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BACKGROUND: Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication in children receiving hemodialysis. Active vitamin D is an effective therapy, but its use is often limited by hypercalcemia and increased calcium x phosphorus (Ca x P) product. Paricalcitol, a selective vitamin D receptor activator, causes less sustained hypercalcemia and increase in Ca x P product than calcitriol and has been used effectively in adult hemodialysis patients. STUDY DESIGN: Double blind, placebo-controlled. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Hemodialysis units and pediatric subjects receiving hemodialysis. INTERVENTION: After a washout period of 2 to 6 weeks, 29 subjects aged 5 to 19 years received either paricalcitol or placebo for up to 12 weeks (0.04 mug/kg if initial intact parathyroid hormone [iPTH] level < 500 pg/mL [ng/L]; 0.08 mug/kg if initial iPTH level > 500 pg/mL [ng/L]). The dose was increased by 0.04 mug/kg every 2 weeks until there was a 30% decrease in iPTH level from baseline or calcium level greater than 11 mg/dL (>2.74 mmol/L) or Ca x P product greater than 75 mg(2)/dL(2) (>6.04 mmol(2)/L(2)). OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS: Two consecutive 30% decreases from baseline in iPTH levels and safety of paricalcitol, including hypercalcemia and increase in Ca x P product. RESULTS: 60% of the paricalcitol group had 2 consecutive 30% decreases from baseline iPTH levels compared with 21% in the placebo group (P = 0.06). The paricalcitol group had a mean decrease in iPTH level of 164 pg/mL (ng/L), whereas the placebo group had a mean increase of 238 pg/mL (ng/L; P = 0.03). There was no difference from baseline to final visit in calcium, phosphorus, or Ca x P product values in either group. LIMITATIONS: Low power to detect differences in safety between groups and a short-term study. CONCLUSION: Paricalcitol decreased iPTH levels in children receiving hemodialysis with no significant changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, or Ca x P product values during the course of the study.Copyright © 2007 by National Kidney Foundation, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammation plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In most patients, inflammation develops secondary to cardiometabolic comorbidities, but in some, HFpEF develops in the setting of an underlying systemic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus., Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, pathophysiology, and outcome of patients with HFpEF and autoimmune or primary inflammatory disorders., Methods: Of 982 consecutively evaluated patients with HFpEF diagnosed, 79 (8.0%) had autoimmune disorders. HFpEF was defined by invasive cardiopulmonary hemodynamic exercise testing., Results: Female sex, higher heart rate, lower hemoglobin, absence of atrial fibrillation, and absence of coronary artery disease were independently associated with autoimmune disorders. Hemodynamics at rest and exercise did not differ between the groups, but peripheral oxygen extraction was lower in those with autoimmune disorders, reflected by lower arterial-venous oxygen content difference at rest (4.2 ± 0.7 mL/dL vs 4.6 ± 1.0 mL/dL; P < 0.001) and during exercise (9.3 ± 2.2 mL/dL vs 10.4 ± 2.2 mL/dL; P < 0.001), suggesting a greater peripheral deficit, and ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCo 2 slope, regression slope relating minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output) was also more impaired (38.0 ± 7.9 vs 36.2 ± 7.3; P = 0.043). Patients with autoimmune disorders had a higher risk of death or heart failure (HF) hospitalization compared with those without in adjusted analyses (HR: 1.95 [95% CI: 1.17-3.27]; P = 0.011) over a median follow-up of 3.0 years, which was primarily attributable to higher risk of HF hospitalization (HR: 2.87 [95% CI: 1.09-7.57]; P = 0.033)., Conclusions: Patients with HFpEF and autoimmune disorders have similar hemodynamic derangements but greater peripheral deficits in oxygen transport and higher risk for adverse outcome compared with those without., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures Dr Borlaug is supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01 