Search

In this paper, we study the effects of Cu, Ni, and Zn doping in TiO2 layers on the performance of MAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated under ambient air with relative humidity between 60% and 70%. One of the factors limiting the efficiency of MAPbI3-based PSCs is the TiO2 electron transport layer properties. The efficiency of PSCs is the maximum power that can be produced by a PSC when illuminated by light with a specific energy. This study aims to enhance MAPbI3-based PSC efficiency by doping TiO2 with 2 mol.% Cu, Ni, and Zn. MAPbI3-based PSCs were then fabricated using spin coating with the structure ITO/TiO2/MAPbI3/graphite/ITO. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that doping reduced TiO2 crystal sizes from 19.34 nm (pure) to 18.96 nm (Cu-doped), 18.04 nm (Ni-doped), and 17.6 nm (Zn-doped), with corresponding average particle sizes of 225 nm, 107 nm, 79 nm, and 50.4 nm. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy indicated an increase in the bandgap from 3.0 eV (pure) to 3.1 eV (Cu-doped), 3.2 eV (Ni-doped), and 3.25 eV (Zn-doped). Current–voltage (I–V) electrical testing revealed improvement in efficiency from 5.7% (undoped) to 7.6% (Cu-doped), 6.9% (Ni-doped), and 8.01% (Zn-doped). These findings demonstrate that metal-doped TiO2 significantly enhances the efficiency of MAPbI3-based PSCs fabricated in open-air environments without the need for a glove box. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear optical microscopic imaging techniques have advanced for chemically sensitive imaging of solid and liquid samples but lack advancements for gaseous samples. In this work, wide-field three-color ultrafast coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy is implemented for selectively imaging the ambient nitrogen gas. Our technique operates by capturing a series of spectrally selected images with a rate of 5–10 frames per second. The recorded data are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. This technique has been demonstrated to be sensitive to a variation of approximately 1011 nitrogen molecules in ambient air confined within a microscopic volume of 10 μm by 50 μm by 50 μm. We believe that our approach can potentially be extended toward real-time, in situ chemical imaging of the microscopic dynamics of gases, for example, in ammonia for nitrogen cycle, greenhouse gases for environmental pollution, plant fertilization regulation for precision agriculture, or byproducts produced from lower-temperature plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the electron density of an atmospheric plasma generated between a pin electrode and a water surface is measured by determining the Stark broadening of H α and H β emission lines. Comparable values for the electron density are achieved using the H α and H β broadening obtained in separate measurements. During the temporally evolving system, increasing electron densities are measured of 0.5 − 3 ⋅ 10 15 cm−3 during the plasma treatment of 5–10 min. The effect of the water temperature on plasma-water interaction is investigated by heating the water to ≈ 70 ∘ C prior to the measurements. This resulted in higher gas temperatures during the discharge up to 2500 K and 4000 K for positively and negatively pulsed discharge, respectively. Furthermore, an earlier increase of electron density and conductivity of the water is measured for the preheated experiments. The humidity of the gas is likely to be an important parameter causing the observed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes causes early mortality worldwide. Air pollution’s relationship with T2DM has been studied. The association between them is unclear because of inconsistent outcomes. Studies on this topic have been published since 2019, but not thoroughly evaluated. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using relevant data. The study protocol was registered in PROSPIRO and conducted according to MOOSE guidelines. In total, 4510 manuscripts were found. After screening, 46 studies were assessed using the OHAT tool. This meta-analysis evaluated fine particles with T2DM using OR and HR effect estimates. Evaluation of publication bias was conducted by Egger’s test, Begg’s test, and funnel plot analysis. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of several studies on the total estimations. Results show a significant association between PM2.5 and PM10 exposure and T2DM. Long-term exposure to fine air particles may increase the prevalence and incidence of T2DM. Fine air pollution increases the chance of developing T2DM mainly via systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All‐inorganic cesium lead triiodide perovskites (CsPbI3) have attracted increasing attention due to their good thermal stability, remarkable optoelectronic properties, and adaptability in tandem solar cells. However, N2‐filled glovebox is generally required to strictly control the humidity during film fabrication due to the moisture‐induced black‐to‐yellow phase transition, which remains a great hinderance for further commercialization. Herein, we report an effective approach via incorporating multifunctional ethacridine lactate (EAL) to mitigate moisture invasion and enable the fabrication of efficient inverted (p‐i‐n) CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under ambient condition. It is revealed that the lactate anions accelerate the crystallization of CsPbI3, shortening the exposure time to moisture during film fabrication. Meanwhile, the conjugated backbone and multiple functional groups in the ethacridine cations can interact with I− and Pb2+ to reduce the undesired defects, stabilize the perovskite structure and facilitate the charge transport in the film. Moreover, EAL incorporation also leads to better energy alignment, thus favoring charge extraction at both upper and bottom interfaces. Consequently, the device efficiency and stability are enormously enhanced, with the champion efficiency reaching 21.08 %. This even surpasses the highest value reported for the devices fabricated in glovebox, representing a record efficiency of inverted all‐inorganic PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is a global health issue and a cause of premature mortality. There is an urgent need to develop air quality monitoring networks and to implement standards enabling dependable testing and delivering reliable results. European standards provide reference methods for testing ambient air quality, which are used in accredited laboratories. In this paper, we present an example of research conducted with the use of a mobile, automated station Airpointer® in an industrial area under pressure from the lime and cement industry located in southeastern Poland. During the measurement campaign, the concentrations of the studied pollutants did not exceed the permissible thresholds, yet they strongly depended on meteorological conditions. The air filter was analysed with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) microanalyzer in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirmed that dust particles present in ambient air are connected with local emission sources—industry based on the extraction and