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Recent political earthquakes such as the assassination attempt against former president Donald Trump and President Joe Biden's withdrawal from the 2024 campaign quickly overshadowed the various court proceedings involving the [...]

During the first half of the twentieth century, millions of American workers and farmers wanted to socialize banking. In a nation where socialist principles supposedly lacked appeal, grassroots support for public banks revealed the prevalence and popularity of economic ideas that intersected and overlapped with socialism. Banking politics also presents a potential source of working-class political mobilization today., As a lonely critic who dared to challenge Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan during the stock market mania of the late 1990s, then congressman Bernie Sanders received recognition from [...]

Ten years after the Ferguson uprising, five years after 'The 1619 Project' and four years after the murder of George Floyd, the racial reckoning that seemed at hand has largely [...]

To identify differences in physical activity (PA) between intercollegiate students in Pakistan and the United States (US). Three hundred (167 US; 133 Pakistani) intercollegiate students completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to assess PA. Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ) was used to assess barriers to PA. Participants were also asked about the recommended level of PA. Chi-squared analysis (χ2 = 99.50, p-value <.001) revealed that American students, specifically females (χ2 = 97.27, p-value <.001), were more active compared to Pakistani students. T-test showed significantly more major barriers to PA in Pakistani students (6.860 ± 5.56) than American students (3.78 ± 3.94). 59.6% of all students correctly recounted the standard PA recommendations, only 1.2% of those students were Pakistani. Pakistani students had lower PA with more major barriers to PA than Americans. Majority of the Pakistani students did not know the recommended level of PA unlike Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents of color are particularly poised to experience the mental health crisis partly due to the absence of a clear-cut solution that prepares them to cope with ethnic/racial discrimination. One resilience-promoting factor in minoritized adolescents' lives is cultural socialization (i.e., the beliefs, practices, and worldviews that youth receive about their ethnic/racial group's heritage, history, and values), but the role of cultural socialization in relation to adolescents' resilience in the face of ethnic/racial discrimination is sporadic with extant studies documenting mixed results. Prior studies are likely limited by their focus on cultural socialization from parents relative to school adults and the larger school context. Following ethnic/racial discrimination, school-based cultural socialization may reduce youth's anticipation of discrimination, trust in others from different ethnic/racial groups, and rejection sensitivity. To test our theories, the present study used two daily diaries: Study 1 followed 134 African American adolescents over a 14-day period (N diaries = 1,494), and Study 2 followed 159 Asian American and Latinx adolescents over a 30-day period (N diaries = 3,458). In both studies, on days when ethnic/racial discrimination occurred, adolescents reported greater negative affect. This daily effect of ethnic–racial discrimination on negative affect was exacerbated on days when adolescents received less school-based cultural socialization but weaker on days when adolescents received more school-based cultural socialization. The present studies underscore how school adults foster youth's resilience in the context of ethnic/racial adversity. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: Adolescents of color are reporting worse mental health than their White American peers, which may be attributable to ethnic/racial discrimination. Across two studies, we found that ethnic/racial discrimination was associated with greater negative affect and emotions among African American, Latinx, and Asian American youth. However, as our data suggested, school-based lessons acknowledging ethnically/racially underrepresented youth's cultural heritage, traditions, and holidays were sources of resilience among adolescents of color and are optimal opportunities to address the negative psychological impacts of ethnic/racial discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When faced with an undesirable behavior by one's partner, theories of relationship maintenance indicate that individuals must undergo a transformation of motivation in order to set aside their initial impulse to respond in a self-centered manner, and instead choose to respond in a pro-relationship manner. However, the cultural psychology literature indicates that a primary focus on one's own needs and goals is predominantly a feature of individualistic cultures, such as those in the Unites States and Western Europe which have been the setting for the vast majority of close relationships research. Thus, it is possible that people from less individualistic cultural contexts do not experience this same transformation of motivation process when faced with an undesirable behavior by their partner, because their initial impulse is less self-centered and more other- or relationship-centered. To test this hypothesis we conducted pre-registered replications of two classic studies documenting the transformation of motivation process (Yovetich & Rusbult, 1994) using a cross-cultural sample of participants from the U.S. and Thailand. The extent to which people in both cultural settings engaged in the transformation of motivation process was assessed in a correlational study (N = 187) and an experimental study (N = 328) of partnered individuals. Results indicate that participants in both cultural contexts experience a transformation of motivation process, and the magnitude of the transformation did not differ between the two countries. Exploratory analyses indicate that Thai participants engaged in more passive behaviors than U.S. participants, and U.S. participants thought passive behaviors were more harmful than active behaviors. Overall, when faced with an unpleasant behavior by one's partner, the need to set aside one's initial impulse in order to respond in a more pro-relationship manner appears universal, but the exact behaviors that are the endpoint of that process differ across cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The reported risk of malignancies (ROM) remains controversial for fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules in the African American (AA) population. Herein, the ROM along with frequency was assessed for each of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) diagnostic categories. Materials and Methods: The electronic pathology archive of a large academic hospital was retrospectively searched for cytopathology reports of thyroid nodules in AA patients (2010–2019) and Non‐African American (NAA) control cases. The patients' demographic, thyroid nodule characteristics, FNA results using TBSRTC and surgical diagnoses were recorded, whenever available. Results: Three hundred ninety‐one cases were identified, 317 females (81.1%) and 74 males (18.9%) with median age 50.0 (SD = 14.4). The mean size of the nodules was 2.1 cm (SD = 1.4). The Bethesda categories were: 5.4% (I), 35.0% (II), 35.3% (III), 7.7% (IV), 3.3% (V) and 13.3% (VI). The overall ROM of thyroid nodules was 43.8% (89/203) on surgical follow‐up (203/391). The ROM in each Bethesda categories were: 33.3% (I), 11.6% (II), 35.2% (III), 15.8% (IV), 83.3% (V) and 100% (VI) on surgical follow‐up. The frequency of thyroid nodules was higher in AA females; however, the ROM was higher in AA males (48.3%) compared with AA females (41.2%). Conclusion: The ROM in Categories I, II and III was higher than those reported in the TBSRTC while being similar in Categories IV, V and VI. The overall risk of