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Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of 48 Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolates from the udder or genital tract of apparently healthy or diseased camels. This study aimed also to determine the frequency of C. albicans isolates in the genital tract and udder of healthy or diseased female dromedary camels. A total of 240 mature dromedary camels (230 females and 10 males) were categorized based on the clinical examination of gentile tract and udder into five groups [fertile females (n = 70), infertile females (n = 115), healthy udder (n = 15), mastitis (n = 30), and fertile males (n = 10)]. Swabs were collected from male and female genital tracts of dromedary camels and milk samples were collected from healthy and diseased udders. C. albicans was isolated from 20% of the samples. The frequency of isolation was significantly higher (p < 0.00001) in disease camels (75%) compared with apparently healthy camels (25%). Most of C. albicans was isolated from infertile female genitalia (62.50%) which was significantly higher than that isolated from fertile female genitalia (16.67%). Multilocus sequence (MLS) analysis identified seven different diploid sequence types (DSTs) including DST2, DST50, DST62, DST69, DST124, DST142, and DST144. The most frequently identified DTS was DST69 (13/48) which significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than DST2, DST62, and DST124. The frequency of identification of DST50, DST142, and DST 144 was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than DST62. DST62 and DST124 were isolated only from diseased camels. DST62 was isolated only from mastitic milk. DST124 was isolated only from infertile female genitalia. The percentage of DST50 and DST 142 was significantly higher in diseased camels (infertile females) than in the apparently healthy ones (fertile females). DST2 and DST50 were isolated only from female genitalia of apparent health and diseased camels. The C. albicans isolated from diseased camels had significantly higher biofilm formation, hydrophobicity, phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolysin activities compared with the isolates from apparent healthy camels. All isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B, itraconazole, micafungin, posaconazole and voriconazole. In conclusion, the present study represents the first molecular typing of C. albicans in samples isolated from milk and the genital tract of the dromedary camel. MLST is a useful tool for studying the epidemiology and evolution of C. albicans. Early identification of Candida species and attention to Candida virulence factors and their antifungal susceptibility patterns is very important for establishing strategies to control and/or prevent candidiasis by novel therapeutic management. Amphotericin B, itraconazole, micafungin, posaconazole, or voriconazole can be efficient in treatment of candidiasis.

the aim of this work is to Making a survey to determine the Origanum used in Algabal Alakhder Investigation the histological physiological and hematological alterations resulted from Origanum administration in mice. Studying the rohe of Origanum in decreasing the adverse changes caused by some toxic substance

Iraqi Arab and Kurdish students face a number of difficulties in the perception and production of some English sounds .Among the many difficulties encountered by the students are those related to the production of lateral sounds in British English Received Pronunciation ( hereafter RP ) () These difficulties were confirmed in a production test whereby a group of fifty students(2) ( twenty Kurds and thirty Arabs) read a typed piece of conversation in which there were twenty five occurrences of lateral sounds mainly covering three allophones of/1 /viz [1][f ]and[t,].Other allophones(3)were not taken into consideration on the assumption that the greatest difficulty is encountered in the distinction -between the clear an d dark 4varieties on the one hand, and between syllabic and non- syllabic allophones on the other. The results showed that 52 % of the Kurds regularly used the clear variety where the 'dark' variety should have been used while only 40% substituted a non-syllabi c allophone for the syllabic one .On the other hand 43 % of the Arabs used a 'clear' variety instead of the 'dark' one and 75% used the non-syllabic variety instead of the syllabic .Surprisingly no student substituted a dark variety for the "clear' one except before the diphthpong/ al /, though both varieties do exist in Arabic (classical and colloquial) and in Kurdish.

The sound systems of both Standard Arabic (SA) and Kurdish (Bahdinani dialect) have been worked out, with varying degrees of emphasis on certain features (i.e. voicing, place of articulation and emphaticness ) whereas another feature, namely aspiration, has received, perhaps, less attention than the other features despite its important role in the sound syetems of both languages. This study, therefore, sought to examine aspiration in SA and Kurdish in an attempt to contribute to the knowledge . available on the phonology of the two languages as compared to that of English, and hence to throw some light on the diffi- culties encountered by Iraqi Arab and Kurdish students of English.