processing of minerals. The equipment and measurement techniques used in this study are effective in identifying the potential threat of air pollution. Automated, short-term measurements of air pollution can be a significant source of information, indispensable for drawing up action plans aimed at air quality protection in order to achieve sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution from Potentially Hazardous Elements bound with particulate matter (PHEs bound PM) in landfill air is a significant concern for human health. To date, no comprehensive research has focused on the health risks of PHEs bound to PM in landfill air. This systematic review aimed to examine PHEs, including Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) bound with PM in landfill air and assess the health risk for workers and waste management personnel. The systematically search was made in different electronic databases. After the screening, 18 most relevant studied focused on PHEs bound PM in landfill air were selected. The data extraction analysis indicated that mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Ni, and Zn in landfill air were 0.3037, 0.0941, 0.4093, 0.0221, 0.2768, and 0.7622 μg/m3, respectively. Except for Pb, the concentrations of other PHEs bound to PM exceeded USEPA air quality standards. In addition, Non-carcinogenic risks from Cd, Cr, and Ni exposure exceeded permissible limits (HQ > 1), while As had an HQ value of 0.401. Carcinogenic risks from As, Cd, Ni, and Pb exposure were 1.31 × 10–5, 5.10 × 10–4, 3.51 × 10–5, and 2.03 × 10–6, respectively. Notably, the lifetime carcinogenic risk for workers exposed to Cr in polluted air (6.17 × 10–3) exceeded permissible limits (10–4 to 10–6). In conclusion, given the high carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of some PHEs bound PM in landfills, it is necessary to conduct more research on the health effects of interaction with these PHEs bound PM on communities and the environment in different countries. Also, it is necessary to evaluate the role of different landfill operational activities on atmospheric dispersion of PHEs bound PM) in landfill air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for cost‐effective and rapid processing of large‐area thin films in the photovoltaic industry has recently driven significant research interest. In this context, among the various approaches explored, printing devices, particularly perovskite solar cells (PSCs), have garnered considerable attention due to their potential for scalability and cost efficiency. Besides, solution printing is widely recognized as an appealing strategy for large‐area, cost‐effective, and high‐throughput production of PSCs. However, while substantial progress has been made in this process, challenges related to stability, uniformity, and scalability remain to be addressed. This review critically examines the key printing techniques and substrates employed in PSC fabrication. Then, given the significance of ambient air printing for industrial applications, fundamental challenges associated with achieving ambient air production of PSCs are discussed in detail. Moreover, the formulation strategies of perovskite ink in printing technologies are thoroughly explored, considering its crucial role in determining the performance and stability of printed PSCs. Finally, the printing process for various components of PSCs, including the perovskite absorber layer, charge transport layers (CTLs), and electrodes, is meticulously analyzed, highlighting current achievements and remaining hurdles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is fundamentally challenging to achieve stable and efficient all‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in ambient air conditions for low‐cost commercial manufacturing, as the crystallinity, surface morphology, and optical activity of all‐inorganic perovskites exhibit high sensitivity to environmental factors such as moisture and illumination. Herein, a dual‐doping strategy is presented to prepare high‐quality dual‐doping CsPbI2Br films under ambient air with relative humidity of 70% (70% RH) by introducing CaCl2 and InCl3 additives into precursor solution. The results from the experiments and calculations reveal that the CaCl2 additive can isolate moisture by forming hydrates at the surface and grain boundary of perovskites. Meanwhile, the addition of InCl3 can significantly improve the optoelectronic properties via the heterovalent substitution of Pb2+ by a small amount of In3+. Moreover, the phase segregation can be significantly suppressed in the dual‐doping CsPbI2Br films owing to decreasing the electron–phonon coupling strength and increasing the activation energy of ion migration. The unencapsulated dual‐doping CsPbI2Br PSC with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.51% (70% RH) demonstrates high humidity storage and long‐term optical stability, remaining 90% of the original PCE after aging 2400 h under ambient air (50% RH) and 1500 h under continuous illumination, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic inorganic-based perovskites solar cells (PSCs) are quite prominent as next generation solar cells as they exhibit excellent properties as well as high power conversion efficiency. In spite of the high cost, interfacial recombinations and instability in ambient environment limit their commercialization. Herein, TiO2-based compact layer (c-TiO2) with different thicknesses is employed (<50 nm) to study the charge transportation at interface and recombination in PSCs fabricated under high humid conditions (R H ∼ 80%). The thickness of CL was varied from 7 nm to 35 nm and was optimized by changing the precursor concentration as well as spinning speed. The prepared c-TiO2 and the mesoporous layer of TiO2 (m-TiO2) were thoroughly characterized using Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical techniques. Furthermore, CuSCN was used as hole transporting layer (HTL) in PSCs owing to ease of handling and nominal cost. The optimized PSC is found to show that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) improved by 50% on varying the thickness of CL and is stable even under high humid conditions. The elevated performance of PSCs is ascribed to the appropriate thickness of CL which resulted in improved charge transportation and reduced electron hole recombinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CuTCPP was innovatively anchored on the surface of 2D anatase TiO 2 ultrathin nanosheets. • Taking low concentration CO 2 in ambient air as the research object, a photocatalytic integrated system for CO 2 capture and in-situ conversion was constructed. • CO 2 reduction conversion is achieved at the gas-solid interface. The practical application of photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 system becomes possible. • There is no need to add any sacrificial agent and alkaline absorbent in the reaction system. • This catalytic system can achieve stable, efficient and highly selective conversion. (CO 2 → CO). Directly capturing CO 2 in ambient air and converting it into value-added fuels using photocatalysis is a potentially valuable technology. In this study, Cu-porphyrin (tetrakis-carboxyphenyl porphyrin copper, CuTCPP) was innovatively anchored on the surface of TiO 2 (titanium dioxide) nanosheets to form an S-scheme heterojunction. Based on this, a photocatalytic reaction system for stably converting CO 2 in ambient air into value-added fuels at the gas–solid interface was constructed without addition of sacrificial agents and alkaline liquids. Under the illumination of visible light and sunlight, the evolution rate of CO is 56 μmol·g−1·h−1 and 73 μmol·g−1·h−1, respectively, with a potential CO 2 conversion rate of 35.8 % and 50.4 %. The enhanced of photocatalytic performance is attributed to the introduction of CuTCPP, which provides additional active sites, significantly improves capture capacity of CO 2 and the utilization of electrons. Additionally, the formation of S-scheme heterojunction expands the redox range and improves the separation efficiency of photo-generated charges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated human health risks have been studied in India. However, a comprehensive overview is not available in India, this review highlights the possible sources, and associated cancer risks in people living in different zones of India. Different databases were searched for the scientific literature on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in India. Database searches have revealed a total of 55 studies conducted at 139 locations in India in the last 14 years between 1996 and 2018. Based on varying climatic conditions in India, the available data was analysed and distributed with four zone including north, east, west/central and south zones. Comparatively higher concentrations were reported for locations in north zone, than east, west/central and south zones. The average concentrations of ∑PAHs is lower in east zone, and concentrations in north, west/central and south zones are higher by 1.67, 1.47, and 1.12 folds respectively than those in east zone. Certain molecular diagnostic ratios and correlation receptor models were used for identification of possible sources, which aided to the conclusion that both pyrogenic and petrogenic activities are the mixed sources of PAH emissions to the Indian environment. Benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalency for different zones is estimated and presented. Estimated Chronic daily intake (CDI) due to inhalation of PAHs and subsequently, cancer risk (CR) is found to be ranging from extremely low to low in various geographical zones of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Air pollution is a pressing problem and causes millions of deaths each year related to its effects on respiratory health worldwide. Despite its significant impact, information on air pollution in many cities, including Hawassa city, remains limited. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations and variations of traffic-related air pollution, as measured by carbon monoxide, and its relationship with temperature, relative humidity, traffic flow, and road routing in Hawassa City. We monitored carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in Hawassa city, Ethiopia, for 24 days using real-time monitors with carbon monoxide sensor head. A total of 24 different roads (12 high-traffic congested roads and 12 low-traffic congested roads) were included as monitoring sites. We conducted 1 hour monitoring at each monitoring site in the morning and afternoon to characterize the temporal variations. Accordingly, the average carbon monoxide concentrations varied temporally at different times. In addition, the average carbon monoxide concentrations on paved main roads, traffic light roads and low-traffic flow roads were 4.87 ± 0.6 ppm, 5.38 ± 0.8 ppm and 1.62 ± 0.53 ppm, respectively. The study also identified factors that correlated positively with carbon monoxide concentration, including temperature, relative humidity, traffic flow and road routing. The study concludes that long-term monitoring of carbon monoxide concentrations is necessary to fully characterize the health effects. The study also provides valuable insights for urban planners when implementing measures to mitigate the negative effects.

Relevance of this study is determined by the sanitary-epidemiological legislation of the Russian Federation with stipulated requirements to create hygiene standards for environmental factors ensuring their safety for people. These hygienic standards should guarantee absence of impermissible lifetime health risks. Divanadium pentoxide is a chemical that should be mandatorily regulated in ambient air under long-term exposure due to its wide prevalence and high toxicity. An average annual MPL for divanadium pentoxide was established by using systemic analysis of research literature and regulatory documents. According to selection results, three key epidemiological studies were taken for further analysis. They provided evidence of adverse effects produced by divanadium pentoxide on human health (the respiratory organs in particular) under chronic inhalation exposure. When analyzing a study design, we paid special attention to description of observation groups, values of exposure and nature of its effects, adverse health outcomes caused by exposure to divanadium pentoxide as well as to a type and a value of a point of departure. We calculated a value of the total (complex) uncertainty factor in order to establish an average annual maximum permissible level of the analyzed chemical. As a result, we suggest a scientifically substantiated (among other things, as per permissible health risk levels) average annual maximum permissible level for divanadium pentoxide, which equals 0.0001 mg/m3. This level is safe for human health under lifetime exposure. It is noteworthy that this level corresponds to ‘low uncertainty’, which indicates its high safety for human health.

This study explores the concentrations and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air of Maragheh city, Iran, while evaluating their potential health implications. PAHs levels were examined in PAHs-bound to particulate matter samples collected from diverse locations across the city. The results showed that in all sampling points, there was contamination by PAHs. The mean total PAHs concentration was 11.5 ng.m−3, with Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) emerging as the predominant compound. Comparative analysis with other cities revealed relatively lower BaP levels in Maragheh, yet surpassing WHO guidelines in 92 % of samples. Spatial assessment heightened pollution in areas characterized by heavy traffic and industrial operations. Based on PCA analysis, it appears that 74 % of PAHs compounds originate from vehicle emissions, 13 % from the combustion of petroleum, and 6 % from a possible petroleum source. Health risk appraisal uncovered escalated carcinogenic and mutagenic hazards, especially among children. While risks remained below USEPA thresholds, ongoing monitoring and targeted interventions are advised to mitigate PAHs pollution in Maragheh and similar urban locales. Future endeavors should prioritize source elucidation, health impact assessments, and public awareness initiatives to safeguard community well-being.