thyroid malignancy in our AA patient population was higher than those in the literature. The overall ROM of thyroid nodules in AA males was higher than of AA females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masks emerged as one of the few means of responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant minority of Americans, however, resisted the emergent mask wearing norm. This study seeks to examine the ways that constructions of mask use as an appropriate alleviation of the threat posed by COVID-19 was disrupted in public discourse. It does so by employing a qualitative content analysis of comments made on Twitter, Reddit, and YouTube in response to a mask burning rally held in Boise, Idaho in March 2021. Guided by the literature on aligning activity, this analysis identifies four of the processes by which the positive definition of mask wearing was undermined. Through fragmentation, neutralization, dilution, and displacement, the official definition of mask use was complicated by competing definitions of conduct and also contested evaluations of identities. These findings provide further understanding of the obstacles to coordination during COVID-19 and the role that aligning activity plays as an obstacle to the social construction of danger in the absence of established norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the genetic contributions to Parkinson's disease (PD) across diverse ancestries is a high priority as this work can guide therapeutic development in a global setting. The genetics of PD spans the etiological risk spectrum, from rare, highly deleterious variants linked to monogenic forms with Mendelian patterns of inheritance, to common variation involved in sporadic disease. A major limitation in PD genomics research is lack of racial and ethnic diversity. Enrollment disparities have detrimental consequences on the generalizability of results and exacerbate existing inequities in care. The Black and African American Connections to Parkinson's Disease (BLAAC PD) study is part of the Global Parkinson's Genetics Program, supported by the Aligning Science Across Parkinson's initiative. The goal of the study is to investigate the genetic architecture underlying PD risk and progression in the Black and/or African American populations. This cross-sectional multicenter study in the United States has a recruitment target of up to 2,000 individuals with PD and up to 2,000 controls, all of Black and/or African American ancestry. The study design incorporates several strategies to reduce barriers to research participation. The multifaceted recruitment strategy aims to involve individuals with and without PD in various settings, emphasizing community outreach and engagement. The BLAAC PD study is an important first step toward informing understanding of the genetics of PD in a more diverse population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hispanic and Latinx individuals represent one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States. Yet research has not investigated whether young children hold essentialist beliefs about this prevalent social category. The present study addressed this issue by examining whether children used this ethnic category to make inductive inferences about novel individuals, one dimension of essentialism. A total of 108 children, 5 to 7 years of age (54 female; 56 Hispanic, 46 non‐Hispanic), completed a forced‐choice inference task. Children did not expect members of the same ethnic group to share properties, and this did not vary with their own ethnic group membership. This suggests that in the US, the belief that ethnicity is causally informative undergoes a protracted developmental trajectory, as has been observed for essentialist beliefs about race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Dry eye disease is a leading cause of ophthalmologic consultations worldwide and can significantly impact quality of life. While global prevalence rates vary widely, data specific to South America are limited. This systematic review aims to describe and analyze the prevalence and associated factors of dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations. Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS. Primary studies in English and Spanish that examined the prevalence of dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations and its associated factors were included without date restrictions. Studies were screened and selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in the final inclusion of 16 studies from six South American countries. Results: This review identified significant variability in the prevalence of dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations in the region, ranging from 4% to 77.5%, with a mean prevalence of 39.3%. Higher prevalence rates were observed among specific groups, such as university students (58.6%) and administrative workers (57.9%). Factors associated with dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations included female sex, older age, prolonged screen time, insufficient sleep, and medical conditions such as hypertension, connective tissue disorders, and the use of medications like antihypertensives and antidepressants. Conclusions: The prevalence of dry eye disease-related symptoms in South American populations is notably higher than global averages, highlighting regional challenges. This study emphasizes the need for standardized diagnostic tools and comprehensive epidemiological research across South America, particularly in underrepresented countries, to inform public health strategies tailored to the specific needs of these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between the categorization of migrants under U.S. immigration laws and how Central American migrant youth understand and make decisions about their journeys through Mexico on their way to the U.S. Drawing from four years of ethnographic research in Mexico and Central America, this article shows how youth migrants learn about different legal classifications of migrants under U.S. immigration laws while transiting through Mexico and assess how such categories take (or do not take) into account their experiences during the migration journey. These assessments transform the migrant youths’ journeys – they change their routes through Mexico, and families split before crossing to the U.S. – and make them less likely to denounce or call attention to the violence they suffer in Mexico. This article ultimately shows how U.S. immigration law has an externalized effect that transforms migrants’ journeys well before migrants ever reach the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 1900s, the country's 1,100 auto clubs did far more than provide the roadside assistance, maps, and towing services familiar to the American Automobile Association members of today. Auto clubs also provided--free to their members--a wide range of legal services. Teams of auto-club lawyers defended members charged with driving-related misdemeanors and even felonies. They filed suits that, mirroring contemporary impact litigation, were expressly designed to effect policy change. And they brought and defended tens of thousands of civil claims for vehicle-related harms. In the throes of the Great Depression, however, local bar associations abruptly turned on the clubs and filed numerous lawsuits, accusing them of violating nascent legal-ethics rules concerning the unauthorized practice of law (UPL). In state after state, the bar prevailed, and within a few short years, auto clubs' legal departments were kaput. Drawing on thousands of pages of archival material, this Feature recovers the lost history of America's auto clubs, as well as their fateful collision with the bar. It then surveys the wreckage and shows that the collision's impact continues to reverberate throughout the legal profession and law itself. For one, we show how the bar's litigation campaign against auto clubs--as well as the era's many other group-legal-service providers, including banks, unions, and