HL128526 and U01 HL160226, and U.S. Department of Defense grant W81XWH2210245. Dr Tada is supported by a research fellowship from the Uehara Memorial Foundation, Japan. Dr Borlaug has received research grant funding from AstraZeneca, Axon, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Mesoblast, Novo Nordisk, Rivus, and Tenax Therapeutics; has served as a consultant for Actelion, Amgen, Aria, Axon Therapies, BD, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Edwards Lifesciences, Eli Lilly, Imbria, Janssen, Merck, Novo Nordisk, NGM, NXT, and VADovations; and is named inventor (US Patent number 10,307,179) for the tools and approach for a minimally invasive pericardial modification procedure to treat heart failure. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The VIVIA Hemodialysis System (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL, USA) was designed for patient use at home to reduce the burden of treatment and improve patient safety. It has unique features including extended use of the dialyzer and blood set through in situ hot-water disinfection between treatments; generation of on-line infusible-quality dialysate for automated priming, rinseback and hemodynamic support during hypotension and a fully integrated access disconnect sensor., Methods: The safety and performance of VIVIA were assessed in two clinical studies. A first-in-man study was a prospective, single-arm study that involved 22 prevalent hemodialysis (HD) patients who were treated for ∼4 h, four times a week, for 10 weeks. A second clinical study was a prospective, single-arm study (6-8 h of dialysis treatment at night three times a week) that involved 17 prevalent patients treated for 6 weeks., Results: There were 1114 treatments from the two studies (first-in-man study, 816; extended duration study, 298). Adverse events (AEs) were similar in the two studies to those expected for prevalent HD patients. No deaths and no device-related serious AEs occurred. Adequacy of dialysis ( Kt / V ) urea in both clinical trials was well above the clinical guidelines. VIVIA performed ultrafiltration accurately as prescribed in the two studies. The majority of patients achieved 10 or more uses of the dialyzer. Endotoxin levels and bacterial dialysate sampling met infusible-quality dialysate standards., Conclusion: These results confirm the safety and expected performance of VIVIA., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved.)

Background: Compared to high-flux dialysis membranes, novel medium cut-off (MCO) membranes show greater permeability for larger middle molecules., Methods: In two prospective, open-label, controlled, randomized, crossover pilot studies, 39 prevalent hemodialysis (HD) patients were studied in four dialysis treatments as follows: study 1, three MCO prototype dialyzers (AA, BB and CC with increasing permeability) and one high-flux dialyzer in HD; and study 2, two MCO prototype dialyzers (AA and BB) in HD and high-flux dialyzers in HD and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Primary outcome was lambda free light chain (λFLC) overall clearance. Secondary outcomes included overall clearances and pre-to-post-reduction ratios of middle and small molecules, and safety of MCO HD treatments., Results: MCO HD provided greater λFLC overall clearance [least square mean (standard error)] as follows: study 1: MCO AA 8.5 (0.54), MCO BB 11.3 (0.51), MCO CC 15.0 (0.53) versus high-flux HD 3.6 (0.51) mL/min; study 2: MCO AA 10.0 (0.58), MCO BB 12.5 (0.57) versus high-flux HD 4.4 (0.57) and HDF 6.2 (0.58) mL/min. Differences between MCO and high-flux dialyzers were consistently significant in mixed model analysis (each P < 0.001). Reduction ratios of λFLC were greater for MCO. Clearances of α1-microglobulin, complement factor D, kappa FLC (κFLC) and myoglobin were generally greater with MCO than with high-flux HD and similar to or greater than clearances with HDF. Albumin loss was moderate with MCO, but greater than with high-flux HD and HDF., Conclusions: MCO HD removes a wide range of middle molecules more effectively than high-flux HD and even exceeds the performance of high-volume HDF for large solutes, particularly λFLC., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA.)