Air pollution is a pressing problem and causes millions of deaths each year related to its effects on respiratory health worldwide. Despite its significant impact, information on air pollution in many cities, including Hawassa city, remains limited. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations and variations of traffic-related air pollution, as measured by carbon monoxide, and its relationship with temperature, relative humidity, traffic flow, and road routing in Hawassa City. We monitored carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in Hawassa city, Ethiopia, for 24 days using real-time monitors with carbon monoxide sensor head. A total of 24 different roads (12 high-traffic congested roads and 12 low-traffic congested roads) were included as monitoring sites. We conducted 1 hour monitoring at each monitoring site in the morning and afternoon to characterize the temporal variations. Accordingly, the average carbon monoxide concentrations varied temporally at different times. In addition, the average carbon monoxide concentrations on paved main roads, traffic light roads and low-traffic flow roads were 4.87 ± 0.6 ppm, 5.38 ± 0.8 ppm and 1.62 ± 0.53 ppm, respectively. The study also identified factors that correlated positively with carbon monoxide concentration, including temperature, relative humidity, traffic flow and road routing. The study concludes that long-term monitoring of carbon monoxide concentrations is necessary to fully characterize the health effects. The study also provides valuable insights for urban planners when implementing measures to mitigate the negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides can enter the atmosphere during spraying or after application, resulting in environmental or human exposure. The study describes the optimisation and validation of analytical methods for the determination of more than 300 pesticides in the particulate and gaseous phases of the air. Pesticides were sampled with high-volume air samplers on glass-fibre filters (GFFs) and glass columns filled with polyurethane foam (PUF) and XAD-2 resin. Comparing different extraction methods, a QuEChERS extraction with acetonitrile was selected for the GFFs. For the PUF/XAD-2 columns, a cold-column extraction with dichloromethane was used. Instrumental determination was performed using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-QTOF) and gas chromatography/electron impact ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS/MS). Recovery experiments showed recovery rates between 70 and 120% for 263 compounds on the GFFs and 75 compounds on the PUF/XAD-2 columns. Semi-quantitative determination was performed for 39 compounds on the GFFs and 110 compounds on the PUF/XAD-2 columns. Finally, 27 compounds on the GFFs and 138 compounds on the PUF/XAD-2 columns could be determined only qualitatively. For the determination of the PUF/XAD-2 samples, signal suppression (LC) or signal enhancement (GC) due to matrix effects were determined. Method quantification limits of the optimised methods ranged from 30 to 240 pg/m3 for the target compounds on the GFFs, and from 8 to 60 pg/m3 on the PUF/XAD-2 columns. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by means of environmental air samples from an agricultural area in the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel polymer‐based lithium batteries exhibit a unique combination of advantageous properties, including the favorable interfacial contact characteristic of liquid‐state batteries and the inherent stability of solid‐state batteries. For Li–air batteries operated in the semi‐open atmosphere, implementing in situ synthesized gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) is effective in mitigating the environment‐induced challenges. In this study, a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)‐based GPE in situ initiated by the toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) and 1,4‐benzenediboronic acid (BDBA) is designed to enable the stable operation of lithium–air batteries. The integration of in situ polymerization and polyvinyl alcohol's functional group engineering not only brings benefits to the interfacial contact and electrochemical stability of the battery but also mitigates the moisture sensitivity and volatility of the DMSO electrolyte in the ambient environment. In addition, the GPE can promote the formation of a robust protection film on the lithium surface. As a result, the designed GPE makes the batteries fully leverage their outstanding cycling stability in the ambient environment (241 cycles at 500 mA g−1 and 1000 mAh g−1). Moreover, an optimized Li–air pouch cell structure incorporating the GPE achieves a boasted energy density of 757.5 Wh kg−1, providing a significant technical pathway to bring Li–O2 batteries to practical Li–air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) in its α‐phase is among the most desirable perovskite compositions for solar cells. However, because of its transition into the yellow δ‐phase at room temperature, it is a challenge to process it in ambient air by scalable fabrication methods. Here the introduction of a trace amount of cadmium (in the form of CdI2) to FAPbI3 is reported and found that it enhances the stability of the perovskite's black α‐phase polymorph, inhibits non‐radiative recombination events, leads to pin‐hole free compact surface morphology, and improves band energy alignment. The 0.6% Cd‐doped FAPbI3 solar cells show a champion efficiency of 22.7% for 0.049 cm2 and 16.4% for cm2‐scale pixels, which, to the best of the knowledge, are among the highest for air‐ambient fully blade‐coated pure FAPbI3 solar cells with an n‐i‐p architecture. Transient absorption microscopy measurements reveal that Cd doping reduces the number of trapped charges and increases their lifetimes, promoting charge accumulation and a higher photovoltage. The study sheds light on the potential of cadmium as a homovalent dopant for the stabilization and performance enhancement of FAPbI3 performance solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of antibiotics in the medical and aquaculture industries has led to antibiotic resistance, be a global public health concern. Compared with soil and water, there are few reports on antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the air. To provide theoretical support for scientific and effective response to the cross-media migration of microbial resistance, this paper comprehensively reviewed the occurrence status, influencing factors and transmission mechanism of ARB and ARGs in different types of ambient air at home and abroad. The results showed that the abundance of ARB and ARGs in the air was affected by environmental conditions and sampling factors. The pollution was more serious in typical polluted areas such as animal farms, sewage treatment plants and hospitals. The dominant types of ARGs in the above environment were tetracyclines, sulfonamides and β-lactams. Among them, the abundance of ARGs in the air of animal farms was about 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than that in other environments. The highest abundance was found in pig farm compared to other animal houses. At present, there was still no standard for the sampling requirements of ARB and ARGs in the air. The sampling season, duration, particle size and coexisting pollutants all affected their detection. Air pollution, soil water content, rainfall and air mass movement were proved to play a certain role in affecting the spread of ARB and ARGs in the air. Based on it, the research on the migration mechanism of ARB and ARGs at the soil-air interface needs to be further intensified. The review aimed to comprehensively reveal the occurrence characteristics of ARB and ARGs in the air, and provide theoretical support for the scientific and effective response to the cross-media migration of microbial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drastic increase in industrialization has led to numerous adverse effects on the environment and human health. Respiratory tract disorders are one of the major emerging global health issues that lead to a high mortality rate every year. The quality of indoor and outdoor air has lowered in the last decade.The quality of indoor air has deteriorated by cooking, smoking, and burning incense sticks or smoke. The smoke released from incense and incense sticks contains gaseous products (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxide of sulfur), particular matter (PM10, PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These toxic components released from various incense sources pose a significant risk to human health and the environment. The inhalation and exposure of smoke from various incenses is hazardous to health as it inevitably culminates in deadly organ‐related diseases. With such insights, the present review article focuses on the characteristic attributes of particulate matter released from incense and other sources emphasizing healthcare and environmental concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct conversion of atmospheric CO2 into fuel via photocatalysis exhibits significant practical application value in advancing the carbon cycle. In this study, we established an electro-assisted photocatalytic system with dual compartments and interfaces, and coated Ag nanoparticles on the titanium nanotube arrays (TNTAs) by polydopamine modification. In the absence of sacrificial agent and alkali absorption liquid conditions, the stable, efficient and highly selective conversion of CO2 to CO at the gas-solid interface in ambient air was realized by photoelectric synergy. Specifically, with the assistance of potential, the CO formation rates reached 194.9 µmol h-1 m-2 and 103.9 µmol h-1 m-2 under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation, respectively; the corresponding CO2 conversion rates in ambient air were 30% and 16%, respectively. The excellent catalytic effect is mainly attributed to the formation of P-N heterojunction during the catalytic process and the surface plasmon resonance effect. Additionally, the introduction of solid agar electrolytes effectively inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and improves the electron utilization rate. This system promotes the development of photocatalytic technology for practical applications and provides new insights and support for the carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on quantifying the gas concentrations of ethylene, benzene, toluene, and ozone within an urban area in the southern region of Romania. The gas sampling campaign, conducted between March and August 2021, took place in three different locations from the point of view of the architectural structure, and the sampling height was 1.5 m. Sampling occurred on weekdays (Monday through Friday) during daylight hours, with subsequent concentration analysis employing descriptive statistics, diurnal cycles, and seasonal assessments. A highly sensitive and selective detector, employing laser photoacoustic spectroscopy, was utilized to monitor pollutants. The average concentrations (±Standard Deviation) were determined as follows: ethylene at 116.82 ± 82.37 parts per billion (ppb), benzene at 1.13 ± 0.32 ppb, toluene at 5.48 ± 3.27 ppb, and ozone at 154.75 ± 68.02 ppb, with peak levels observed during the summer months. Diurnal patterns were observable for ethylene, benzene, and toluene, exhibiting higher concentrations during the early hours of the day followed by a decrease towards the evening. In contrast, ozone concentrations peaked in the evening compared to the early part of the day. Thus, perceptible effects were demonstrated on gas concentrations as a result of the influence of meteorological variables. Moreover, the high toluene/benzene ratio indicated traffic and industrial emissions as primary sources of these pollutants. Of the four gases monitored, benzene and ozone exceeded regulatory limits, particularly during the summer season, highlighting concerns regarding air quality in the studied urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have exceeded 26% efficiency. One attribute of PSCs is their printability at relatively low temperatures, particularly advantageous for flexible solar cells. However, developing efficient, fully printable flexible PSCs on rough and soft plastic substrates remains a challenge. Herein, efficient flexible PSCs fabricated by only scalable methods in ambient conditions are reported. First, the source of the issue in fabricating flexible PSCs—the presence of charge carrier shorting pathways within electron‐transport layer (ETL) due to incomplete coverage of surface of flexible substrates—is identified. To address this challenge, the ETL deposition ink is modified with a phase‐transfer catalyst, often used in synthetic organic chemistry. Dynamic light scattering and nuclear‐magnetic resonance studies show that the catalyst enhances ETL particle‐to‐particle interaction in the ink, eventually leading to conformal coverage of rough flexible substrates. As a result, a power conversion efficiency of 17.6% for all‐scalable flexible n–i–p‐structured PSCs based on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) is demonstrated, among the highest reported to date for fully scalable flexible PSCs, all fabricated in ambient air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor air quality significantly impacts the well-being and health of elderly residents in nursing homes. This study was conducted to explore the connection between indoor and outdoor PM (Particulate Matter) concentrations in nursing homes and their association with the facilities' location and construction characteristics. The findings revealed that indoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 124 μg/m3 and 2–188.4 μg/m3, respectively, which were approximately 12.67 and 1.25 times higher than their outdoor counterparts. A strong correlation (P

Substances like asbestos and other air pollutants, such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), are hazardous compounds due to their adverse effects on human health. This study aims to investigate the levels, seasonal variations, spatial distribution, potential sources, and associated health risks associated with BTEX compounds and asbestos fibers in the ambient air of Tabriz. Air samples were taken at 16 different locations during the 2020–2021 period. Glass containers with charcoal were used for sample collection, and the BTEX content was determined using the GC-FID method. Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) analysis was conducted with a low-volume peripheral pump for asbestos fiber sampling. The results showed that the average concentration of ∑BTEX was 37.94 and 27.98 μg/m3 in autumn and spring, respectively. The same parameter was 2.26 and 1.68 f/L for asbestos in the autumn and winter, respectively. The contribution of BTEX to ozone formation potential (OFP) in the research area showed that xylene and toluene were the major contributors to ozone production in different seasons. The risk of exposure to benzene compounds was 24 × 10−4 in children and 55.9 × 10−4 in adults, while the risk of exposure to ethylbenzene was 3.78 × 10−4 in children and 3.25 × 10−4 in adults. The estimated lifetime cancer risk was found to be the highest for benzene, followed by ethylbenzene. The estimated cancer risk for benzene and ethylbenzene exceeded the threshold values set by EPA, which signals a significant carcinogenic risk due to exposure to these substances in the ambient air of Tabriz. According to the EPA guidelines, the low carcinogenicity risk levels are between 10−4 and 10−6. According to the findings for the exposure to asbestos fibers, the maximum values of excess cancer risk (ECR) and estimated lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were observed in the 16–30 age range across all locations, suggesting increased exposure to asbestos fibers compared to other age groups.

Nonlinear optical microscopic imaging techniques have advanced for chemically sensitive imaging of solid and liquid samples but lack advancements for gaseous samples. In this work, wide-field three-color ultrafast coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy is implemented for selectively imaging the ambient nitrogen gas. Our technique operates by capturing a series of spectrally selected images with a rate of 5–10 frames per second. The recorded data are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. This technique has been demonstrated to be sensitive to a variation of approximately 1011 nitrogen molecules in ambient air confined within a microscopic volume of 10 μm by 50 μm by 50 μm. We believe that our approach can potentially be extended toward real-time, in situ chemical imaging of the microscopic dynamics of gases, for example, in ammonia for nitrogen cycle, greenhouse gases for environmental pollution, plant fertilization regulation for precision agriculture, or byproducts produced from lower-temperature plasmas.