homeowners' associations--helped establish the so-called "inherent-powers doctrine," which cemented courts, rather than legislators, as the ultimate arbiters of legal-practice regulation. The result was a profound power shift, with the authority to regulate legal services consequentially placed in politically insulated courts, not politically accountable legislators. More practically, the bar's concerted campaign decimated a once-thriving system for the provision of group legal services to ordinary Americans, which, we argue, ultimately helped consign millions of individuals with legal problems to face them alone, or not at all. Finally, in the rise and fall of America's auto clubs, we find new, untapped evidence that contributes to a range of critical contemporary debates. In particular, our story uncovers fresh evidence to support the value of corporate practice, currently--but controversially--banned by the American Bar Association's Model Rule 5.4. In the bar's relentless campaign to shutter auto clubs--not because they harmed members, but because they threatened lawyers' livelihoods--we unearth direct proof that today's UPL bans, which continue to stymie the delivery of affordable legal services, have fundamentally rotten roots. And ultimately, we show that the present-day access-to-justice crisis--a crisis that dooms the vast majority of Americans to navigate complex legal processes without any expert assistance--is not a product of inattention or inertia. The crisis was, rather, constructed by the legal profession of which we are a part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document provides a selected bibliography of writings by Bernard Shaw on Americans and the United States, spanning from 1885 to 1948. Shaw's writings reflect his enduring interest in and sometimes disdain for various American topics, including copyright, censorship, Prohibition, Hollywood, American elections, Theodore Roosevelt, World War I, and the Scopes Monkey Trial. The bibliography includes references to Shaw's works published in various American newspapers and magazines, showcasing his critical views on American governance and society. [Extracted from the article]

In the current study, latent growth curve modeling is used to explore growth in ethnic–racial identity (ERI) commitment from 9th to 12th grade as a function of two aspects of the school ethnic–racial environment—perceived representation among peers and perceived discrimination from peers. The participants included 237 students that self-identified as African American (Mage = 14.7; 50% female). The results showed that perceiving more Black peers at school buffered the negative impact of racial discrimination from peers on ERI commitment. Further, the positive impact of perceived representation remained significant even after controlling for other markers of school ethnic–racial context including objective representation and school ethnic–racial diversity. The findings have implications for the environmental factors that support ERI development as well as how we study and conceptualize the influence of the school ethnic–racial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide a leading cause of death among adolescents and is nearly always preceded by suicidal ideation (SI). Concerningly, SI during adolescence is not uncommon, as it is reported by as much as 20% of American youth. As such, SI in adolescence has been the subject of substantial research. Literature points to anger in adolescence as a relatively strong correlate of SI. However, work is limited, focusing on cross-sectional associations between anger in adolescence and SI and conceptualizing anger as a broad construct, failing to investigate the many narrow facets that comprise it. We address these gaps by investigating anger in adolescence as a (1) cross-sectional and (2) prospective correlate of SI and (3) investigating broad versus narrow conceptualizations of anger in adolescence as they relate to SI. Among two samples (Study 1, nationally representative community-based youth, n = 1,729; Study 2, high-risk juvenile justice involved youth, n = 1,406), anger in adolescence was cross-sectionally related to SI. However, when controlling for SI at baseline, anger in adolescence was not a prospective risk factor for SI at follow-up, nine years later. Finally, narrow facets of anger (e.g., argumentative, defiant, irritable, resentful, spiteful) were not more closely related than broad conceptualizations of anger to SI. These findings indicate that while anger in adolescence is cross-sectionally associated with SI, it should not necessarily be viewed as a valid risk factor for development of SI over the course of nearly a decade. Further, findings did not elucidate any narrow facets of anger that are particularly linked with SI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretend play is often hypothesized in a global sense to be an effective context for young children's learning, but there is much still to learn about whether all types of information can be learned equally and whether all types of pretend play are equally beneficial. The present study tests whether preschoolers can learn a simple, novel causal rule from a pretend demonstration. American children watched either one (Experiment 1) or two (Experiment 2) experimenters pretend that a wooden box was a "blicket machine" and that certain blocks were "blickets." In Experiment 1, performance was compared to a control group who saw an experimenter use the same materials in a realistic context. Results show that participants in the control condition outperformed children in the pretend condition in learning the novel causal rule. Data from both experiments combined revealed that, in pretense, participants learned the novel causal rule when the rule involved block color but not when it involved block shape. These results add to previous research on learning from pretense which indicates that learning novel information from pretense is selective and not always as effective as learning from real contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic basis of severe COVID-19 has been thoroughly studied, and many genetic risk factors shared between populations have been identified. However, reduced sample sizes from non-European groups have limited the discovery of population-specific common risk loci. In this second study nested in the SCOURGE consortium, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for COVID-19 hospitalization in admixed Americans, comprising a total of 4702 hospitalized cases recruited by SCOURGE and seven other participating studies in the COVID-19 Host Genetic Initiative. We identified four genome- wide significant associations, two of which constitute novel loci and were first discovered in Latin American populations (BAZ2B and DDIAS). A trans-ethnic meta-analysis revealed another novel cross-population risk locus in CREBBP. Finally, we assessed the performance of a cross-ancestry polygenic risk score in the SCOURGE admixed American cohort. This study constitutes the largest GWAS for COVID-19 hospitalization in admixed Latin Americans conducted to date. This allowed to reveal novel risk loci and emphasize the need of considering the diversity of populations in genomic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Olezarsen is a GalNAc3-conjugated, hepatic-targeted antisense oligonucleotide that lowers apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) and triglyceride levels. The efficacy and safety of olezarsen has not previously been studied in ethnically diverse American populations. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of olezarsen in healthy Japanese Americans. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1 study was performed in 28 healthy Japanese American participants treated with olezarsen in single-ascending doses (SAD; 30, 60, 90 mg) or multiple doses (MD; 60 mg every 4 weeks for 4 doses). The primary, secondary, and exploratory objectives were safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and effects of olezarsen on fasting serum triglycerides and apoC-III, respectively. Results: There were 20 participants (16 active:4 placebo) in the SAD part of the study, and 8 participants (6 active:2 placebo) in the MD part of the study. For the primary endpoint, no serious adverse events or clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities were reported. The majority of olezarsen plasma exposure occurred within 24 h post-dose. In the SAD cohorts at Day 15 the percentage reduction in apoC-III/TG was − 39.4%/ − 17.8%, − 60.8%/ − 52.7%, and − 68.1%/ − 39.2% in the 30, 60 and 90 mg doses, respectively, vs 2.3%/44.5% increases in placebo. In the MD cohort, at Day 92 the percentage reduction in apoC-III/TG was − 81.6/ − 73.8% vs − 17.2/ − 40.8% reduction in placebo. Favorable changes were also present in VLDL-C, apoB and HDL-C. Conclusions: Single- and multiple-dose administration of olezarsen was safe, was well tolerated, and significantly reduced apoC-III and triglyceride levels in healthy Japanese Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Crucial to the resettlement experiences of immigrants is the degree to which the receiving country accepts them and affords them social support and opportunities. Through the factor structure and incremental validity of scores generated by the Negative Context of Reception (NCR) Scale, in the present study, we examine Indian American youths' perception of their context of reception using a sample of youth residing in the United States. Method: Data came from a sample of 223 Indian American youth (aged 12–17) as part of a larger convergent mixed-methods project. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we examined the scale's validity and the relationship between perceived NCR and criterion-related factors such as perceived discrimination and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was then used to analyze qualitative data from 11 of these Indian American youth. Qualitative data provided additional insights about NCR in this population. Results: NCR scores evidenced strong psychometric properties among Indian American youth. Confirmatory factor models demonstrated good model fit. NCR yielded significant associations with perceived discrimination (r =.33, p <.001) and depressive symptoms (r =.25, p <.002). Two major themes (parental/family sacrifices and being treated differently from White peers) emerged from the qualitative data. Conclusions: Results validate NCR as a construct relevant to Indian American youth and associated with negative mental health symptoms such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, these results underscore the importance of a welcoming and supportive environment for Indian American youths' well-being. Public Significance Statement: Indian Americans are the second largest immigrant group in the United States. Crucial to Indian Americans' well-being is the degree to which they are accepted by the receiving country and afforded social support and opportunities. As the first study to use the Negative Context of Reception Scale with Indian Americans or with any Asian American population, the present research adds to the knowledge base about the negative context of reception and cultural stress research generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research and theory suggests that the internalization of racist ideas and attitudes, internalized racism, poses a significant threat to Black American adolescents' and increases their risk of externalizing symptomology. Prospective, empirical research linking internalized racism to externalizing symptoms among Black American adolescents and the mechanisms explaining this link is scarce. We hypothesize that internalized racism will forecast externalizing symptoms indirectly, via effects on poor self-regulation and depressive symptoms. We also examine potential sex differences in the pathways linking internalized racism to externalizing symptoms. A random sample of 445 Black American adolescents and their primary caregivers were recruited from 8 counties in rural Georgia. Participants provided survey data annually when adolescents were aged 13, 14, 15, and 16 years. Direct, indirect, and multigroup hypotheses were tested with structural equation modeling. Internalized racism assessed at ages 13 and 14 years forecast increased externalizing at age 16, both directly, and indirectly, via increases in poor self-regulation and depressive symptoms. Sex moderated the indirect pathways linking internalized racism and externalizing. Poor self-regulation significantly mediated the path between internalized racism and externalizing symptoms among Black American male youth. Depressive symptoms significantly mediated the pathway between internalized racism and externalizing symptoms among Black American female adolescents. Findings suggest behavioral treatment directions for male and female Black American adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms. Little is known about the influence of internalization of racist ideas and attitudes, often referred to as internalized racism, on Black youths' development of externalizing symptoms. In this study, the authors surveyed 445 Black youths annually at ages 13, 14, 15, and 16 years. Internalized racism at ages 13 and 14 predicted increased externalizing symptoms at age 16. Among boys, depressive symptoms mediated the path between internalized racism and externalizing symptoms. Among girls, struggles with self-regulation mediated the path between internalized racism and externalizing symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though research has examined pornography viewing frequency and its correlates in national samples, researchers have yet to assess how much pornography use the general population thinks is "average" for men and women. Drawing on data from a nationally representative sample of American adults (Men: N = 1,127; Women = 1,382; total mean age = 50.0, SD = 17.4), it was hypothesized that Americans' estimations of how much pornography use is average for men and women would be shaped by perceptual mechanisms as well as the influence of religious subculture. Results show that age, personal pornography use, self-reported addiction to pornography, and religiosity (for men), were associated with Americans' perceptions of what is average for others. The association with personal pornography use was amplified for same-gender estimations, and Americans estimated the average man views pornography more frequently than the average woman. Americans rarely reported viewing pornography at higher rates than what they estimated for others. This study provides initial steps toward understanding gendered impressions of average pornography use and provides recommendations for how future research could explore differing mechanisms of same-gender and cross-gender perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaslighting, a form of psychological abuse, has received increasing attention in recent years. The current research provides reliability and validity evidence for a new 11-item measure of exposure to gaslighting by a romantic partner: The Gaslighting Relationship Exposure Inventory (GREI). Two studies were conducted with Israeli (N = 509) and American (N = 395) community samples. Participants were involved in a romantic relationship and completed an online questionnaire that included measures of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, depression, and relationship satisfaction. In both studies, the GREI items loaded onto a single factor of relationship gaslighting exposure. The scale demonstrated metric gender invariance and was reliable in both men and women. Relationship gaslighting exposure was strongly linked with psychological abuse victimization and weakly linked with other forms of IPV victimization, thus showing strong convergent and discriminant validity. Moreover, relationship gaslighting exposure was associated with greater depression and lower relationship quality, above and beyond other forms of IPV victimization. The results support the reliability and validity of the GREI in