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This study aims to investigate the effect of the port injection of ammonia on performance, knock and NOx emission across a range of engine speeds in a gasoline/ethanol dual-fuel engine. An experimentally validated numerical model of a naturally aspirated spark-ignition (SI) engine was developed in AVL BOOST for the purpose of this investigation. The vibe two zone combustion model, which is widely used for the mathematical modeling of spark-ignition engines is employed for the numerical analysis of the combustion process. A significant reduction of ~50% in NOx emissions was observed across the engine speed range. However, the port injection of ammonia imposed some negative impacts on engine equivalent BSFC, CO and HC emissions, increasing these parameters by 3%, 30% and 21%, respectively, at the 10% ammonia injection ratio. Additionally, the minimum octane number of primary fuel required to prevent knock was reduced by up to 3.6% by adding ammonia between 5 and 10%. All in all, the injection of ammonia inside a bio-fueled engine could make it robust and produce less NOx, while having some undesirable effects on BSFC, CO and HC emissions.

Saussure"s fundamentally novel ideations about language and the problem of the sign, which were introduced to humanities by the publication of the compiled book called Cours de linguistique générale, were indicating a basic turn and the foundation of a new algebraic and relational general science. Many linguists and scholars- who were often called “structuralists” (or partially “post-structuralists”) - pursued his ideations. Among them, Luis Hjelmslev is a prominent figure. Some consider him as the true successor of Saussure. It may be contended that the veritable linkup point between Saussure and Hjelmslev"s perspectives on the epistemology of the linguistic science (and subsequently about the general epistemology) could be related to the concept of “immanence”. In the present study, the basic components in Saussure"s linguistic epistemology- according to recent Saussurological studies – were first extracted by a special attention to his scripts and his lectures; later, their fundamental modifications in the Glossematic standpoint of Hjelmslev were tracked. Next, the importance of epistemological transitions applied by Hjelmslev was examined. Finally, the precious consequences of the Glossematical epistemology towards an “immanent linguistic algebra” were affirmed, and a reconsideration of Hjelmslev"s unique thought regarding the theorization of language was proposed.

Saussure"s fundamentally novel ideations about language and the problem of the sign, which were introduced to humanities by the publication of the compiled book called Cours de linguistique générale, were indicating a basic turn and the foundation of a new algebraic and relational general science. Many linguists and scholars- who were often called “structuralists” (or partially “post-structuralists”) - pursued his ideations. Among them, Luis Hjelmslev is a prominent figure. Some consider him as the true successor of Saussure. It may be contended that the veritable linkup point between Saussure and Hjelmslev"s perspectives on the epistemology of the linguistic science (and subsequently about the general epistemology) could be related to the concept of “immanence”. In the present study, the basic components in Saussure"s linguistic epistemology- according to recent Saussurological studies – were first extracted by a special attention to his scripts and his lectures; later, their fundamental modifications in the Glossematic standpoint of Hjelmslev were tracked. Next, the importance of epistemological transitions applied by Hjelmslev was examined. Finally, the precious consequences of the Glossematical epistemology towards an “immanent linguistic algebra” were affirmed, and a reconsideration of Hjelmslev"s unique thought regarding the theorization of language was proposed.

In his critical reading of the book Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, Safaie (2021), referring to a Kantian epistemology and several other approaches, considers Hjelmslev’s theory of language a priori, non-empirical, pure, rationalist, and transcendent. In our study, after presenting the relationship between the Prolegomena and the theory of language as a whole, as well as pointing out some issues regarding the Persian translation of this book, we assess the main problems raised in Safaie's critique by referring to a wider range of Hjelmslev’s works. Looking from a Kantian viewpoint, we conclude that the knowledge and propositions provided in this theory, are “analytical a posteriori”. Examining the problem of “immanence”, we find that “Holuli” (“entering from outside”) and “transcendent” cannot be attributed to Glossematics. Under the issue of “structure”, we state that this theory is “constructive” and that no “a priori necessity” is imposed on the structure. In general, we describe Hjelmslev’s theory of language in terms of methodology and epistemology as empirical, a posteriori, reflexive, deductive, constructivist, and immanent, and therefore we don’t agree with the idea of putting this theory among "objectivist" theories criticized by Lakoff. Finally, by pointing to the possibility of dialogues with other linguistic theories (including cognitive approaches), we underline the potential importance of Glossematics in the field of language theorization today.