preparations produced were homogeneous, pH range 6-7 and the humidity test with a concentration of 5% obtained an average value and could moisturize the skin and a concentration of 10% obtained an average value of 59.46% could moisturize the skin. Jackfruit leaf extract can be formulated in cream mask preparations and cream jackfruit leaf mask extract preparations can moisturize the skin.

Background: Infection is one of the top ten diseases in Indonesia, so that antibiotic therapy is quite high. The increasing use of antibiotics may lead to an increase in the use of irrational antibiotics. Drug Related Problems (DRPs) are events that are not expected from the patient's experience or are suspected to be due to drug therapy so that they have the potential to interfere with the desired healing success. Objective: This study aims to determine the number of occurrences of DRPs which include dosage inaccuracy, namely under and over dose, indication without drug, drug without indication, potential interactions and inaccuracy of drug selection in inpatient pneumonia treatment for children at the Deli Serdang Regional public hospital. In 2019 Method: This study is retrospective in which data is obtained through secondary data in the form of patient medical records for the period January-December 2019 with a cross-sectional study design. The data collection technique was in the form of total sampling, obtained 50 samples that fit the inclusion criteria. Results: Drung Related Problems (DRPs) research that occurred in the under-dose category of drugs (4.0%), and excessive drug doses (2.0%) and no DRPs (94.0%). This shows that the role of pharmacists is important in monitoring patient drug therapy to minimize the occurrence of DRPs.

Drift gill net is a rectangular net. Knowledge of the measure of gear selectivity is very important for fisheries management and ecology. Common water fishing activities in South Kalimantan are generally carried out in rivers, swamps, lakes or reservoirs. Fish that are caught (target). This is due to the increasing intensity of fishing using drift gill nets with various mesh sizes, so that research on the selectivity of the nets is needed. Selectivity is the main factor in determining whether or not a fishing gear is good for the sustainability of fish resources. There are 4 types of fish found in Sungai Batang village using gill nets, namely the Cyprinidae family such as 51 Nilem fish (Osteocilus hasselti), Bagridae families such as Lundu (Mystus gulio) as many as 20 individuals and Senggiringan (Mystus nigreceps) as many as 1 tail, in the Nandidae family the fish obtained were 14 Patung fish (Pristolepis grootii), and the Pangasiidae family such as 1 fish (Pangasius macronema) with a total of 88 fish caught, with details on the mesh size 3 cm as many as 43 tails and mesh size 3.5 cm as many as 45 tails, the highest selectivity value at the 30 mm mesh size is 0.999 S (al) at a length distribution of 106-111 mm and the lowest is 0.212 at a length distribution of 124-129 whereas the value of selection of fishing gears drifting at 35 mm mesh size, the highest selection value is 0.999 S (bl) at 124-129 mm and the lowest is 0.076 S (bl) on the pan distribution, which is 100-105 mm.

Aim To determine the changes in the sequence and age of eruption of permanent teeth in 5-15-year-old schoolchildren, correlating their dental and chronological age. Materials and methods A total of 1,477 schoolchildren aged between 5 years and 15 years were examined for the eruption timing, body mass index (BMI), and other oral findings. Dental age was calculated for 10% of the total sample using the Willem's method from their ortho-pento graphs (OPGs) and correlated with their chronological age. Results The maxillary teeth erupted earlier than mandibular teeth. Males were found to mature earlier than females. The sequence of eruption observed was: males (maxilla) 1-6-2-4-3-5-7 and (mandible) 1-6-2-3-4-5-7; females (maxilla) 6-1-2-4-3-5-7 and (mandible) 1-6-2-3-4-5-7. The chronological age and the dental age were found to be different in the age range of 9-10 years female; 10-11 years male; and in 13-14 years both male and female. Also when the dental age was correlated with the BMI, the dental age of obese children in 5-6 years and underweight children in 10-11 years were found to be far ahead of their actual chronological age. Conclusion This study opens an expected door for a large sample size to be tested in various local populations with different ethnicity and race as there can be changing trend in the eruption pattern. Clinical significance Changing trends in the sequence and age of eruption of the permanent teeth definitely need to be looked into. As this change, if firmly established in future, can help pedodontist in better planning of space management, interceptive as well as full-mouth orthodontic treatment which largely depends on this sequence being true in most of the cases. How to cite this article Khan AS, Nagar P, Singh P, et al. Changes in the Sequence of Eruption of Permanent Teeth; Correlation between Chronological and Dental Age and Effects of Body Mass Index of 5-15-year-old Schoolchildren. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(4):368-380.

Purpose COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a result of infection by the deadly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing enormous threats to humans. Coronaviruses are distinguished by a clove-like spike (S) protein, which plays a key role in viral pathogenesis, evolutions, and transmission. The objectives of this study are to investigate the distinctive structural features of SARS-CoV-2 S protein, its essential role in pathogenesis, and its use in the development of potential therapies and vaccines. Methodology A literature review was conducted to summarize, analyze, and interpret the available scientific data related to SARS-CoV-2 S protein in terms of characteristics, vaccines development and potential therapies. Results The data indicate that S protein subunits and their variable conformational states significantly affect the virus pathogenesis, infectivity, and evolutionary mutation. A considerable number of potential natural and synthetic therapies were proposed based on S protein. Additionally, neutralizing antibodies were recently approved for emergency use. Furthermore, several vaccines utilizing the S protein were developed. Conclusion A better understanding of S protein features, structure and mutations facilitate the recognition of the importance of SARS-CoV-2 S protein in viral infection, as well as the development of therapies and vaccines. The efficacy and safety of these therapeutic compounds and vaccines are still controversial. However, they may potentially reduce or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to a significant reduction of the global health burden of this pandemic.