Research on speech programming has besically concentrated on the units of sreech production. The phoneme has widely been claimed (Dantloff and Hammerberg, 1973 Mackay, 1970) and so have the allophone (Wickelgren, 1969) and the feature (Benguerel and Cowan, 1974, Henke, 1966). perceptually, the syllable has been emphasized (Studdert- Kennedy, 1976). This controverslal Issue has been investigated in the context of slips of the tongue as produced by hative speakers of Arabic of varlous ages and under different mental and physical condit lons (anxiety, fear, illness and fatigue). Such speech errors mainly consist of transposit lon. addition, and omission of sounds and sound sequences. Categorization of such speech errors shows that units of different magnitudes are involved. If we accept the view that such units enter into the programme for speech production, then we can conclude that the building blocks of the production plan are hierarchical with the feature being the smallest unt in the hiererchy. The present investigation also shows that both anticipatory and carryover processes are involved in speech errors. A unit was either realized early in the utterance in anticipation of another occurring later, or carried over to replace a later unit, a finding which implies a scanning device which is equipped with a memory and sweeps over the plan within a temporal window spanning the utterance as a whole.

To augment high performance, coloration and functional finishing onto cotton fabrics; novel approach for simultaneous dyeing and finishing in addition to reinforcement effect were applied by conventional pad-dry-cure method in one step. This was done to explore the potential of reduction in energy consumption and production time as well as dyes and chemicals. For this purpose, our previously prepared starch nanoparticles (SNPs) as a reinforcement biopolymer were incorporated in cross-linking formulation of cotton fabrics embracing different concentrations of citric acid and cationic dyes, i.e., Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet in presence of sodium hypophosphite as a proficient catalyst at 1500C for 2 minutes. Evaluation of the treated fabric performance with respect to color strength (K/S), fastness properties to light, rubbing and perspiration, add on %, dry wrinkle recovery angles, tensile strength, fabric stiffness, antibacterial effect and ultraviolet protection factor were appraised. It is seen from the obtained results that; the simultaneously dyed and finished fabric in presence of SNPs showed higher color strength, dry wrinkle recovery angle, tensile strength, fabric stiffness, antibacterial and UPF functionalities in addition to considerable light, rubbing and perspiration fastness in comparison with untreated fabric. Besides, FTIR spectra exhibited the chemical structure of treated fabrics with respect to the presence of the ester crosslinking and functional groups of cationic dyes in questions in comparison with untreated fabric. The durability of the imparted functional properties was confirmed also by washing test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone tumor that primarily affects children and adolescents. This malignancy is highly aggressive, associated with poor clinical outcomes, and primarily metastasizes to the lungs. Due to its rarity and biological heterogeneity, limited studies on its molecular basis exist, hindering the development of effective therapies. The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is frequently altered in human osteosarcoma. Combined deletion of Wwox and Trp53 using Osterix1-Cre transgenic mice has been shown to accelerate osteosarcoma development. In this study, we generated a traceable osteosarcoma mouse model harboring the deletion of Trp53 alone (single-knockout) or combined deletion of Wwox/Trp53 (double-knockout) and expressing a tdTomato reporter. By tracking Tomato expression at different time points, we detected the early presence of tdTomato-positive cells in the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of non-osteosarcoma-bearing mice (young BM). We found that double-knockout young BM cells, but not single-knockout young BM cells, exhibited tumorigenic traits both in vitro and in vivo. Molecular and cellular characterization of these double-knockout young BM cells revealed their resemblance to osteosarcoma tumor cells. Interestingly, one of the observed significant transcriptomic changes in double-knockout young BM cells was the upregulation of Myc and its target genes compared to single-knockout young BM cells. Intriguingly, Myc-chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed its increased enrichment on Myc targets, which were upregulated in double-knockout young BM cells. Restoration of WWOX in double-knockout young BM cells reduced Myc protein levels. As a prototype target, we demonstrated the upregulation of MCM7, a known Myc target, in double-knockout young BM relative to single-knockout young BM cells. Inhibition of MCM7 expression using simvastatin resulted in reduced proliferation and tumor cell growth of double-knockout young BM cells. Our findings reveal BM mesenchymal stem cells as a platform to study osteosarcoma and Myc and its targets as WWOX effectors and early molecular events during osteosarcomagenesis.