This paper presents the development of a miniaturized sensor device for selective detection of pathogens, specifically Influenza A Influenza virus, as an enveloped virus is relatively vulnerable to damaging environmental impacts. In consideration of environmental factors such as humidity and temperature, this particular pathogen proves to be an ideal choice for our study. It falls into the category of pathogens that pose greater challenges due to their susceptibility. An impedance biosensor was integrated into an existing platform and effectively separated and detected high concentrations of airborne pathogens. Bio-functionalized hydrogel-based detectors were utilized to analyze virus-containing particles. The sensor device demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity when exposed to varying concentrations of Influenza A virus ranging from 0.5 to 50 μ g/mL. The sensitivity of the device for a 0.5 μ g/mL analyte concentration was measured to be 695 Ω · mL/ μ g. Integration of this pathogen detector into a compact-design air quality monitoring device could foster the advancement of personal exposure monitoring applications. The proposed sensor device offers a promising approach for real-time pathogen detection in complex environmental settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Pinene is a biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) that significantly contributes to secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere due to its high emission rate, reactivity, and SOA yield. However, the SOA yield measured in chamber studies from α-pinene photooxidation is limited in a purified air matrix. Assessing SOA formation from α-pinene photooxidation in real urban ambient air based on studies conducted in purified air matrices may be subject to uncertainties. In this study, α-pinene photooxidation and SOA yield were investigated in a smog chamber in the presence of NO and SO2 under purified air and ambient air matrices. With the accumulation of ozone (O3) during the photooxidation, an increasing part of α-pinene was consumed by O3 and finally nearly half of the α-pinene was oxidized by O3, facilitating the production of highly oxidized organic molecules and thereby SOA formation. Although the ambient air we introduced as matrix air was largely clean, with initial organic aerosol mass concentrations of ~1.5 μg m−3, the α-pinene SOA yield in the ambient air matrix was 42.3 ± 5.3%, still higher than that of 32.4 ± 0.4% in the purified air matrix. The chemical characterization of SOA by the high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) revealed that CxHy accounted for 53.7 ± 1.1% of the total signal in the ambient air matrix experiments, higher than 48.1 ± 0.3% in the purified air, while CxHyO and CxHyO>1 together constituted 45.0 ± 0.9% in the ambient air matrix, lower than 50.1 ± 1.0% in the purified air. The O:C ratio in the ambient air matrix experiments was 0.41 ± 0.01, lower than 0.46 ± 0.01 in the purified air. The higher SOA yield of α-pinene in the ambient air matrix compared to that in the purified air matrix was partly due to the presence of initial aerosols in the ambient air, which facilitated the low volatile organic compounds produced from photochemical oxidation to enter the aerosol phase through gas-particle partitioning. The in-situ aerosol acidity calculated by the ISORROPIA-II model in the ambient air matrix experiments was approximately six times higher than that in purified air, and the higher SOA yield in the ambient air matrix experiments might also be attributed to acid-catalyzed SOA formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of modern society, our demand for energy is increasing. And the extensive use of fossil energy has triggered a series of problems such as an energy crisis and environmental pollution. A moisture-enabled electric generator (MEG) is a new type of energy conversion method, which can directly convert the ubiquitous moisture in the air into electrical energy equipment. It has attracted great interest for its renewable and environmentally friendly qualities. At present, most MEGs still have low power density, strong dependence on high humidity, and high cost. Herein, we report the development of a high-efficiency MEG based on a lignocellulosic fiber frame with high-power-density, all-weather, and low-cost characteristics using a simple strategy that optimizes the charge transport channel and ion concentration difference. The MEG devices we manufactured can generate the open-circuit voltage of 0.73 V and the short-circuit current of 360 μA, and the voltage can still reach 0.6 V at less than 30% humidity. It is possible to drive commercial electronic devices such as light-emitting diodes, electronic displays, and electronic calculators by simply connecting several electric generators in series. Biomass-based moisture-enabled electric generation has a low cost, is easy to integrate on a large scale, and is green and pollution-free, providing clean energy for low-humidity or high-electricity-cost areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In urban areas, there has been a recent rise in ground-level ozone. Given its toxicity to both humans and the environment, the investigation of ozone pollution demands attention and should not be overlooked. Therefore, we conducted a study on ozone concentration in three distinct locations within the city of Magurele, Romania. This investigation considered variations in both structure and location during the spring and summer seasons, specifically at a breathing level of 1.5 m above the ground. Our analysis aimed to explore the impact of different locations and meteorological variables on ozone levels. The three measurement points were strategically positioned in diverse settings: within the city, in a forest, and within an industrial area. For these measurements, we used a laser spectroscopy system to determine the system's sensitivity and selectivity and the influence of humidity in the detection of ozone in ambient air, which is a mixture of trace gases and water vapor. During the March–August campaign, the mean values in the three measuring points were 24.45 ± 16.44 ppb, 11.96 ± 3.80 ppb, and 95.01 ± 37.11 ppb. The peak concentrations of ozone were observed during the summer season. A diurnal analysis revealed that the atmospheric ozone levels were higher in the latter part of the day compared to the earlier part. These measurements suggest that the atmospheric temperature plays a significant role in tropospheric ozone production. Additionally, meteorological variables such as wind speed and direction were found to influence the ozone concentration. Remarkably, despite substantial traffic, the ozone levels remained consistently low throughout the entire period within the forested area. This observation may suggest the remarkable ability of trees to mitigate pollution levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution causes a pivotal impact throughout the world that affects natural resources. It also makes hazardous damage to the environment and defects in human health. The World Health Organization states that the report of air pollution is the major reason of human ailments such as lung cancer, early death, asthma, premature birth, and stroke. Due to the influence of changes in weather and climate caused by air pollution, global warming, acid rain, rainfall declines and depletion of the ozone layer occur. To mitigate these issues, preventive measures for air quality are prerequisites. Therefore, air quality monitoring is considered the main aspect of acquiring decision-making support that yields accurate predictions. In addition, there is a need of evaluating the quality of ambient (outdoor) air depending on the observations of