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Background: Fibularis tertius is a small, unipennate muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg which is peculiar to human. It is highly variable muscle. It acts as a dorsiflexor and evertor of the foot. Fibularis tertius muscle flap is used for transposition and correcting any laxity in the ankle joint by foot surgeons. Distal attachment of it might play important role in causation of torsional stresses as observed in Jones fractures. Aims: It was aimed to study the incidence of fibularis tertius muscle and to observe variations in its proximal and distal attachments in Indian population. Material and Methods: We studied 100 (right: 50; left: 50) cadaveric lower limbs to observe the presence or absence of fibularis tertius muscle and variations in its proximal and distal attachments. Results: Fibularis tertius was absent in 13%. We observed variations in th th distal attachment of it. It was attached to 4 or 5 metatarsal or both. In some cases we observed bifurcated tendon and duplication of tendon of this muscle. Conclusion: Variations of fibularis tertius muscle are more frequent and its distal attachments are not absolutely at a fixed position therefore a precise and detailed knowledge of this muscle is important for foot surgeons and anatomists.

Background: The presence of fissures in the normal lungs enhances uniform expansion and hence facilitates more air intake. Accessory and incomplete fissures of varying depth can be seen in unusual locations of the lung, delimiting abnormal lobes which correspond to the normal bronchopulmonary segments. The knowledge of anatomical variations of lung fissures is essential for clinicians, surgeons, and for radiologist for recognizing various images of related abnormalities because an accessory or anomalous fissure can be mistaken for a lung lesion or an atypical appearance of pleural effusion. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study is to observe the variations of lung fissures in Indian population. Fifty pairs (right- 50; left- 50) of lungs were used for this study. Each lung was studied carefully for number of fissures whether complete or incomplete or absent. Presences of accessory fissures were noted. Results: We observed complete absence of fissures in two right and left lungs. Accessory fissures were present in 38% right lungs and 32% in left lungs. Conclusion: Incidence of absence of oblique fissure and accessory fissure was greater in our present work when compared our results with other authors. Considering this we feel that more elaborative study should be done on this topic which will throw more light on this.

Background: A sutural bone is present at the pterion then it is called "Epipteric" or "Flower's bone". They are frequently present in a variety of congenital disorders like hypothyroidism, cleidocranial dysostosis, progeria, rickets etc. Their presence is clinically important because it may lead to complication in making burr holes at pterion. Aim and Objectives: To find the incidence and number of Epipteric bones in Indian dry skulls of known sex. Material and Methods: In the present study, pterion region of 90 dried adult human skulls of known sex were examined for presence or absence of Epipteric bone. Results: Present study observed the incidence of Epipteric bones to be13.33%. Incidence rate was higher in female skulls than male skulls (male: 10.83%; female: 18.33%). Conclusion: This data gives idea regarding overall incidence of Epipteric bones in human skulls of India. The knowledge of this variable is useful for neurosurgeons, anthropologists and radiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Prostatic enlargement occurs due to nodular hyperplasia, prostatitis and neoplasm of prostate gland. Incidence of prostate cancer increases by 1% yearly which has been reported in the last three years. Early detection of prostate cancer is important. Also, the differentiation between benign hyperplasia and malignant lesions of prostate is very important for the treatment of patient. Aim of the present study is to evaluate the usefulness of Mucin stains in differentiating between benign hyperplasia and malignant lesions of prostate. Material and Methods: The study was done on ninety-five specimens of benign hyperplasia (n=73) and malignant (n=22) prostates which were collected from postmortem and surgically resected specimens in KIMSU and KHMRC hospital. Routine Hematoxylin & Eosin and special stains such as PAS, PAS-Diastase, PAS-Phenyl Hydrazine, Alcian Blue PH -2.5 and 1, Aldehyde Fuchsin, combined AB-PAS and AF-AB were performed. Results: We tabulated our results according to color intensity into different grades ranging from -ve to +++. Acid mucins were present predominantly in prostate carcinoma. Conclusion: Hence, mucin histochemistry may be a valuable and cost-effective tool for the differentiation between benign hyperplasia and carcinoma of prostate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is an increase in the incidence of the prostate cancer by 1% yearly which has been recorded in the last three years. Early diagnosis of prostate cancer is important and differentiation between normal and malignant lesions of prostate has been a diagnostic dilemma. There is unavailability of modern techniques in rural areas as well as in developing countries. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of mucin stains in differentiating normal and malignant lesions of prostate. Material and Methods: The study was done on 33 specimens of normal (n=11) and malignant (n=22) prostates which were collected from postmortem and surgically resected specimens in Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Krishna Hospital Medical Research Central. Normal prostate specimens were used as controls with carcinoma of prostate as test. The type of study was case control study. Routine Hematoxylin / Eosin and special stains as PAS, PASDiastase, PAS-Phenyl Hydrazine, Alcian Blue pH-2.5 and 1, Aldehyde Fuchsin, combined AB-PAS and AFAB were performed. Results: Results were tabulated according to colour intensity into different grades ranging from -ve to +++. Neutral mucins were observed in normal prostate and in prostate carcinoma acid mucins were seen predominantly present. Conclusion: Mucin histochemistry may provide a valuable and costeffective tool for the diagnostic histopathology of prostate lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]