The positioning of roadside units (RSUs) in a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication system may have an impact on network performance. Optimal RSU positioning is required to reduce cost and maintain the quality of service. However, RSU positioning is considered a difficult task because numerous criteria, such as the cost of RSUs, the intersection area and communication strength, affect the positioning process and must be considered. Furthermore, the conflict and trade-off amongst these criteria and the significance of each criterion are reflected on the RSU positioning process. Thus, this work proposes a new RSU positioning framework based on multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) in the context of the V2I communication system. Three stages are completed for this purpose. First, a real-time V2I hardware is developed to collect data. The developed hardware consists of multiple mobile nodes (i.e., cars with sending–receiving hardware devices) and physical RSUs. The RSUs and the devices in the cars are connected via the nRF24L01 + PA/LNA transceiver module with Arduino Uno. Second, seven testing scenarios are identified toward acquiring the required data upon the connection of the V2I devices. Moreover, three evaluation attributes (i.e., number of packet losses [PKL], cost and ratio of intersection area [RIA]) are used to evaluate each scenario. A decision matrix is constructed on the basis of the crossover between 'RSU positioning scenarios' and 'multi-evaluation attributes (i.e., PKL, cost and RIA)'. Third, the RSU positioning scenarios are ranked using MCDM techniques, such as the integrated analytic hierarchy process (AHP), entropy and group Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR). Furthermore, the Borda voting approach is used to aggregate multiple individual rankings into a uniform and final rank. Results indicate the following: (1) integrating AHP, entropy and VIKOR is effective for solving RSU positioning problems; (2) the VIKOR ranking results for individuals vary; (3) the rank of scenarios obtained from the group-VIKOR-based Borda voting context shows that the second scenario, which consists of four RSUs distributed along the street with a maximum distance of 200 m between them and 2-m high antennas, is the best in terms of optimally placing the RSUs; and (4) significant differences are observed amongst the scores of the groups, indicating that the ranking results are valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper is a cheaper alternative to various noble metals with a range of potential applications in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. However, copper nanoparticles have major limitations, which include rapid oxidation on exposure to air. Therefore, alternative pathways have been developed to synthesize metal nanoparticles in the presence of polymers and surfactants as stabilizers, and to form coatings on the surface of nanoparticles. These surfactants and polymeric ligands are made from petrochemicals which are non- renewable. As fossil resources are limited, finding renewable and biodegradable alternative is promising.The study aimed at preparing, characterizing and evaluating the antibacterial properties of copper nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles were prepared using gelatin biopolymer, CuSO4.5H2O ions and hydrazine as stabilizer, precursor salt and reducing agent respectively. However, vitamin C and NaOH solution were also employed as an antioxidant and pH adjuster. The synthesized copper nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta potential measurements powder, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The UV-visible absorption spectrum confirms the formation of the CuNPs, which showed maximum absorbance at 583 nm. Results obtained from TEM indicated a decrease in size of particle from a low concentration to high concentration of the supporting materials. The optimum concentration of gelatin was found to be 0.75 wt%. The supporting materials used for this synthesis are biocompatible and the obtained products are stable in air. The synthesized CuNPs display promising antibacterial activities against B. subtilis (B29), S. aureus (S276), S. choleraesuis (ATCC 10708) and E. coli (E266) as gram positive and negative bacteria respectively.

