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Objective: To compare the cardiovascular risk and physical fitness, according to type of school in a national sample of Chilean school students., Methods: A total of 7,218 students participated, who completed all the national tests of the National System for Measuring the Quality of Education, which included physical fitness and anthropometric tests. The results were compared according to the type of educational establishment and anthropometric indicators were considered. Physical fitness was measured by lower extremity strength, abdominal strength, upper extremity strength, trunk flexibility, exertional heart rate, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Body mass index, heart rate, and waist-to-height ratio were analyzed as predictors of cardiovascular risk., Results: There were differences according to the type of establishment in the predictors of cardiovascular risk (p < 0.05). Differences were also found in the physical fitness tests evaluated (p < 0.01). Students in private schools (PSC) and subsidized schools (SC) had lower levels of cardiovascular risk and higher levels of physical fitness than public schools (PS) and schools with delegated administration (DA)., Conclusions: In conclusion, students in educational establishments with a higher socioeconomic level have lower levels of cardiovascular risk and better physical fitness than students in public establishments. The authors suggest considering specific school interventions to mitigate cardiovascular risk and improve physical fitness among this vulnerable population. To this end, future studies should analyze the characteristics of physical activity and nutritional habits in schools to determine the factors that affect the results., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.)

Background: The incidence of mental health issues in children is increasing worldwide. In Chile, a recent surge in reports of deteriorating mental health among school populations and an increase in complaints related to poor school climate have been observed. Physical activity, specifically active breaks in the classroom, has shown positive effects on children's health. However, evidence regarding its impact on mental health and school climate in children is limited., Objective: This work outlines the design, measurements, intervention program, and potential efficacy of the "Active Classes + School Climate and Mental Health" project. This project will assess a 12-week program of active breaks through guided videos with curricular content in the school classroom, and its effects on mental health and school climate as its primary indicators. Additionally, it will measure physical activity, physical fitness, motor competence, and academic performance in students aged 6-10 years in the Biobío province, Chile, as secondary indicators. Methodology: A multicenter randomized controlled trial involving 823 students from 1st to 4th grade (6-10 years old), six schools (three intervention and three control) will be conducted in the Biobío region, Chile. Participants belonging to the intervention group will implement video-guided active breaks through the "Active Classes" web platform, featuring curricular content, lasting 5-10 min and of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity, twice a day, Monday to Friday, over a span of 12 weeks. Expected Results/Discussion: To our knowledge, this will be the first study in Chile to evaluate the effects of incorporating video-guided active breaks with curricular content on mental health variables and school climate in schoolchildren. Thus, this study contributes to the scarce evidence on the effects of video-guided active breaks on mental health variables and school climate in schoolchildren worldwide. Additionally, it will provide crucial information about active teaching methodologies that have the potential to positively contribute to the wellbeing of students, thus addressing the problems of mental health and climate in Chilean schools. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT06423404., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zapata-Lamana, Robles-Campos, Reyes-Molina, Rojas-Bravo, Salcedo Lagos, Chávez-Castillo, Gajardo-Aguayo, Villalobos, Arias, Sanhueza-Campos, Ibarra Mora, Reyes-Amigo, Cristi-Montero, Sánchez-Oliva, Ruiz-Hermosa, Sánchez-López, Poblete-Valderrama, Celis-Morales, Martorell, Carrasco-Marín, Albornoz-Guerrero, Parra-Rizo and Cigarroa.)

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the benefits of an exercise intervention based on small-sided soccer games (SSSGs) on health-related physical fitness and cardiometabolic health in previously untrained children and adolescents. Methods: A systematic search on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and EBSCO databases was performed. Randomized or non-randomized controlled trials conducted in previously untrained children or adolescents (age < 18 years) that assessed the effect of SSSG-based intervention on health-related physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were included. Primary outcomes were cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference. Evidence was synthesized as the mean difference or standardized mean difference using a random-effects meta-analysis. The quality of evidence was assessed using ROB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Results: Sixteen studies (n = 2872 participants) were included in this meta-analysis. SSSGs significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD, 0.12 [0.01; 0.23]) and showed a non-significant trend in decreased waist circumference (-7.49 cm [-15.03; 0.06]). Additionally, SSSGs significantly decreased systolic (MD, -3.85 mmHg [-5.75; -1.94]) and diastolic blood pressure (MD, -1.26 mmHg [-2.44; -0.08]) and triglycerides (-30.34 mg·dL -1 [-45.99; -14.69]). No effects on body composition or other cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were observed. After a sensitivity analysis, waist circumference and muscle strength were also shown to improve significantly following SSSGs. Comparisons between SSSG and other types of exercise interventions showed no differences in improved physical fitness or cardiometabolic risk. Conclusions: SSSG-based interventions effectively improve cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, triglycerides, muscle strength, and waist circumference. There is less evidence of the effects of SSSGs on other health markers. Particular attention should be given to improving SSSG protocol reporting in future studies.

