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Most emulsifiers are molecules with both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties that can interact with both oil and water, thereby stabilizing the mixtures and preventing their separation. Common emulsifiers used in the animal feed industry include lecithin, lysolecithin, mono-and diglycerides, and carrageenan. The objective of this investigation was to assess the effects of emulsifiers on gross energy (GE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in chick diets. A total of six hundred Hy-Line W-80 chicks at 12 weeks old was randomly assigned to ten test groups. Each group was composed of six replicates, with ten birds per cage. The study employed a completely randomized design with a 2×5 factorial arrangements, encompassing ten treatments. The treatments consisted of two levels of monoglycerides (0% and 0.05%, referred to as emulsifier A) and five levels of lecithin (0%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, and 0.06%, referred to as emulsifier B). Hy-Line chicks fed diets supplemented with emulsifier B had significantly higher AME and AMEn compared with chicks offered the control diet. The levels of 0.04, 0.05 and 0.06% of emulsifier B improved the AME and AMEn. Linear and quadratic effects and the orthogonal contrast between the diets without and with emulsifiers B showed that addition of emulsifiers increased AME and AMEn in the diet. The interaction between emulsifiers A and B were observed on ATTD of Ca, P and ether extract (EE). The addition of emulsifiers A and B resulted in an increase in the ATTD of EE. In conclusion, the addition of lecithin at the 0.04% level can improve metabolizable energy levels by increasing fat digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous study showed that Coriandrum sativum (CS) has antinociceptive effects, but the mechanisms that mediate this effect are not clear. The present study was designed to test the role of opiate system in the antinociceptive effects of CS on acute and chronic pain in mice using Hot Plate (HP), Tail Flick (TF) and Formalin (FT) tests and also to compare its effect with dexamethasone (DEX) and stress (ST). Young adult male albino mice (25-30 g) in 33 groups (n = 8 in each group) were used in this study. CS (125 250, 500 and 1000 mg/Kg IP), DEX (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/Kg IP), vehicle (VEH) or swim stress were used 30 min before the pain evaluation tests. Acute and chronic pain was assessed by HP, TF and FT models. In addition, Naloxone (NAL, 2 mg/Kg, IP) was injected 15 min before the CS extract administration in order to assess the role of opiate system in the antinociception of CS. Results indicated that CS, DEX and ST have analgesic effects (p < 0.01) in comparison with the control group and higher dose of CS was more effective (p < 0.001). Besides, pretreatment of NAL modulates the antinociceptive effects of CS in all models (p < 0.001). The above findings showed that CS, DEX and ST have modulator effects on pain. These findings further indicate that the CS extract has more analgesic effects than DEX and ST and also provides the evidence for the existence of an interaction between antinociceptive effects of CS and opiate system.