both men and women, as well as its utility for the study of gaslighting exposure within relationships. The current research highlights that gaslighting is a distinct form of psychological abuse with unique implications for personal and relational well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the development of social identity centrality dimensions (i.e., Muslim, ethnic, and American identity centrality) among Muslim American youth as well as associations between religious discrimination and social identity centrality trajectories. Data were collected once annually from 2015 to 2017 with 220 Muslim American youth (M = 14.20, SD = 0.94) in the Midwest United States (girls = 53.2%; boys = 42.3%; missing = 4.5%). Participants were Arab (62.3%), Somali (15.9%), and African American (8.6%), among other ethnic groups (less than 2%). Latent growth curve models indicated that Muslim and ethnic identity centrality displayed negative trajectories and that American identity centrality increased over time. Surprisingly, religious discrimination was not associated with social identity centrality trajectories. This research suggests that Muslim American youths' minoritized social identities develop similarly, whereas youths' American social identity develops differently than these identities. Public Significance Statement: The research indicates that minoritized youth must navigate the development of their social identities in the context of hostile sociopolitical climates (García Coll et al., 1996; Umaña-Taylor et al., 2014). However, minimal empirical research investigates how Muslim American youth—a group of youth minoritized on the basis of their faith tradition—develop multifaceted social identities in the context of Islamophobia. The current work attends to this research gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed genomic data from the prostate cancer of African- and European American men to identify differences contributing to racial disparity of outcome. We also performed FISH-based studies of Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 1 (CHD1) loss on prostate cancer tissue microarrays. We created CHD1-deficient prostate cancer cell lines for genomic, drug sensitivity and functional homologous recombination (HR) activity analysis. Subclonal deletion of CHD1 was nearly three times as frequent in prostate tumors of African American than in European American men and it associates with rapid disease progression. CHD1 deletion was not associated with HR deficiency associated mutational signatures or HR deficiency as detected by RAD51 foci formation. This was consistent with the moderate increase of olaparib and talazoparib sensitivity with several CHD1 deficient cell lines showing talazoparib sensitivity in the clinically relevant concentration range. CHD1 loss may contribute to worse disease outcome in African American men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relative diagnostic yield of clinical germline genomic tests in a diverse pediatric cancer population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The KidsCanSeq study enrolled pediatric cancer patients across six sites in Texas. Germline analysis included both exome sequencing and a therapy-focused pediatric cancer gene panel. The results were categorized by participants demographics, the presence of pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants, and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in cancer predisposition genes (CPGs). Pediatric actionable CPGs were defined as those with cancer surveillance recommendations during childhood. RESULTS: Cancer P/LP variants were reported by at least one platform in 103 of 578 (17.8%) participants of which 76 were dominant cancer genes (13.1%) with no significant differences by self-described race or Hispanic ethnicity. However, the proportion of participants with VUS was greater in Asian and African American participants (P =.0029). Diagnostic yield was 16.6% for exome versus 8.5% for panel (P <.0001) with 42 participants with concordant germline results. Exome-only results included P/LP variants in 30 different CPGs in 54 participants, whereas panel-only results included seven participants with a copy number or structural P/LP variants in CPGs. There was no significant difference in diagnostic yield limited to pediatric actionable CPGs (P =.6171). CONCLUSION: Approximately 18% of a diverse pediatric cancer population had germline diagnostic findings with 50% of P/LP variants reported by only one platform because of CPGs not on the targeted panel and copy number variants (CNVs)/rearrangements not reported by exome. Although diagnostic yields were similar in this diverse population, increases in VUS results were observed in Asian and African American populations. Given the clinical significance of CNVs/rearrangements in this cohort, detection is critical to optimize germline analysis of pediatric cancer populations. Germline analysis with comprehensive gene list and CNV detection is critical in pediatric oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence indicated that depression is currently one of the most burdensome diseases worldwide, and it can lead to a variety of functional physical impairments. However, the studies estimated the association between depression and thyroid function remain sparse. We aimed to investigate the association between depression and thyroid function in the American population. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2007 to 2012. In the 12,502 adults aged 20-80 years, weighted linear regression models and multiple logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between depression and thyroid function indicators. The thyroid indicators investigated were mainly free thyroxine (FT4), total T4 (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total T3 (TT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and antithyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin (Tg) and antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). Results: The final results were reached after adjusting for various confounding factors. In the stratification analysis of subgroups divided by age, depression was significantly negatively correlated with FT4, FT3, and TT3 in both younger adults (p = 0.00122, p < 0.00001, and p = 0.00003) and older adults (p = 0.00001, p = 0.00004, and p < 0.00001). In contrast, depression was significantly negatively correlated with TT4 and Tg in older adults (p = 0.00054, p = 0.00695) and positively correlated in younger adults (p = 0.01352, p < 0.00001). The subgroup analysis by gender revealed that depression was significantly negatively correlated with FT4, FT3, and TT3 in both adult males (p = 0.0164, p = 0.0204, and p = 0.0050) and adult females (p = 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001), which was more prominent in females. The positive correlation between depression symptoms and TPOAb was only found in adult females (p = 0.0282) and younger adults (p = 0.00488). Conclusion: This study confirmed a significant correlation between depressive and thyroid function and it varied among different genders or age. In the future, more prospective studies are needed to reveal these findings and confirm a causal relationship between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses cluster analysis to explore the results of the 2016 National Financial Well-Being survey. Our analysis identifies four groups, two of which have very similar levels of financial well-being but markedly different objective financial situations. These findings indicate there is a systematic bias between financial well-being and objective financial situation. Although it is understood that these two constructs do not evaluate exactly the same thing, the difference in objective financial situation between the two groups suggests that, for large subsets of the American population, these constructs may be more different than the existing literature seems to suggest. This underscores the importance of considering both objective and subjective measures