Objective: To determine how cognitive domains mediate the link between fitness components, their global score (GFS), and adolescents' academic achievement (ACA) across various school subjects., Methods: In this study, 1,296 adolescents aged 10-14 participated. GFS was computed by three fitness components (strength, muscular, and cardiorespiratory fitness) through the ALPHA-fitness test battery. ACA was determined by five school subjects (Language, English, Mathematics, Science, and History) and two academic scores (a) "Academic Average" (five subjects) and (b) "Academic-PISA" (Language, Mathematics, and Science). A principal component analysis was performed to establish four factors (working memory [WM], cognitive flexibility [ CF ], inhibitory control [IC], and fluid reasoning [FR]). A parallel mediation approach was implemented with 5,000 bootstrapped samples controlled for sex, maturity, central obesity, having breakfast before cognitive tasks, schools, and school vulnerability. Total, direct, indirect effects, and mediation percentages were estimated., Results: Overall, the finding showed a full parallel mediation effect for Language (92.5%) and English (53.9%), while a partial mediation for Mathematics (43.0%), Science (43.8%), History (45.9%), "Academic Average" (50.6%), and "Academic-PISA" (51.5%). In particular, WM, IC, and FR mediated all school subjects except mathematics, where IC was not significant. CF has not mediated any relationship between GF and academic performance., Conclusion: This study underscores the pivotal role of cognitive domains, specifically WM, IC, and FR, in mediating the link between physical fitness and academic performance in adolescents. These insights have relevant implications for educational and public health policies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Cristi-Montero, Martínez-Flores, Espinoza-Puelles, Doherty, Zavala-Crichton, Aguilar-Farias, Reyes-Amigo, Salvatierra-Calderon, Ibáñez and Sadarangani.)

Basic motor skills are recognized as fundamental movements that allow children to interact with their environment and are identified as the basic structure on which more complex movements are built., Objective: to identify the level of motor development of children from 3 to 10 years of age according to sex and age group., Methodology: We studied a sample with a total of 328 participants (girls = 170; boys = 158) at preschool ( n = 154) and school levels ( n = 174). The ages of the students ranged from 3 to 10 years, with a mean of 5.94 years (±2.53). TGMD2 was applied to identify motor development., Results: boys and girls present low levels of physical activity, with most of them in the very poor, poor, and low-average categories ( n = 182, 55.5%). Levels of motor development in locomotion, manipulation, and general development by age show significant differences ( p = 0.000). However, levels of development by sex are not significant in manipulation, locomotion, and gross motor skills tests, respectively ( p = 0.150, p = 0.208, and p = 0.210), and in relation to chronological age and motor development age show significant differences ( p = 0.000).

Modified invasion games promote the development of real and perceived motor competence. Children with higher motor competence are more likely to participate in physical activity practice and to remain in it, both in adolescence and adulthood. (1) Background: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of modified invasion games on the real motor competence and self-assessment of the physical condition fifth-grade students from a private school in Viña del Mar, Chile. (2) Methods: 40 girls and boys with an average age of 11.47 years (SD = 0.554) participated in this study during a 12-week intervention. The MOBAK 5-6 battery was used to assess actual motor competence, the SEMOK questionnaire was used to determine perceived motor competence, the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) self-assessment questionnaire was used to assess perceived physical fitness, and the weight/size ratio was used to determine BMI. A Friedman's nonparametric ANOVA analysis was applied to determine the effect of the intervention, in addition to an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to identify the influence of the covariates on motor competence. (3) Results: No statistically significant differences were established between weight, BMI, and waist circumference. There was a statistically significant difference after the intervention in the actual motor competence of object control ( p = 0.005) and perceived motor competence of object control ( p ≤ 0.001) (4) Conclusions: An intervention based on modified invasion games is effective for the improvement of actual and perceived motor competence of object control. It was not possible to identify a positive effect on the self-assessment of muscle strength after the intervention.