Aim: Prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), a renal disease complication, is increasing in China. Available therapies may not optimally control SHPT, particularly in patients with hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and parathyroid hyperplasia. This study examined efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of selective vitamin D receptor activator paricalcitol., Materials and Methods: Subjects with SHPT (n = 216) undergoing hemodialysis were treated with paricalcitol i.v. for 12 weeks. One group was treated according to the EU paricalcitol package insert (PI) (initial μg dose based on iPTH/80), and the other was treated according to the US PI (initial dose of 0.04 μg/kg). Dose titration was based on iPTH and serum calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels., Results: The primary endpoint of two consecutive ≥ 30% iPTH decreases was achieved by 88.6% and 55.9% of subjects in the EU and US PI groups, respectively. Noninferiority of the EU PI group vs. the US PI group was demonstrated (lower bound of the 1-sided 97.5% CI = 21.3%). Superiority of the EU PI group was shown (lower limit > 0%) and confirmed by Fisher's exact test (p < 0.001); both groups showed similar achievement of recommended KDIGO iPTH levels. Ca and P levels were relatively constant., Conclusion: Both EU and US PI paricalcitol dosing strategies effectively reduced iPTH levels in Chinese subjects with SHPT, with minimal impact on Ca and P levels.

A variety of assays have been proposed to detect small quantities of nucleic acids at the point of care. One approach relies on target-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles functionalized with oligonucleotide sequences complementary to adjacent regions on the targeted sequence. In the presence of the target sequence, the gold nanoparticles aggregate, producing an easily detectable shift in the optical scattering properties of the solution. The major limitations of this assay are that it requires heating and that long incubation times are needed to produce a result. This study aimed to optimize the assay conditions and optical readout, with the goals of eliminating the need for heating and reducing the time to result without sacrificing sensitivity or dynamic range. By optimizing assay conditions and measuring the spectrum of scattered light at the end point of incubation, we found that the assay is capable of producing quantifiable results at room temperature in 30min with a linear dynamic range spanning 150amol to 15fmol of target. If changes in light scattering are measured dynamically during the incubation process, the linear range can be expanded 2-fold, spanning 50amol to 500fmol, while decreasing the time to result to 10min., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Paricalcitol and cinacalcet are common therapies for patients on haemodialysis with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). We conducted a multi-centre study in 12 countries to compare the safety and efficacy of paricalcitol and cinacalcet for the treatment of SHPT., Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with Stage 5 chronic kidney disease receiving maintenance haemodialysis and with intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) 300-800 pg/mL, calcium 8.4-10.0 mg/dL (2.09-2.49 mmol/L) and phosphorus ≤6.5 mg/dL (2.09 mmol/L) were randomized within two strata defined by the mode of paricalcitol administration to treatment with paricalcitol- (intra-venous, US and Russian sites, IV stratum; oral, non-US and non-Russian sites, oral stratum) or cinacalcet-centred therapy. The primary endpoint is the proportion of patients in each treatment group who achieve a mean iPTH value of 150-300 pg/mL during Weeks 21-28 of treatment. Assuming efficacy response rates of 36 and 66% for cinacalcet and paricalcitol, respectively, and a 20% discontinuation rate, 124 subjects in each stratum were estimated to provide 81% power to detect a 30% absolute difference in the primary endpoint., Results: Of 746 patients screened, 272 (mean age, 63 years; mean iPTH, 509 pg/mL) were randomized. Mean duration of haemodialysis at baseline was 3.7 years. Comorbidities included hypertension (90.4%), Type 2 diabetes (40.4%), congestive heart failure (17.3%), coronary artery disease (34.6%) and gastrointestinal disorders (75%)., Conclusions: The study participants are representative of a multinational cohort of patients on haemodialysis with elevated iPTH. The study results will provide valuable information on the best available treatment of SHPT in patients on haemodialysis.