when assessing an individual's overall financial situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing racial diversity in the United States, and the particular growth of multiracial populations, questions about how children perceive others’ (bi)racial identities remain poorly understood. In two preregistered studies, we asked White and racially minoritized American children (N = 157; 4–11‐years old) and White and multiracial adults (N = 226) how acceptable it was for monoracial people (Black or White; Study 1) and/or biracial people (Black–White; Studies 1 and 2) to claim either a monoracial or biracial identity. Consistent with past research with adults, children said that monoracial people should claim (only) the monoracial identity which matched their ancestry. Judgements about biracial identity were more variable. White and multiracial adults (Study 2) reported that biracial targets could claim a racial identity that matched either or both of their parents, with biracial claims being evaluated most positively. Exploratory analyses on children's judgements about biracial people's identity claims (Study 1) revealed different patterns of development for White children and children from minoritized backgrounds. Whereas White children became more likely with age to report that all identity claims were acceptable, children from racially minoritized groups became more likely with age to endorse biracial targets who claimed a biracial identity. These findings suggest that children's own racial background and age may have a larger impact on their perceptions of biracial people's identities, compared to their perceptions of monoracial people's identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare attitudes and behaviors of American adults who have experienced food shaming versus those who have not. Design: This was an online survey of 2003 US adults, followed by an additional 5 one-on-one in-depth interviews, for a total of 2008. Data were collected between September and November 2022. Participants: US adults (n = 2008) recruited via commercial research panels. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of food shaming, and attitudes and behaviors among adults who have experienced food shaming versus those who have not. Analysis: χ2 and analysis of covariance investigating associations between experience with food shaming and foodrelated attitudes and behaviors, controlling for body mass index where possible. Results: Nearly 3 in 10 American adults report that they have experienced food shame. Experiencing food shame correlates with higher guilt and shame, greater likelihood to engage in regimented eating, and more prevalent, as well as negative, emotions around food and imagined interactions with food and nutrition professionals. Conclusions and Implications: Food shaming is a phenomenon with wide-reaching impacts on attitudes and behaviors. We expect that this innovative study will inform registered dietitian nutritionists and other health professionals to help people develop healthy, sustainable relationships with food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic health records and other sources of observational data are increasingly used for drawing causal inferences. The estimation of a causal effect using these data not meant for research purposes is subject to confounding and irregularly-spaced covariate-driven observation times affecting the inference. A doubly-weighted estimator accounting for these features has previously been proposed that relies on the correct specification of two nuisance models used for the weights. In this work, we propose a novel consistent multiply robust estimator and demonstrate analytically and in comprehensive simulation studies that it is more flexible and more efficient than the only alternative estimator proposed for the same setting. It is further applied to data from the Add Health study in the United States to estimate the causal effect of therapy counseling on alcohol consumption in American adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Americans with disabilities represent the largest historically underserved and marginalized health disparity population in the United States. This perspective piece will raise the awareness of physical therapist faculty and clinicians on gaps in health care provider knowledge about disability and provide actionable strategies, frameworks, and resources available to improve disability competence to make changes in clinical education and practice. In this perspective piece, 3 contributions are made. First, health disparities experienced by Americans with disabilities as a result of health care providers' biased assumptions about disability and lack of disability competence are described through an in-depth illustration of lived experiences of people with disabilities. Second, a discussion of disability competence in physical therapist education is provided. Finally, critical and evidence–based insights and actionable frameworks and resources to address disability competence training gaps and to promote anti-ableist practice are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This book review discusses "Gender Politics at Home and Abroad: Protestant Modernity in Colonial-Era Korea" by Hyaeweol Choi. The review focuses on the story of Choe Yeongsuk, a woman intellectual who studied political economy in Sweden and faced financial hardships. It explores the influence of the Christian network in colonial Korea and the impact of elite women on Korean modern womanhood. The book delves into the challenges faced by women intellectuals in expressing their opinions and advocating for women's rights, as well as the activism of Protestant women intellectuals in the rural revitalization movement. The author acknowledges the role of Protestant Christianity in providing education and opportunities for Koreans but suggests a more critical view of American involvement and Protestant modernity in Korean history. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Endometriosis, a common and distressing gynecological condition, affects fertility and causes pain, is often managed with medications such as Elagolix. The present study aimed to construct a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for elagolix to predict its pharmacokinetics in different populations, including those with special conditions, to enhance treatment strategies for endometriosis. Methods: The PBPK model was optimized using observational data based on the oral administration of elagolix in a healthy Chinese population under fasting conditions. Model accuracy was further verified by comparing the predicted postprandial elagolix concentration data for healthy Chinese individuals with observed data and by comparing these values with the predicted values in a US population model with renal injury or following multiple-dose administration. Results: Elagolix pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in the Chinese and American populations exhibited no differences that were attributable to ethnicity. The model predicted in vivo PK in adolescents aged 14–18 years, revealing no clinically significant differences in the effects of elagolix between adolescents and adults. In addition, no predicted PK differences in individuals with overweight were observed. However, notable variations emerged in those classified as obesity class 2 and above compared to healthy individuals. Conclusion: Our study presents a novel PBPK model for elagolix in healthy Chinese women, addressing a clinical data gap for its use in adolescents and obese patients. By validating the model with real-world factors, including diet and renal impairment, we provide initial pharmacokinetic predictions for these populations, contributing to a more informed clinical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a lack of research on the Arab American population despite a noted increase in divorce and marital discord among Arabs and Arab American couples. Moreover, knowledge is limited on ways to enhance existing couple-based treatments