This review aims to systematically analyze the effect of exercise on muscle MCT protein levels and mRNA expression of their respective genes, considering exercise intensity, and duration (single-exercise session and training program) in humans and rodents, to observe whether both models offer aligned results. The review also aims to report methodological aspects that need to be improved in future studies. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was followed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 41 studies were included and evaluated using the Cochrane collaboration tool for risk of bias assessment. The main findings indicate that exercise is a powerful stimulus to increase MCT1 protein content in human muscle. MCT4 protein level increases can also be observed after a training program, although its responsiveness is lower compared to MCT1. Both transporters seem to change independently of exercise intensity, but the responses that occur with each intensity and each duration need to be better defined. The effect of exercise on muscle mRNA results is less defined, and more research is needed especially in humans. Moreover, results in rodents only agree with human results on the effect of a training program on MCT1 protein levels, indicating increases in both. Finally, we addressed important and feasible methodological aspects to improve the design of future studies., (© 2024 The Authors. Acta Physiologica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Physiological Society.)

Background: Physical inactivity is prevalent in childhood. Schools can be an ideal context to promote the regular practice of physical activity since children spend there a large part of the day. In this sense, an emerging and current trend is active breaks at school. This article presents a study protocol that seeks to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of an intervention with active breaks (ACTIVA-MENTE program) in a school context on physical activity, on-task classroom behavior, and the physical activity enjoyment in schoolchildren., Methods: The protocol includes children aged 10 to 11 years. Two groups will be randomized (intervention and control groups). The intervention group will use the active break program, ACTIVA-MENTE, which consists of the application of a 4-min, 30-s video with moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity. These breaks will be taken 6 times a day in the classes for 6 weeks. The total physical activity will be measured with accelerometers (Actigraph wGT3X-BT), the on-task behavior through the Direct Behavior Rating Scale and the level of enjoyment through the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale., Discussion: Previous research reported that active breaks have positive results in physical activity levels. This study will be one of the few to design active breaks through videos without depending on the presence of a physical education teacher and it can also provide new findings on the effectiveness of an active break's structure (e.g., types of exercises and intensity) on the indicated outcomes., Expected Results: It is expected that the ACTIVA-MENTE program can be a suitable program for school settings, potentially increasing physical activity levels, and the commitment to the task, as well as be a pleasant moment for the students., Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT05403996., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Reyes-Amigo, Ibarra-Mora, Aguilar-Farías, Gómez-Álvarez, Carrasco-Beltrán, Zapata-Lamana, Hurtado-Almonácid, Páez-Herrera, Yañez-Sepulveda, Cortés, Rolle-Cáceres and Bezerra.)

Background: Improving health of children and adolescents is crucial for their overall development. Therefore, it is essential to explore factors that may influence their health at both the public health and school system levels., Objective: This study compares physical fitness components and waist-height-to-ratio (WHtR) in adolescents according to school uniforms, namely the traditional uniform (i.e., shirt and school necktie in boys and skirt and blouse in girls) and the sports uniform (i.e., polo shirts or t-shirts and sport or short trousers). Additionally, it seeks to investigate potential differences in these measures based on sex and school type (i.e., public, subsidized, and private)., Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Chilean national learning outcome assessment system (SIMCE)-2014 and involved 8,030 adolescents. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) were measured. WHtR was assessed as a health cardiovascular indicator. Mixed models and ANCOVA were performed to compare uniform types, adjusting for multiple covariates. value of p and effect size (ES) was used to establish significant results., Results: Overall, sports uniforms (SU) were linked to higher CRF ( p  < 0.001) than the traditional uniform (TU). Boys from private schools wearing SU presented higher CRF ( p  = 0.016; ES = 0.37), and a positive trend was observed for MF ( p  = 0.645; ES = 0.21). In subsidized, a trend was found in CRF ( p  = 0.005; ES = 0.16). Girls wearing SU from private schools showed a positive trend in CRF ( p  = 0.167; ES = 0.28). Trends in WHtR were found in both sexes from private ( p  = 0.555; ES = 0.24; p  = 0.444; ES = 0.25, respectively)., Conclusion: Wearing SU seems a promissory alternative to promote healthy physical fitness and body composition at the educational level. However, the relationship between higher physical activity and CRF, MF, and lower WHtR due to SU must be verified. Finally, when deciding to implement this measure, special attention must be paid to boys from public schools and girls from all types of schools., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Cristi-Montero, Martínez-Flores, Porras, Sadarangani, Ferrari, Aguilar-Farias, Silva, Reyes-Amigo and Rodriguez-Rodriguez.)

