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The Doomsday Book is a collection of documents and memoranda compiled by the legal department of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY). The book focuses on financial crises [...]

The increase in water consumption along with climate change makes freshwater more vulnerable to pollution. Conserving the dwindling freshwater resources is one of the major problems faced by water management experts. Hence, forecasting lake water level (WL) fluctuations is crucial for managing water resources systems. As part of this study, the standalone support vector regression (SVR) model along with the hybrid SVR model combined with the algorithm of innovative gunner (AIG) was employed for WL multistep-ahead (1–3 months) forecasting of Michigan and Superior Lakes. The hybrid model takes advantage of the unique strength of individual models and it can be an effective way to improve forecasting performance. The average mutual information (AMI) and Taylor diagram techniques were applied for WL of lakes up to a lag of 20 months to determine the most effective inputs for model development. Multistep-ahead WL forecasting models of each lake were built based on the training subset (70%; from 1918 to 1991) and the testing subset (30%; from 1992 to 2021). The models were validated statistically and visually in the testing stage. Finally, based on the results, error values were found to be small for AIG-SVR models for both selected stations: Lake Michigan: 0.039 m < RMSE < 0.140 m and Lake Superior: 0.037 m < RMSE < 0.133 m. The test results also revealed that AIG-SVR model has boosted the accuracy of the results. The great potential of the AIG algorithm based on SVR as a novel model was proved in estimating accurate multistep lake WL values with high generalization ability and low variance compared to the SVR model for both lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secretory cells in the fallopian tube fimbria epithelium (FTE) are regarded as the main cells of origin of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). Ovulation is the main cause of FTE oncogenesis, which proceeds through a sequence of TP53 mutations, chromosomal instability due to Rb/cyclin E aberration, in situ carcinoma (STIC), and metastasis to the ovary and peritoneum (metastatic HGSC). Previously, we have identified multiple oncogenic activities of the ovulatory follicular fluid (FF), which exerts the full spectrum of transforming activity on FTE cells at different stages of transformation. After ovulation, the FF is transfused into the peritoneal fluid (PF), in which the FTE constantly bathes. We wondered whether PF exerts the same spectrum of oncogenic activities as done by FF and whether these activities are derived from FF. By using a panel of FTE cell lines with p53 mutation (FT282-V), p53/CCNE1 aberrations (FT282-CCNE1), and p53/Rb aberrations plus spontaneous transformation, and peritoneal metastasis (FEXT2), we analyzed the changes of different transformation phenotypes after treating with FF and PF collected before or after ovulation. Similar to effects exhibited by FF, we found that, to a lesser extent, PF promoted anchorage-independent growth (AIG), migration, anoikis resistance, and peritoneal attachment in transforming FTE cells. The more transformed cells were typically more affected. Among the transforming activities exhibited by PF treatment, AIG, Matrigel invasion, and peritoneal attachment growth were higher with luteal-phase PF treatment than with the proliferative-phase PF treatment, suggesting an ovulation source. In contrast, changes in anoikis resistance and migration activities were similar in response to treatment with PF collected before and after ovulation, suggesting an ovulation-independent source. The overall transforming activity of luteal-phase PF was verified in an i.p. co-injection xenograft mouse model. Co-injection of Luc-FEXT2 cells with either FF or luteal-phase PF supported early peritoneal implantation, whereas co-injection with follicular-phase PF did not. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that PF from ovulating women can promote different oncogenic phenotypes in FTE cells at different stages of malignant transformation. Most of these activities, other than anoikis resistance and cell migration, are sourced from ovulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predominant characteristic of autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is corpusdominant advanced atrophy, which is mostly observed in the middle to late stages. More reports are needed on the endoscopic features of the early stage. In this report, we present two cases of early-stage AIG in which endoscopic examinations showed no atrophy of the gastric mucosa but displayed a transition of collecting venules from a regular to an irregular arrangement. In addition, yellowish-white cobblestone-like elevations were observed in the fundic gland region. Histologically, the observed manifestations included pseudohypertrophy and protrusion of parietal cells into the lumen, possibly along with hyperplasia of