Two homopolymeric and three copolymeric additives for base oil were synthesized using octyl acrylate (OA) and tert-butyl acrylamide (TBA) monomers. The two additives named P1 and P2 are the homopolymers of TBA and OA, respectively, whereas copolymeric additives named Co1, Co2, and Co3 were synthesized by varying the ratios of TBA:OA as 1:3, 3:1 and 1:1, respectively. The prepared polymers were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Based on the solubility of synthesized polymers in base oil and reactivity ratios of TBA/OA copolymer (0.222, 0.434) calculated by Fineman-Ross method, P2, Co1, Co2 and Co3 were selected to evaluate their performance as pour point depressant (PPD), viscosity improver (VII), and anticorrosion additives in base oil. Additives P2 and Co1 showed the best performance as (PPD) and (VII) whereas Co2 and Co3 revealed the best performance as anticorrosion additives. The flash point of base oil increased as a concentration of polymeric additives increased in the base oil. In addition to study the performance of synthesized polymers as lubricant additives, the capability of polymers for removing CuII from synthetic wastewater was also investigated. Different parameters such as pH of solution, contact time, and CuII concentration were changed in order to study their effect on adsorption capacity of polymers. Generally, polymers with high TBA content such as P1, Co2, and Co3 showed good performance in removing CuII.

This paper presents the study of rotor power electronic converters harmonics effect on the performances of the Static Kramer Induction Motor Drive Systems (SKIMDS) operating with voltage unbalance. The analysis takes into consideration a detailed calculations of rotor currents, electromagnetic torque developed and stator currents due to the rotor rectifier and inverter operations based on the brief explanation of the equivalent circuit configuration. This study is extended to investigate the stator distortion currents that are being induced in stator windings by the rotor current harmonics at frequencies which is not an integral multiple of the stator supply frequency. The relations are provided for predicting all the harmonic frequencies of the drive current and torques as a function of its supply frequency and operating slip. The evaluated instantaneous currents show satisfactory except at a slip of one sixth where significant differences appear.

An experimental of kinetics investigation of the solution free radical polymerization of isopropylacrylamide (IPAM) initiated with potassium persulfate (PPS) was conducted. The reactions were carried out at constant temperature of 60 °C in distilled water under unstirred and inert conditions. Using the well-known conversion vs. time technique, the effects of initiator and monomer concentration on the rate of polymerization (Rp) were investigated over a wide range. Under the conditions of our work, the orders 0.38 and 1.68 were found with respect to initiator and monomer, respectively. However, the rate of polymerization (Rp) is not straight forwardly corresponding monomer concentration. The value 46.11 kJ mol1 was determined as the overall activation energy of polymerization, which is not satisfactory with the value of most thermal initiated monomers. Rp for IPAM in dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and distilled water using PPS as initiator at 60 oC, was checked. An increase in solvent polarity has slightly increased (Rp) value. The effect of using different concentrations of PPS 0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 mol dm-3, on the average degree of polymerization (DPn), was also studied, based on viscosity results obtained using distilled water at 20 oC. The results revealed that an increase in the initiator concentration has an effect in lowering (DP) values.

By radical polymerization, two series of superabsorbent hydrogels of hydroxybutyl acrylate and acrylamide copolymers, poly(HBA-co-AAm), were obtained. In the first series, the ratio of hydroxy-butyl acrylate to acrylamide was optimized with aconstant amount of methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as across-linking agent. In the second series, the amount of MBA was changed at afixed monomer ratio. The structure of the copolymers was confirmed by the FTIR method. Swelling parameters and mechani-cal properties were tested. Hydrogels with ahigh Young’s modulus and ahigh degree of swelling were selected for the study of adsorption properties towards Co2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+ ions. The influence of basic factors such as adsorbent dose, exposure time and pH on adsorption efficiency was also investigated. The ability to adsorb heavy metal ions changed as follows: Co2+> Ni2+> Cd2+.