Background: Despite treatment with renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, patients with diabetes have increased risk of progressive renal failure that correlates with albuminuria. We aimed to assess whether paricalcitol could be used to reduce albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy., Methods: In this multinational, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, we enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria who were receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Patients were assigned (1:1:1) by computer-generated randomisation sequence to receive 24 weeks’ treatment with placebo,1 μg/day paricalcitol, or 2 μg/day paricalcitol. The primary endpoint was the percentage change in geometric mean urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) from baseline to last measurement during treatment for the combined paricalcitol groups versus the placebo group. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00421733., Findings: Between February, 2007, and October, 2008, 281 patients were enrolled and assigned to receive placebo(n=93), 1 μg paricalcitol (n=93), or 2 μg paricalcitol (n=95); 88 patients on placebo, 92 on 1 μg paricalcitol, and 92 on2 μg paricalcitol received at least one dose of study drug, and had UACR data at baseline and at least one timepoint during treatment, and so were included in the primary analysis. Change in UACR was: –3% (from 61 to 60 mg/mmol;95% CI –16 to 13) in the placebo group; –16% (from 62 to 51 mg/mmol; –24 to –9) in the combined paricalcitol groups, with a between-group difference versus placebo of –15% (95% CI –28 to 1; p=0.071); –14% (from 63 to 54 mg/mmol; –24 to –1) in the 1 μg paricalcitol group, with a between-group difference versus placebo of –11%(95% CI –27 to 8; p=0.23); and –20% (from 61 to 49 mg/mmol; –30 to –8) in the 2 μg paricalcitol group, with a between-group difference versus placebo of –18% (95% CI –32 to 0; p=0.053). Patients on 2 μg paricalcitol showed a nearly, sustained reduction in UACR, ranging from –18% to –28% (p=0.014 vs placebo). Incidence of hypercalcaemia,adverse events, and serious adverse events was similar between groups receiving paricalcitol versus placebo., Interpretation: Addition of 2 μg/day paricalcitol to RAAS inhibition safely lowers residual albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy, and could be a novel approach to lower residual renal risk in diabetes., Funding: Abbott.

Background/aims: Increased parathyroid activity associated with chronic kidney disease is often managed with calcitriol, which can elevate serum calcium (Ca) by increasing bone resorption and intestinal absorption, whereas paricalcitol promotes less bone resorption. This study compared intestinal Ca absorption in hemodialysis patients treated with calcitriol versus paricalcitol (dose ratio 1:3)., Methods: Patients (n = 22) aged > or =20 years, on maintenance hemodialysis for > or =2 months with intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels of >200 pg/ml were enrolled in a single-center, double-blind, active-controlled, randomized, crossover trial. Mean fractional intestinal Ca absorption (+/-SE) was measured by the single-tracer method ((42)Ca) and evaluated with an analysis of variance crossover model., Results: Mean fractional intestinal Ca absorption was significantly lower after paricalcitol (0.135 +/- 0.006) versus calcitriol treatment (0.158 +/- 0.006, p = 0.022), a 0.023 difference in absolute Ca absorption fraction. Overall Ca absorption was low in the study population, indicating that regulation of Ca absorption may be dysfunctional. There were no significant differences in serum PTH, Ca, phosphorus (P), or Ca x P., Conclusion: Overall, paricalcitol-treated patients absorbed approximately 14% less Ca compared with calcitriol-treated patients with similar effects on PTH. In hemodialysis patients, paricalcitol may provide a benefit by lowering the Ca available for removal by dialysis and/or for deposit in bone or soft tissues., (Copyright (c) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: Patients with diabetic nephropathy are at high risk for further progressive renal function loss. Treatments that decrease albuminuria have been linked with renal and cardiovascular protection. However, even when taking optimal treatment, residual renal and cardiovascular risk remains high which correlates with the magnitude of residual albuminuria. Use of vitamin D receptor activators, such as calcitriol and paricalcitol, is associated with improved sur- vival. A small study with paricalcitol showed reductions in albuminuria. The VITAL study tests the hypothesis whether paricalcitol persistently reduces albuminuria in diabetic subjects already receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and/or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy., Methods: Randomization in this double-blind trial is equal allocation to paricalcitol 1 micro/day, 2 microg/day, or placebo. Inclusion criteria include: a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) between 100-3,000 mg/g, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 15-90 ml/min/1.73 m(2), serum calcium <9.8 mg/dl, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) between 35-500 pg/ml., Results: Baseline characteristics of the 281 subjects are: 69% men, mean age 64.9 +/- 10.4 years, eGFR 40.7 +/- 16.7 ml/min, median UACR (interquartile range) 612.3 mg/g (281-1,181 mg/g) and PTH 98.4 +/- 63.8 pg/ml., Conclusion: This trial will be the first clinical test of the hypothesis that paricalcitol possesses pleiotropic effects and can modulate albuminuria in the setting of ACEI and/or ARB therapy. Results will have important clinical implications and are expected in November 2009., (Copyright 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism has included the use of active vitamin D or vitamin D analogs for the suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Although, these agents are effective, therapy is frequently limited by hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and/or elevations in the calcium-phosphorus (Ca x P) product. In clinical studies, paricalcitol was shown to be effective at reducing PTH concentrations without causing significant hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia as compared to placebo. A comparative study was undertaken in order to determine whether paricalcitol provides a therapeutic advantage to calcitriol., Methods: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter study comparing the safety and effectiveness of intravenous paricalcitol and calcitriol in suppressing PTH concentrations in hemodialysis patients was performed. A total of 263 randomized patients were enrolled at domestic and international sites. Following the baseline period, patients with serum Ca x P < 75, and a PTH level > or =300 pg/mL were randomly assigned to receive either paricalcitol or calcitriol in a dose-escalating fashion for up to 32 weeks. Dose adjustments were based on laboratory results for PTH, calcium, and Ca x P. The primary end point was the greater than 50% reduction in baseline PTH. Secondary end points were the occurrence of hypercalcemia and elevated Ca x P product., Results: Paricalcitol-treated patients achieved a > or =50% reduction from baseline PTH significantly faster than did the calcitriol-treated patients (P = 0.025) and achieved a mean reduction of PTH into a desired therapeutic range (100 to 300 pg/mL) at approximately week 18, whereas the calcitriol-treated patients, as a group, were unable to achieve this range. Moreover, paricalcitol-treated patients had significantly fewer sustained episodes of hypercalcemia and/or increased Ca x P product than calcitriol patients (P = 0.008)., Conclusion: Paricalcitol treatment reduced PTH concentrations more rapidly with fewer sustained episodes of hypercalcemia and increased Ca x P product than calcitriol therapy.

Vitamin D therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis therapy has relied on patient dry weight to determine the initial dose of medication. Obtaining a patient's dry weight can be difficult, and no correlation has been established between a patient's body weight and severity of secondary hyperparathyroidism. We conducted a double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, 12-week, multicenter trial to compare the incidence of hypercalcemia (single occurrence) between two dosing regimens: one regimen based on baseline intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH; PTH/80) level, and the other regimen based on patient body weight (0.04 microgram/kg). One hundred twenty-five adult patients with ESRD on maintenance hemodialysis therapy were enrolled at multiple sites. Before treatment, all patients were required to have PTH levels of 300 pg/mL or greater, calcium levels of 8.0 mg/dL or greater and 10.5 mg/dL or less, and a calcium x phosphorus (Ca x P) product of 70 or less. Patients were randomized to one of two regimens: the nonrandomized treatment was also administered as a placebo dummy. No incidence of hypercalcemia occurred in either treatment group during the study. Patients treated according to the formula iPTH/80 required fewer dose adjustments and achieved the first of four consecutive reductions from baseline PTH level of 30% or greater more rapidly than patients treated based on body weight (P = 0.0306). Incidences of elevated Ca x P product levels were similar between treatment groups. Treatment with paricalcitol injection based on degree of secondary hyperparathyroidism incurred no greater risk for hypercalcemia and achieved meaningful therapeutic results with fewer dose adjustments than dosing based on patient body weight.