G cells, lymphocytic infiltration and potentially pseudopyloric gland metaplasia. Serologically, the anti-parietal cell antibody returned positive results, whereas the anti-intrinsic factor antibody yielded negative results. In this study, we summarized some endoscopic features of two patients, aiming to provide clues for endoscopists to detect early-stage AIG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The natural history of autoimmune gastritis (AIG) has been poorly described. In this study, we report the long-term natural history and clinical clustering of the full spectrum of AIG, from the potential to the complicated stage. METHODS: Prospective single-center study conducted in a tertiary referral center. Patients with AIG at any stage (0 5 potential; 1 5 early; 2 5 florid; 3 5 severe; and 4 5 complicated) were enrolled (January 2000--December 2022). The histopathological evolution, the clinical presentation, and the correlates of evolution of potential AIG were assessed. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety-eight patients with AIG (meanage 56.7615.2 years, F:M ratio 2.5:1) were included, of whom93 experienced potential AIG. Themaximum disease durationwas 27 years (median 18, interquartile range 14--23), while the overall median follow-up was 52 months (interquartile range 12--95). Age was significantly lower in stage 0 compared with that in the other stages. Accidental histologic evidence and hematologic findings were the most commonclusters of diagnosis. Theover all median rate of progression was 7.29 per 100 persons/yr (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.19--8.59), while the stage-specific rates of progression were 10.85 (stage 0; 95% CI 7.75--15.18), 14.83 (stages 1--2; 95% CI 11.89--18.49), and 2.68 (stage 3; 95% CI 1.88--3.84). Newly onset neoplastic complications at follow-up occurred in 41/483 patients (8.5%; 23 neuroendocrine tumors and 18 epithelial dysplasia). No cases of adenocarcinoma were noticed. Male sex was associated with a greater likelihood of evolving from potential AIG to overt AIG. DISCUSSION: AIG is a progressive disorder, with a virtually absent risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. Patients with potential AIG should be monitored because they carry a high risk of evolving into overt AIG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education is the property of Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease with oncogenic potential that causes destruction of parietal cells and severe mucosal atrophy. We aimed to explore the distinctive gene expression profiles, activated signaling pathways, and their underlying mechanisms. Methods: A comprehensive gene expression analysis was conducted using biopsy specimens from AIG, Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis (HPG), and non-inflammatory normal stomachs. Gastric cancer cell lines were cultured under acidic (pH 6.5) conditions to evaluate changes in gene expression. Results: Gastric mucosa with AIG had a unique gene expression profile compared with that with HPG and normal mucosa, such as extensively low expression of ATP4A and high expression of GAST and PAPPA2, which are involved in neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. Additionally, the mucosa with AIG and HPG showed the downregulation of stomach-specific genes and upregulation of small intestine-specific genes; however, intestinal trans-differentiation was much more prominent in AIG samples, likely in a CDX-dependent manner. Furthermore, AIG induced ectopic expression of pancreatic digestion-related genes, PNLIP, CEL, CTRB1, and CTRC; and a master regulator gene of the lung, NKX2-1/TTF1 with alveolar fluid secretion-related genes, SFTPB and SFTPC. Mechanistically, acidic conditions led to the downregulation of master regulator and stemness control genes of small intestine, suggesting that increased environmental pH may cause abnormal intestinal differentiation in the stomach. Conclusions: AIG induces diverse trans-differentiation in the gastric mucosa, characterized by the transactivation of genes specific to the small intestine, pancreas, and lung. Increased environmental pH owing to AIG may cause abnormal differentiation of the gastric mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictions of variations in exchange rates of other currencies to a vehicle currency such as the Dollar (USD) are vital in order to reduce the risks for international transactions. In this study, we use a heuristic algorithm of Harris Hawks' optimization (HHO) along with phase space reconstructions (PSRs) coupled to the ANN (PSR-ANNHHO) to predict the daily data of GBP/USD and CAD/USD exchange rates. In this new hybrid model, unlike the previous ones, the input of the model is based on the two parameters of time delay and the embedding dimension. The HHO algorithm increases the performance of ANN, which has can model non-linear systems in a natural manner. The performance of the PSR-ANNHHO model can be compared with the ANN and the ANN hybridized with metaheuristic Algorithm of Innovative Gunner (AIG) model (ANN-AIG). The Modified Diebold–Mariano