In this study, we conducted a series of polymerization studies of hexyl methacrylate in dimethyl sulfoxide with (0.1 - 0.4) mol dm-3 of monomer and (1 10-3 – 4 10-3) mol dm-3 of benzoyl peroxide as initiators at 70 °C. Using the well-known conversion vs. time technique, the effects of initiator and monomer concentration on the rate of polymerization (Rp) were studied. An initiator of order 0.35 was obtained in accordance with theory and a divergence from normal kinetics was detected with an order of 1.53 with respect to monomer concentration. The activation energy was determined to be (72.90) kJ mol-1, which does not correspond to the value of most thermally initiated monomers. The observed value of activation energy suggests that propagation and termination reactions have equal activation energy and the difference between them is nearly zero. The average degree of polymerization (DPn) decreased as benzoyl peroxide concentration increase whereas an increase in solvent polarity has slightly increased rate of polymerization value.

Different compositions of hydrogels composed of mathacrylamide homopolymer (60 and 90% of PMAM) were prepared using the free radical polymerization technique, with and without methylene bisacrylamide as crosslinker (0 and 3%). Several parameters and properties were studied to evaluate their performance as oil/water separators. Many parameters are used, such as residual oil in water, water recovery, separation time, hydrogels coated percentages, swelling parameters, mechanical properties, microscopic and photographic images, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that water recovery (87-97), Separation efficiency (96.2-99.6 %), separation time (6-9.5 min.), hydrogels coated percentages (18-23 %), water content (70-97 %), and tensile test (63-90 MPa). The effect of polymer crosslinking density, mesh pore size, and polymer composition on the parameters and properties mentioned above were also studied. The results showed that the separation efficiency of 1000 micron mesh composite is better than 500-micron mesh composites.

The focus of the current investigation was applied on determining the presence of ferric yersiniabactin uptake A (fyuA) virulence gene and identifying the antibiotic resistance properties in biofilm forming Escherichia coli­­ isolated from recurrent urinary tract infection patients and healthy individuals. In the Microbiology laboratory at Al Yarmouk hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, 20 (16 females and 4 males) UTI-diagnosed patient urine and stool samples, as well as 20 (10 females and 10 males) healthy individual stool samples, were collected. The samples were exposure to series test including O and H antigen based identification using an antibody (polyvalent and monovalent)-directed agglutination test, antibiotic sensitivity testing using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, Congo-red agar method-based biofilm formation identification, and virulence gene identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: 40 and 20 strains were discovered from UTI patients and healthy persons, respectively, in which O serogroups were found in 7(35%) and 3(15%) of those strains, respectively. Furthermore, only two strains of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (O157 H7) and enteroaggregative E. coli (O44 H7) were found in the UTI-based urine samples. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 60% of the biofilm positive producers (BPPs) isolated from UTI urine samples; however, only 20% of the biofilm negative producers (BNPs) isolated from UTI urine samples displayed MDR features. In the instance of virulence genes, a link was shown between fyuA (a gene that codes for an outer-membrane protein called ferric yersiniabactin uptake) and biofilm in 75% and 60% of UTI urine and stool strains, respectively, and in 55% of healthy individual stool strains. The findings of the antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that the UTI strains were 90 percent, 100 percent, 65 percent, and 40 percent sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin, respectively. Conclusion:The present research offers detailed information on the biofilm, virulence gene, and antibiotic resistance features of Escherichia coli from recurrent urinary tract infection patients and healthy people.

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that may be found in the skin and upper respiratory system. Although S.aureus is a normal flora, it has evolved into an opportunistic pathogen that causes numerous infections that are difficult to cure due to the presence of virulence genes. The goal of this work is to identify MRSA in bacterial isolates using the mecA gene. In the current investigation, 213 samples were gathered from various clinical sources from patients hospitalized to various hospitals in Baghdad. The isolates were identified as S.aureus using normal bacteriological methods and verified using a molecular approach based on the nuc gene. Due to the many species of staphylococci that were expressed for varying resistance levels, the conventional approach was the best way for finding Methicillin resistant gene in S. aureus (mecA). Finally, mecAgene was found to be present in 76.67 % of bacterial isolates.