Objective: Toxic oil syndrome is a multisystemic disease that arose in 1981 due to the ingestion of contaminated rapeseed oil. Previous studies have found a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in these patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the prevalence of chronic diseases among a population affected by Toxic oil syndrome compared with a reference population in the Community of Madrid., Methods: Cross-sectional observational study of patients with a registry diagnosed with Toxic oil syndrome in the primary care medical record and a reference sample without Toxic oil syndrome matched by age group and sex. Sociodemographic variables, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, anxiety, depression, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and low back pain, and multimorbidity (≥2 chronic diseases) were assesed. Descriptive and multivariate analysis was performed to study the association between morbidity and Toxic oil syndrome., Results: 3,527 patients (1,394 Toxic oil syndrome) were included with a mean age of 66 (SD14) years, 71% women. Patients with a diagnosis of SAT were more likely to present multimorbidity (OR 1.36; 95%CI: 1.10-1.45), diabetes (OR 1.55; 95%CI: 1.29-1.86), complicated hypertension (OR 1.77; IC95%: 1.31-2.39), heart attack (OR 2.23; 95%CI: 1.47-3.38), depression (OR 1.39; 95%CI: 1.17-1.66) and asthma (OR 1.56; 95%CI: 1.23-1.97). The prevalence of anxiety was lower in TOS (OR 0.35; 95% CI: 0.18-0.69) as well as low back pain (OR 0.77; 95%CI: 0.65-0.91)., Conclusions: Patients with toxic oil syndrome have a higher frequency of chronic diseases and mutimorbidity compared to the general population of the same sex and age.

Background: apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism is a genetic determinant of lipid and lipoprotein levels and the risk for coronary heart disease., Objective: to evaluate the impact of ApoE2allele in lipid plasma levels and the influence of a healthy hypocaloric diet plus a controlled physical activity on the lipid profile, we performed a study in a cohort of overweight and obese healthy subjects (Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 34.9 kg·m-2)., Methods: one hundred eighty participants (96 women), aged 18-50 years participated in a 22 weeks weight loss intervention based on same dietary treatment and different controlled exercise programs. All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet (25-30% less energy intake than the daily energy expenditure). Blood samples were obtained for lipids measurements at the beginning and end of the study., Results: after intervention, men of the E2 group showed the greatest decreases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) values (p = 0.039; p = 0.001; p = 0.001; respectively). For high-density lipoprotein (HDL), E2 group had significant differences compared with E4 at pre- (p = 0.020) and post-intervention values (p = 0.024)., Conclusion: our results show great changes in men carrying ApoE2, mainly in TG and TC concentrations after treatment with hypocaloric diet and controlled exercise. Therefore, adding supervised training to nutritional intervention seems to be a good alternative for the reinforcement of the effect of the treatment.

Purpose: We assessed the role of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) on lactate clearance during an active recovery after high-intensity exercise, by comparing genetic groups based on the T1470A (rs1049434) MCT1 polymorphism, whose influence on lactate transport has been proven., Methods: Sixteen young male elite field hockey players participated in this study. All of them completed two 400 m maximal run tests performed on different days, followed by 40 min of active or passive recovery. Lactate samples were measured immediately after the tests, and at min 10, 20, 30 and 40 of the recoveries. Blood lactate decreases were calculated for each 10-min period. Participants were distributed into three groups according to the T1470A polymorphism (TT, TA and AA)., Results: TT group had a lower blood lactate decrease than AA group during the 10-20 min period of the active recovery (p = 0.018). This period had the highest blood lactate for the whole sample, significantly differing from the other periods (p ≤ 0.003). During the passive recovery, lactate declines were constant except for the 0-10-min period (p ≤ 0.003), suggesting that liver uptake is similar in all the genetic groups, and that the difference seen during the active recovery is mainly due to muscle lactate uptake., Conclusions: These differences according to the polymorphic variant T1470A suggest that MCT1 affects the plasma lactate decrease during a crucial period of active recovery, where the maximal lactate amount is cleared (i.e. 10-20 min period).