test indicates the statistical difference between the accuracy of the models. Based on the statistical measures and graphs, the PSR-ANNHHO model predicts exchange rates considerably better than stand-alone ANN and ANN-AIG model in each case. Hence, implementing PSR along with using the heuristic algorithms could increase the accuracy of the model. This model's precise performance supports the case for it to be employed to predict future exchange rate variations, in order to decrease transactions risks in the global markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional medicine is an alternative that the community can use to maintain body immunity. Plants that can be consumed as immune boosters include ginger and turmeric. Several phytochemical compounds known to have physiological functions are carotenoids, phytosterols, saponins, glycosinolates, polyphenols, protease inhibitors, monoterpenes, phytoestrogens, sulfides, and phytic acid. The abundant availability of biopharmaceutical plants has been utilized by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Semarang to be processed into various postharvest processed products in the form of instant powder drinks, as was provided by AIG Bunda Nisa SMEs in Delik Village, Tuntang District. This study aimed to determine consumer perceptions and interpretations of instant herbal products. The research locus is located in the city and regency of Semarang and its surrounding areas. Primary data were obtained through interviews and questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained through literatures related to the research. The product used as the object of study is the product of AIG Bunda Nisa’s instant herbal medicine. The attributes that will be assessed by consumers include price, taste, benefits, texture, packaging, legality, and ease of obtaining. The results showed that the types of instant herbal medicine that were often consumed by respondents were ginger 30%, Curcuma (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb) 26%, and turmeric (Curcuma Domestica Vahl) 21%. The motivation of 68.1% of respondents to consume instant herbal medicine is for health, while taste and quality being the primary considerations. In this matter, the benefit attribute becomes essential. Consumers expect the spice taste to be strengthened by reducing the sugar content and the price to be more affordable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Following the surge of documents laying out organizations' ethical principles for their use of artificial intelligence (AI), there is a growing demand for translating ethical principles to practice through AI governance (AIG). AIG has emerged as a rapidly growing, yet fragmented, research area. This paper synthesizes the organizational AIG literature by outlining research themes and knowledge gaps as well as putting forward future agendas. Design/methodology/approach: The authors undertake a systematic literature review on AIG, addressing the current state of its conceptualization and suggesting future directions for AIG scholarship and practice. The review protocol was developed following recommended guidelines for systematic reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Findings: The results of the authors' review confirmed the assumption that AIG is an emerging research topic with few explicit definitions. Moreover, the authors' review identified four themes in the AIG literature: technology, stakeholders and context, regulation and processes. The central knowledge gaps revealed were the limited understanding of AIG implementation, lack of attention to the AIG context, uncertain effectiveness of ethical principles and regulation, and insufficient operationalization of AIG processes. To address these gaps, the authors present four future AIG agendas: technical, stakeholder and contextual, regulatory, and process. Going forward, the authors propose focused empirical research on organizational AIG processes, the establishment of an AI oversight unit and collaborative governance as a research approach. Research limitations/implications: To address the identified knowledge gaps, the authors present the following working definition of AIG: AI governance is a system of rules, practices and processes employed to ensure an organization's use of AI technologies aligns with its strategies, objectives, and values, complete with legal requirements, ethical principles and the requirements set by stakeholders. Going forward, the authors propose focused empirical research on organizational AIG processes, the establishment of an AI oversight unit and collaborative governance as a research approach. Practical implications: For practitioners, the authors highlight training and awareness, stakeholder management and the crucial role of organizational culture, including senior management commitment. Social implications: For society, the authors review elucidates the multitude of stakeholders involved in AI governance activities and complexities related to balancing the needs of different stakeholders. Originality/value: By delineating the AIG concept and the