pollutants. To achieve this, an automated air quality prediction model is proposed by using modified probability ratio-based RSA (MPR-RSA) and ensemble-based air quality prediction (EAQP). In the first step, the input data are undergone the preprocessing step. The preprocessing is done through various methods such as data imputation, data cleansing, and data transformation. Then, the preprocessed data are given to extract the significant features. The extracted features are obtained by statistical features, spatial features, and temporal features. To enhance the predictive accuracy, the weighted feature selection is employed, where the weight parameter is optimized by the proposed MPR-RSA algorithm. Then, the classification process is accomplished by EAQP, where the hyper-parameters are optimized by the same MPR-RSA algorithm. Here, the ensemble model is constructed by a single Prediction approach as support vector regression, recurrent neural network, extreme learning, bi-directional long short-term memory, and multi-layer perceptron neural network. Finally, the performance is analyzed with various parameters to prove that the proposed model becomes an advanced air quality prediction. Throughout the analysis, the RMSE of the proposed model achieves 9.96%, which can be a lesser value than the other existing heuristic algorithms. Hence, the proposed prediction model attains the low value of RMSE and MAE, which offers early forecasts of ambient air pollution to evade the damage and impacts to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of replacing toxic chlorobenzene antisolvents with environmentally friendly anisole in the fabrication of planar triple-cation perovskite solar cells was explored here. The successful integration of anisole not only ensures comparable device performance but also contributes to the development of more sustainable and green fabrication processes for next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Nevertheless, to ensure the possibility of achieving well-functioning unencapsulated devices whose working operation depends on outdoor atmospheric conditions, we found that adjusting the cesium concentrations in the perovskite layers enabled the electrical characterization of efficient devices even under high relative humidity conditions (more than 40%). We found that 10% of CsI in the precursor solution will make devices with low hysteresis indexes and sustained performance stability over a 90-day period both with cholorobenzene and anisole antisolvent. These results further confirm that green anisole can replace chlorobenzene as an antisolvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Technology is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Technology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Total OH reactivity, an index utilized to evaluate the overall effect of atmospheric reactive species on hydroxyl radicals, has been assessed over the past half century, particularly in ambient air. The direct measurement of OH reactivity for vehicular sources has also been conducted, further enhancing our understanding of chemical compounds and processes in source emissions. However, the current summary on OH reactivity dominantly focuses on ambient, and the review of OH reactivity measurements and characteristics for vehicular sources was lacking. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed and compared the measurement techniques, values of total OH reactivity, reactive chemical species, and missing OH reactivity for ambient air and vehicular sources involving exhaust and evaporation. The OH reactivity values for ambient air are comparable to those for evaporative emission (around 0–102 s−1), whereas they are all lower by 2–3 orders of magnitude than exhaust emission. In areas dominated by anthropogenic emissions, inorganic reactivity dominates the OH reactivity, while in biogenic-dominated areas, organic reactivity is the main contributor. For vehicular sources, inorganic reactivity dominates the calculated OH reactivity for exhaust emissions, while volatile organic compound reactivity (especially alkene reactivity) can almost explain all the calculated OH reactivity for evaporative emissions. The missing reactivity for ambient air and vehicular emission might derive from unmeasured, even unknown, organic species. We finally discussed possible new directions for future studies of total OH reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct conversion of atmospheric CO2 into fuel via photocatalysis exhibits significant practical application value in advancing the carbon cycle. In this study, we established an electro-assisted photocatalytic system with dual compartments and interfaces, and coated Ag nanoparticles on the titanium nanotube arrays (TNTAs) by polydopamine modification. In the absence of sacrificial agent and alkali absorption liquid conditions, the stable, efficient and highly selective conversion of CO2 to CO at the gas-solid interface in ambient air was realized by photoelectric synergy. Specifically, with the assistance of potential, the CO formation rates reached 194.9 μmol h−1 m−2 and 103.9 μmol h−1 m−2 under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation, respectively; the corresponding CO2 conversion rates in ambient air were 30% and 16%, respectively. The excellent catalytic effect is mainly attributed to the formation of P–N heterojunction during the catalytic process and the surface plasmon resonance effect. Additionally, the introduction of solid agar electrolytes effectively inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and improves the electron utilization rate. This system promotes the development of photocatalytic technology for practical applications and provides new insights and support for the carbon cycle.

Ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm), have been reported to potentially penetrate deeply into the respiratory system, translocate through the alveoli, and affect various organs, potentially correlating with increased mortality. The aim of this study is to assess long-term trends (5–11 years) in mostly urban UFP concentrations based on measurements of particle number size distributions (PNSD). Additionally, concentrations of other pollutants and meteorological variables were evaluated to support the interpretations. PNSD datasets from 12 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 3 suburban background (SUB) and 1 regional background (RB) sites in 15 European cities and 1 in the USA were evaluated. The non-parametric Theil-Sen’s method was used to detect monotonic trends. Meta-analyses were carried out to assess the overall trends and those for different environments. The results showed significant decreases in NO, NO2, BC, CO, and particle concentrations in the Aitken (25–100 nm) and the Accumulation (100–800 nm) modes, suggesting a positive impact of the implementation of EURO 5/V and 6/VI vehicle standards on European air quality. The growing use of Diesel Particle Filters (DPFs) might also have clearly reduced exhaust emissions of BC, PM, and the Aitken and Accumulation mode particles. However, as reported by prior studies, there remains an issue of poor control of Nucleation mode particles (smaller than 25 nm), which are not fully reduced with current DPFs, without emission controls for semi-volatile organic compounds, and might have different origins than road traffic. Thus, contrasting trends for Nucleation mode particles were obtained across the cities studied. This mode also affected the UFP and total PNC trends because of the high proportion of Nucleation mode particles in both concentration ranges. It was also found that the urban temperature increasing trends might have also influenced those of PNC, Nucleation and Aitken modes.