to become more sensitive toward the unique intersection that Arab American couples are faced with. One consideration when improving treatment is to examine and better understand the negative attributions Arab American spouses make about each other's behavior, as they can be detrimental to the satisfaction of the relationship. In this study, a sample of 142 married Arab Americans were asked to complete the Relationship Attribution Measure, Patient Health Questionnaire, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). A large portion of the participants fell within the distressed range of the DAS. Attributions, especially motivations and blame, were significant predictors of relationship satisfaction. Both causal and responsibility attributions were associated with depression, while only responsibility attributions were associated with anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of how future research and couple-based interventions can integrate cultural considerations within this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite not displaying higher overall rates of substance use compared to White Americans, the social consequences of substance use disorders for Black Americans, particularly among Black American men, are more damaging. Furthermore, recent data suggest an uptick in substance use-related deaths among Black Americans, raising serious concerns about a growing health disparity that warrants the need for studies to identify factors associated with prevention. For decades, Black cultural theorists have argued that Afrocentric norms are important buffers against maladaptive behaviors in Black Americans, but the association in the context of substance use is still an emerging area. The present study investigated the associations between Afrocentric norms, Afrocentric self-regard, internalized negative stereotypes, and substance use attitudes and behaviors among Black young adults. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure internalized negative stereotypes, Afrocentric norms, Afrocentric self-regard, substance use attitudes, and substance use from a sample of Black young adults (N = 619). Favorable attitudes toward substance use were found to be positively associated with internalized negative stereotypes but were inversely associated with Afrocentric norms and Afrocentric self-regard. Similarly, substance use reports within the past 30 days were inversely associated with Afrocentric norms, but the relationship to cannabis use was non-significant. Gender differences between Black men and women were also found. Implications for social work are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The development of depressive symptoms often increases in adolescence, and for Black American youth, can result in disproportionately long-lasting and deleterious outcomes. Despite the epidemiological trend, scant research has examined the longitudinal development of heterogeneous patterns of depressive symptoms among Black American youth. Moreover, less is known on the impact of contextual covariates on depressive symptom trajectories among Black American youth. The investigation into within-group differences of depressive symptoms is crucial for culturally informed interventions. Methods: The sample consisted of 472 Black American youth and their primary caregivers from eight counties in Georgia who provided data at five time points (i.e., youth ages 11 to 15). Hypotheses were tested with latent class growth analysis to investigate multiple trajectories of depressive symptoms, and examine sociocultural and familial covariates of trajectory group, including caregiver depressive symptoms, involved vigilant parenting, racial discrimination experiences, Black pride, and internalized racism. Results: Four-classes of depressive symptoms were identified including stable low (58.4%); high start, decreasing (20%); later onset (13%); and high and increasing (8.5%). Family and race-related predictors differentiated youth's depressive symptom trajectories class and identified warning signs for high-symptomology trajectories. Conclusions: Findings provide novel insights into developmental patterns of depressive symptoms and the role of contextual and sociocultural factors within a sample of Black American youth. Implications include treatment and prevention recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found differences in ideal affect between East Asian populations and European American populations. However, no study has looked at the specific affective preferences of Filipinx Americans. Thus, the present study compared the ideal affect of Filipinx Americans and European Americans. Analyses revealed nearly identical ideal affect profiles between the Filipinx American and European American samples, p = .88, η2p = .00. Additionally, high arousal positive states were equally preferred to low arousal positive states in both the Filipinx American sample (p = .57, Cohen's d = 0.06) and the European American sample (p = .83, Cohen's d = 0.03). The results are consistent with the notion that religious influences shape ideal affect, whereas collectivism in this case did not (cf. Tsai et al., 2006). The results highlight the heterogeneity among collectivist Asian groups and underscore the need to examine the intersectionality of cultural influences on affect. More psychological research on Filipinx people is needed to unpack the experience of this unique culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Growing evidence suggests that place of birth (PoB) and related circumstances may have long-lasting and multiplicative contributions to various later-life outcomes. However, the specific contributions to different domains of cognitive function in late life remain less understood. This study investigated the extent to which state of birth contributes to a wide range of domains of later-life cognitive function. Methods A nationally representative sample of Americans aged 65 and older (N = 3,333) from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) was utilized. Cognitive function was assessed in HCAP and linked to HRS state of birth data to explore the contribution of PoB to later-life cognitive disparities. Regression-based Shapley decompositions were employed to quantify this contribution. Results PoB significantly contributed to all assessed cognitive domains including memory, executive function, language and fluency, visuospatial function, orientation, and general cognitive function. Geographic disparities in cognitive function were evident across PoB, with individuals born in U.S. southern states and foreign-born individuals performing worse than those born in other states. Overall, state of birth accounted for 2.2%–9.7% of the total variance in cognition after adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. This contribution declined to 2.0%–7.0% after further adjusting for comprehensive socioeconomic and health factors over the life course, and was robust to the control of current state of residence. Discussion PoB has lasting contributions to later-life cognition, with significant geographic disparities observed. Addressing these disparities requires more equalized place-based policies, resources, and early-life environments to promote health equity over the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Previous studies have indicated that compared to older adults, younger older adults (e.g. baby boomers) are more susceptible to obesity, but their risk decreases as they age. However, there is a lack of research on how individuals experience sarcopenic obesity, which increases in later life and is a mortality risk factor. This study examined how younger cohorts of older Americans and their demographic traits are related to sarcopenic obesity. Methods Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze participants aged 65 years and older, stratified by sex using data from the 2006–2016 Health and Retirement Study, with survey weights (n = 2,896 men and n = 4,268 women). Results The findings indicate that the youngest cohort (born between 1948 and 1953) had greater odds of sarcopenic obesity than older cohorts (born before 1931). However, the youngest cohort did not have significantly different risks from those born between 1931 and 1947. Unexpectedly, the youngest cohort of older women living alone tended not to have sarcopenic obesity compared to the older cohorts living alone. These results remained significant even after adjusting for various covariates, including marital status, race, education level, wealth, and other factors. Discussion This paper contributes to the existing literature on population health and demographic change in 2 ways. First, the risk of sarcopenic obesity is higher among younger cohorts of older Americans relative to older cohorts (born before 1931). Second, living alone may not necessarily be considered a worse health condition, particularly for younger female cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Time Perception Scale (Niiya, 2019, Journal of Happiness Studies) measures people's perception of time as zero‐sum (i.e., the perception that they are taking time away from others, that they are offering time to others, or that others are taking away time from them) and nonzero‐sum (i.e., the perception that time spent on others is time spent on themselves). This scale was validated in Japan, but whether people from a non‐Asian culture also perceive time as nonzero‐sum remained unknown. We tested the measurement invariance of the Time Perception Scale with 189 Americans and 240 Japanese and examined its correlations with psychological well‐being and cultural self‐construals. We confirmed the configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance of the scale and also found that zero‐sum and nonzero‐sum time perceptions were differently associated with basic needs satisfaction, life satisfaction, and interdependent self‐construal in both cultures. Nonzero‐sum time perception may provide a new possibility where a concept derived from East Asian philosophy can contribute to our psychological well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document examines the effects of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on health coverage disparities among Asian American populations. The study focuses on the role of educational attainment within different Asian ethnic groups and how the ACA provisions impacted coverage gaps. The findings suggest that the ACA reduced education-related coverage disparities for most Asian ethnic groups, except for the Japanese. The study emphasizes the need to consider intra-group disparities and educational attainment when addressing health coverage disparities within the Asian American population. However, the study acknowledges limitations in its design and reliance on self-reported data. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the EAT-Lancet diet (ELD) and head and neck cancers (HNCs) in 101,755 Americans enrolled in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Prospective cohort study. ELD score was calculated to assess participant's adherence to ELD. Cox hazard regression models were utilised to evaluate the association of ELD and dietary components with HNC risk. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots were employed to explore the linearity of the relationships. Predefined subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed to identify potential effect modifiers and to assess the stability of the findings, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 8.84 years, 279 cases of HNCs, including 169 cases of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers and 110 cases of laryngeal cancer were recorded. This study observed a dose–response negative correlation between ELD and HNCs (hazard ratio [HR] Q4 vs Q1 : 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34, 0.80; P -trend = 0.003; HR per SD increment : 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.91), and oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers (HR Q4 vs Q1 : 0.52; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.88; P -trend = 0.008; HR per SD increment : 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.92). Analysis using RCS plots indicated a significant linear association between adherence to the ELD and reduced risk of HNCs and oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers (P -nonlinearity > 0.05). Subgroup analysis did not reveal significant interaction factors (P -interaction > 0.05), and sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of this study. Additionally, negative correlations were found between the consumption of fruits and whole grains and HNCs (fruits: HR Q4 vs Q1 : 0.58; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.84; P -trend = 0.010; whole grains: HR Q4 vs Q1 : 0.51; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.97; P -trend = 0.004). Adherence to ELD contributes to the prevention of HNCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: American pediatric anesthesiologists have a long history of international volunteerism. However, the US healthcare system also benefits from the contributions of a large number of physicians who come from other nations to work within its borders. Despite this fact, little is known about the contribution of international medical graduates (IMG) to the pediatric anesthesiology subspecialty. Aims: To characterize the contribution of IMG to the field of pediatric anesthesiology in the United States, and to elucidate the geographic and demographic distribution of their national origins so as to understand the movement of skilled personnel between countries. Methods: Online physician directories of American children's hospitals were searched, and anesthesiologists were recorded for their national origin of medical education. International graduates were reported as a percentage of the pediatric anesthesiology workforce. Those attending medical colleges catering to American students ("offshore" medical schools) were analyzed separately from other IMGs. The cohort of non‐offshore IMGs were analyzed for national and continental origins, and by national level of economic development. Results: Of 1979 anesthesiologists analyzed, 397 attended medical school outside the United States, with 58 being from offshore schools. The remaining 338 represented 17.1% of the total pediatric anesthesiology workforce. They came from 58 countries on six continents. Of those, 65.1% attended medical school in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Conclusions: International medical graduates, disproportionately from low‐ and middle‐income countries, compose a large proportion of the US Pediatric Anesthesiology workforce. While these clinicians play a vital role in providing care for American children, the potential impacts of skilled physician loss on their nations of origin must also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religion/spirituality has been linked to virtue development across individuals, but most of this evidence is derived from decontextualized one-time survey studies. We employed a three-wave experience sampling study to examine whether Ramadan heightens Muslim American adolescents' connectedness to Allah, inhibitory self-control, initiatory self-control, patience, and compassion within individuals. Adolescents (N = 202) were prompted to complete three daily surveys for a week before, during, and after Ramadan each. Results indicated that adolescents grew more connected to Allah and exhibited greater inhibitory self-control, initiatory self-control, and patience in their daily lives from pre-Ramadan to Ramadan, with continued elevated effects for initiatory self-control and patience – but not for inhibitory self-control – after Ramadan. In contrast, adolescents reported high levels of daily compassion before and during Ramadan, but lower levels after Ramadan. Our findings emphasized the importance of disentangling within- and between-person effects and have implications for virtue theories and the design of intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]