associated research themes, knowledge gaps and future agendas, the authors review builds a foundation for organizational AIG research, calling for broad contextual investigations and a deep understanding of AIG mechanisms. For practitioners, the authors highlight training and awareness, stakeholder management and the crucial role of organizational culture, including senior management commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is an autoimmune disease of the stomach characterized by the destruction of the oxyntic mucosa, which stops producing acid and becomes both functionally and morphologically atrophic. The pathogenic mechanisms behind the disease are still poorly understood. There is no early diagnosis and specific AIG therapy. To elucidate the pathogenesis of AIG, to search for early diagnostic markers, as well as to test new therapeutic approaches, an adequate and easily reproducible experimental model for autoimmune gastritis (EAG) is needed. Existing EAG models have some limitations, including slow development of signs, absence of advanced gastritis, irrational use of animals to obtain antigen. The aim was to find out whether it is possible to cause autoimmune gastritis similar to human disease in Wistar rats through immunization with a homologous gastric mucosa extract. Wistar rats were immunized with gastric mucosa extract. Histology studies and evaluation of serological parameters were performed 56 and 91 days later. Destruction of oxyntic glands by infiltrating T lymphocytes were detected in rats on 56 and 91 days after initial immunization with gastric mucosa extract. Hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells was detected on the 91st day. Antral mucosa remained unchanged. Wistar rats, immunized with gastric mucosa extract, developed EAG similar to human AIG. The advantages of received EAG model are the ease of obtaining, the rapid development of oxyntic mucosa damage, which may progress to ECL cell hyperplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

METHODS: This study was conducted at the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (AIG Hospitals), Hyderabad, India, from September 20, 2022, to December 15, 2022. All consecutive patients, older than 18 years with suspected SBD, and planned for total enteroscopy were screened for inclusion. The primary outcome was to compare the TER, and secondary outcomes were to compare the technical success, time taken to reach the depth of maximal insertion, withdrawal time, total procedure time, diagnostic yield, therapeutic success, and adverse events (AE). RESULTS: Seventy-two patients of the 110 patients screened were randomized in either NMSE (n 5 35) or SBE (n 5 37) group. The most common indication for the procedures was obscure gastrointestinal bleed (48%), others being unexplained abdominal pain with indeterminate radiologic findings (32%) and chronic diarrhea (20%). In NMSE group, the TER was 71.4%, whereas in the SBE group, it was 10.8% (P < 0.0001). The total procedure time (minutes) was much lesser withNMSE (58.17621.5 minutes) vs SBE (114.2 6 33.5 minutes) (P < 0.0001). The diagnostic yield of NMSE (80%) was comparatively higher than SBE (62.1%) (P 5 0.096). Minor AE (grade I) were observed in both the groups: NMSE 8.5% (3/35) and SBE 5.4% (2/37). DISCUSSION: This randomized controlled trial shows that with NMSE higher TER can be achieved in shorter duration with minimal AE, compared with SBE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2008 is etched in human history as the year of the 'Global Financial Crises'. Post the crises, Historians and financial commentators alike rushed to impute blame. Some blamed securitizations, some the banks and some Lehman Brothers and AIG. However, in the midst of all of this humbug, a key epicentre of the crises escaped academic scrutiny; 'Automation Technology'. The paper therefore aims to present an alternative view of financial history; one which impleads 'automation technology in finance' i.e., Risk Modelling Algorithms and RegTech. However, the underlying aim of this paper is to make a case against systemic automation bias in finance and to achieve that end, the paper employs an inter-disciplinary approach and uses history, law and data science to show case the multifarious perils of using automation technology blindfold in finance whilst also proposing possible solutions such as the incorporating of design thinking and systems theory in finance. Expired data sets, human assumptions, turning code in law, and a lack of standardized financial semantics as but some of these 'perils'. On the law front; it presents a twofold challenge under constitutional and anti-trust law and aims to reconcile law and technology. Lastly the paper aims to guide regulators by categorizing multiple stages of technological complexity and recommends application of different regulatory approaches to regulating automation. Therefore, the paper shall maintain a 'solution' oriented approach throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Hidalguía is the property of Revista Hidalguia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)