The β-2 and β-3 adrenergic receptors (ADRB2 and ADRB3) are thought to play a role in energy expenditure and lipolysis. However, the effects of the ADRB2 glutamine (Gln) 27 glutamic acid (glutamate) (Glu) and ADRB3 tryptophan (Trp) 64 arginine (Arg) polymorphisms on weight loss remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these polymorphisms on changes in weight and body composition during a controlled weight-loss program. One hundred seventy-three healthy overweight and obese participants (91 women, 82 men) aged 18-50 years participated in a 22-week-long intervention based on a hypocaloric diet and exercise. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: strength, endurance, strength and endurance combined, and physical activity recommendations only. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), and body composition variables were assessed before and after the intervention. Genetic analysis was carried out according to standard protocols. No effect of the ADRB2 gene was shown on final weight, BMI, or body composition, although in the supervised male group, Glu27 carriers tended to have greater weight (p = 0.019, 2.5 kg) and BMI (p = 0.019, 0.88 kg/m(2)) reductions than did noncarriers. There seems to be an individual effect of the ADRB3 polymorphism on fat mass (p = 0.004) and fat percentage (p = 0.036), in addition to an interaction with exercise for fat mass (p = 0.038). After the intervention, carriers of the Arg64 allele had a greater fat mass and fat percentage than did noncarriers (p = 0.004, 2.8 kg). In conclusion, the ADRB2 Gln27Glu and ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphisms may influence weight loss and body composition, although the current evidence is weak; however, further studies are necessary to clarify their roles.

Objectives: To analyze the effect of the MCT1 T1470A polymorphism (rs1049434) on venous blood lactate levels in men and women, during three different circuit weight training protocols., Design: Cross-sectional laboratory study., Methods: 14 women and 15 men, all caucasian and moderately active, performed three circuit training sessions (Weight Machine Protocol, Free Weight Protocol and Combined Protocol) at 70% of the 15 repetition maximum and 70% of the heart rate reserve, in non-consecutive days. The sessions included three sets of a circuit of eight exercises. Venous lactate measurements were obtained after each set and during the recoveries between sets (i.e. in min 3, 5, 7 and 9). One-way analysis of covariance and one-way analysis of covariance with repeated measures were used to determine differences among genotypes (AA, TA and TT) in lactate levels., Results: In men, the AA group had higher lactate values than the TT group in all the measures (p ≤ 0.03) except for the average lactate during the Weight Machine Protocol, in which a borderline significant difference was found (p=0.07). We did not observe differences across genotypes in females., Conclusions: Our data suggest an influence of the MCT1 polymorphism on lactate transport across sarcolemma in males. Future studies on lactate transport and metabolism should take into account the gender-specific results., (Copyright © 2012 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This report describes a three-generation family with a severe phenotype of long-QT syndrome-1 (LQTS-1) caused by a single nucleotide mutation in the KQT-like, voltage-gated potassium channel-1 gene (KCNQ1; MIM 607542). Two members of the family died suddenly in their childhood, and all eight surviving members with prolonged QT have a heterozygous missense mutation resulting in a glycine-to-glutamate amino acid substitution at position 316 of the potassium channel. In this family, the newly reported mutation, guanine-to-adenosine at position 947 in the KCNQ1 gene, exhibits a dominant trait of LQTS with complete penetrance, in contrast to the relatively reduced clinical penetrance found in most LQTS cases.

DXS7423 and DXS8377 are two microsatellite markers located in the q28 band of chromosome X. We developed a protocol to amplify both markers in a single reaction, sequenced the most common alleles and studied allele frequencies in a Spanish population sample. DXS7423 allele variability was due to different numbers of (TCCA) repeats and five different alleles were found with apparent sizes between 181 and 197 bp. The probability of discrimination (PD) was 87% for female samples, and the expected probability of exclusion (PE) was 71%. DXS8377 appeared as a highly polymorphic marker with variable numbers of (CTC), (TCC) and (TTC) repeats. We found 18 alleles of different sizes (204-258 bp) and the PD and PE were 99% and 93%, respectively. These data suggest that DXS7423 and DXS8377 can be very useful markers for genetic forensic studies.

A new method has been optimised to amplify five X chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) markers of interest in forensic medicine: human phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRTB), DXS101, androgen receptor (ARA), DXS7423 and DXS8377. Markers were conveniently amplified in a single PCR reaction with fluorochrome-labelled primers, which allowed the analysis of fragment sizes after injection into a capillary electrophoresis system. The most common alleles of each locus were sequenced and used in a control ladder to type unknown samples.