This paper develops a mathematical model for analyzing the steady state performance of the static rotor resistance chopper control induction motor (SRRCCIM) operates under unbalance supply voltage conditions. The IEC definition indices of voltage unbalance factor (VUF) and complex voltage unbalance factor (CVUF) which consists of magnitude and phase angle of the unbalance supply are used for the analysis. Also, this paper evaluates the impact of voltage unbalance and duty cycle of chopper circuit on the stator and rotor motor parameters, motor currents, efficiency, power factor, torque-speed characteristics, maximum torque starting and torque. The proposed mathematical model of SRRCCIM is validated using MATLAB-Simulink. The results have shown that the performance of the SRRCCIM and variation of positive sequence stator current, negative sequence stator current, current unbalance factor(CUF), efficiency, and developed torque are depending on the magnitude of the voltage unbalance and chopper circuit duty cycle.

The foundational features of multi-agent systems are communication and interaction with other agents. To achieve these features, agents have to transfer messages in the predefined format and semantics. The communication among these agents takes place with the help of ACL (Agent Communication Language). ACL is a predefined language for communication among agents that has been standardised by the FIPA (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agent). FIPA-ACL defines different performatives for communication among the agents. These performatives are generic, and it becomes computationally expensive to use them for a specific domain like e-commerce. These performatives do not define the exact meaning of communication for any specific domain like e-commerce. In the present research, we introduced new performatives specifically for e-commerce domain. Our designed performatives are based on FIPA-ACL so that they can still support communication within diverse agent platforms. The proposed performatives are helpful in modelling e-commerce negotiation protocol applications using the paradigm of multi-agent systems for efficient communication. For exact semantic interpretation of the proposed performatives, we also performed formal modelling of these performatives using BNF. The primary objective of our research was to provide the negotiation facility to agents, working in an e-commerce domain, in a succinct way to reduce the number of negotiation messages, time consumption and network overhead on the platform. We used an e-commerce based bidding case study among agents to demonstrate the efficiency of our approach. The results showed that there was a lot of reduction in total time required for the bidding process.

Ali A Ghweil,1 Heba A Osman,1 Mohammed H Hassan,2 Abeer MM Sabry,3 Reem E Mahdy,4 Ahmed RH Ahmed,5 Ahmed Okasha,6 Ashraf Khodeary,7 Hesham H Ameen8 1Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt; 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt; 3Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt; 4Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; 5Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; 6Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt; 7Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; 8Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut, EgyptCorrespondence: Mohammed H HassanDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, EgyptTel +20 109 847 3605Email mohammedhosnyhassaan@med.svu.edu.egBackground and aim: Gastric carcinomais a frequent neoplasm with poor outcome, and its early detection would improve prognosis. This study was designed to evaluate the possible use of new biomarkers, namely SAA and HMGB1, for early diagnosis of gastric cancer.Methods: A total of 100 patients presenting with gastric symptoms were included. All patients underwent upper endoscopic evaluation, histopathological diagnosis and serum CEA, SAA, and HMGB1 measurements.Results: Patients were classed endoscopically with neoplastic, inflammatory, and normal-appearing gastric mucosa: 50, 25, and 25 patients, respectively. Histologically, half the patients had chronic gastritis and the remaining cases gastric carcinoma of diffuse (n=28) or intestinal (n=22) type. SAA at cutoff of 18.5 mg/L had the best validity to differentiate gastritis from gastric carcinoma, with AUC, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.99, 98%, 100%, 100%, and 98%, respectively, followed by HMGB1 at cutoff of 14.5 pg/μL, with AUC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 0.91, 70%, 96%, 94.6%, and 76.2%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of serum CEA at cutoff of 2.9 ng/mL to differentiate gastritis from gastric carcinoma were 42%, 72%, 60%, and 55.4%, respectively, with AUC of 0.53. Nonetheless, higher serum levels of both SAA and HMGB1 reflected higher tumor grade (P=0.027 and P=0.016, respectively) and advanced tumor stage (P-OBrk-0.001 for both).Conclusion: Serum levels of both SAA and HMGB1 could be of great value for early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma, comparable to the diagnostic role of serum CEA, which is not valid for early diagnosis of gastric cancer.Keywords: gastric carcinoma, early detection, SAA, HMGB1, CEA