Abstract The spatial monitoring of submicron particles has become an essential issue due to their negative effects on human health. However, the use of high-cost and high-grade measurement instruments is a challenging investment cost. Thus, a cost-effective optical particle counter (OPC), which is improved measurement quality, has become a good candidate. In this study, two cost-effective OPCs, coupled with a heated inlet tube to reduce the effect of humidity on its measurements, were applied in the field to measure ambient PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 over 1 month. Their 1-h-average and 24-h-average data were compared with those obtained from a reference-grade OPC and a beta attenuation monitor (BAM). In particular, the correlations between the measurement data obtained from them, the differences in the mean values of these data, and the relative errors were evaluated. The PM2.5 data obtained from cost-effective OPCs were comparable to those from BAM at even under high humidity conditions, except for rainy days. The data obtained from the cost-effective OPCs also showed good correlations and low relative errors (i.e.,

Background. Effective management of dust emissions from industrial enterprises should be based on reliable data on emission sources and emitted components. Correct estimation of geoecological impacts exerted by dust emissions is a complicated process due to chemical diversity of the soil component in them. Aim. The aim was to test a practical approach to identifying actual ambient air pollution with solid particles in a zone influenced by an economic entity for correct estimation of impacts and monitoring of ambient air quality. Materials and methods. Samples of industrial dust emissions were analyzed with a scanning electronic high-resolution microscope (magnification was from x5 to x300,000; acceleration voltage varied between 0.3 to 30 kW) with S3400N HITACHI x-ray fluorescent device (the limit of detection was approximately 5–10 mass % and the minimum field of view was 100 µm). X-ray photographs were processed by using XRD 6000/7000 software, Version 5.21. The results obtained by calculating dispersion of the dust component were mapped with ArcView 3.2 and ArcGIS 9.3.1., GIS-platforms created by ESRI. Results. Complex investigations of dust emissions were performed at a selected enterprise and this made it possible to identify a profile of the dust component in emissions from major sources. Actual composition of dusts emitted by the analyzed enterprise was established to differ fundamentally from the data declared in the inventory lists of emissions issued by the enterprise. The results of dispersion calculations gave grounds for spotting out substances that were priority (marker) ones for the analyzed production and we also estimated actual effects produced by dust emissions on ambient air. Conclusions. The study results allow concluding that a dust emission profile is a reliable instrument for estimating actual impacts of an industrial enterprise on ambient air. It can be applied to solve tasks within setting standards, monitoring and estimating actual impacts exerted by anthropogenic dust emissions when environmental measures are being planned and developed.

Background This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil around typical automobile repair workshops in Nigeria. Risk assessment associated with human contact with the soil was carried out using hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) from human unconscious ingestion and dermal contact with the soil. Methods Soil samples were obtained at different automobile workshops in Ado-Ekiti, Western Nigeria. The PAHS in the samples were extracted using dichloromethane and extracts were cleaned up using silica-alumina gel open column chromatography. Analysis of PAHs in the soil was done using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass selective detector operated on electron ionization mode. Results The results showed the mean PAHs concentration at the sampling locations ranged from 5.58 – 6.4 μg/g and the mean ∑ carcinogenic PAHs was 58.4 μg/g, equivalent to 59.39 % of total PAHs observed. The mean Toxicity equivalence (TEQs) ranged from 0.02 - 6.680 μg/g. Benzo (a) pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene have the highest toxicity equivalent. The total ILCRs from accidental ingestion and dermal contact in adults were 1 ×10^(-3) and 9.8 ×10^(-5), for adults and children respectively; both are higher than the permissible limit stipulated by the World Health Organization.The HQs obtained are several folds higher than 1. This implies high carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for children and adults. Conclusions The study revealed the levels of PAHs and also revealed the risks associated with human contact with the soil around automobile repair workshops.

The higher the air pollution in an area, the more it can have a negative impact on human health status if inhaled continuously, especially in the respiratory system. This study used secondary data obtained from the Environment and Forestry Service. The data was analyzed using a descriptive method by comparing data collected in the field with ambient air quality standards based on Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management to determine air quality conditions in Mijen District, Semarang City. The impact resulting from air pollution can interfere with the health of living things and damage the ecosystem environment. Human health will be disrupted due to polluted air, which can lead to diseases such as ARI, heart disease, and even lung cancer, which is very dangerous. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct research on air quality to prevent air pollution that exceeds ambient air quality standards, which can cause health problems for the community in Mijen District. Based on research on the analysis of air quality parameter measurement results in Mijen District, Semarang City, it can be concluded that all air quality parameters do not exceed quality standards.

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) in ambient air contain metallic elements and can be inhaled by humans. Inhaled metal elements risk public health with long-term exposure because metallic elements are carcinogenic in the human body. This study aimed to analyze metallic elements and assess their risk to public health in the Bandung area and its surroundings. The metal elements analyzed in this research are Pb, Al, and Mn. Ambient air sampling was carried out in five industrial areas: Bandung Wetan, Buahbatu, Cibeureum, Padalarang, and Cimahi. High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) is for sampling TSP in ambient air, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was used to analyze metallic elements. The results of the study showed that the Cimahi location gave the highest TSP level (126.7 g/m3) and the lowest is Padalarang (15.1µg/m3). The metal elements concentrations, Pb, Al, and Mn were varied widely of 7.1–29.21 ng/m3, 1054.9–1700.1 ng/m3, and 8.91–14.79 ng/m3, respectively. Risk analysis was determined by calculating ADDinhale, Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Hazard Index (HI) to determine whether there is a potential non–carcinogenic effect on public health. Each industrial area gives an HI value > 1, and Buahbatu has the highest HI. This study proves that Pb significantly contributes to the increased risk of community exposure to non-carcinogenic effects.