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Despite the empirical success in various domains, it has been revealed that deep neural networks are vulnerable to maliciously perturbed input data that can dramatically degrade their performance. These are known as adversarial attacks. To counter adversarial attacks, adversarial training formulated as a form of robust optimization has been demonstrated to be effective. However, conducting adversarial training brings much computational overhead compared with standard training. In order to reduce the computational cost, we propose an annealing mechanism, annealing mechanism for adversarial training acceleration (Amata), to reduce the overhead associated with adversarial training. The proposed Amata is provably convergent, well-motivated from the lens of optimal control theory, and can be combined with existing acceleration methods to further enhance performance. It is demonstrated that, on standard datasets, Amata can achieve similar or better robustness with around 1/3-1/2 the computational time compared with traditional methods. In addition, Amata can be incorporated into other adversarial training acceleration algorithms (e.g., YOPO, Free, Fast, and ATTA), which leads to a further reduction in computational time on large-scale problems.

Nas obras de Virgílio, um considerável número de acrósticos já foi identificado por alguns estudiosos, tais como Fowler (An Acrostic in Vergil? – 1983), Katz (An Acrostic Ant Road in Aeneid – 2008) e Grishin (Ludus in Undis. An Acrostic in Eclogue 9 – 2008). Por sua vez, Giovanna Laterza (Aeneid VII 53-57: An Acrostic? – 2015), voltando sua atenção para o sétimo canto da Eneida, põe em relevo os versos 53-57, e propõe a presença de um possível acróstico temático, cuja construção, mesmo que imperfeita, amolda indiretamente o nome da rainha dos latinos. Por admitirmos a legitimidade desta formação acrostiquena identificada por Laterza, no presente trabalho, apresentaremos, a partir de uma análise filológica de sua composição, uma outra leitura interpretativa para o provável acróstico: nele notamos um prenúncio de morte da personagem que o configura.

Double-crop soybean after winter wheat is a component of many cropping systems across eastern and central Kansas. Until recently, control of Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp has been both easy and economical with the use of sequential applications of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Many populations of Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp have become resistant to glyphosate. During 2015 and 2016, a total of five field experiments were conducted near Manhattan, Hutchinson, and Ottawa, KS, to assess various non-glyphosate herbicide programs at three different application timings for the control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp in double-crop soybean after winter wheat. Spring-POST treatments of pyroxasulfone (119 g ai ha–1) and pendimethalin (1065 g ai ha–1) were applied to winter wheat to evaluate residual control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp. Less than 40% control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp was observed in both treatments 2 wk after planting (WAP) double-crop soybean. Preharvest treatments of 2,4-D (561 g ae ha–1) and flumioxazin (107 g ai ha–1) were also applied to the winter wheat to assess control of emerged Palmer amaranth and waterhemp. 2,4-D resulted in highly variable Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control, whereas flumioxazin resulted in control similar to PRE treatments that contained paraquat (841 g ai ha–1) plus residual herbicide(s). Excellent control of both species was observed 2 WAP with a PRE paraquat application; however, reduced control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp was noted 8 WAP due to subsequent emergence. Results indicate that Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control was 85% or greater 8 WAP for PRE treatments that included a combination of paraquat plus residual herbicide(s). PRE treatments that did not include both paraquat and residual herbicide(s) did not provide acceptable control.Nomenclature: 2,4-D; flumioxazin; glyphosate; paraquat; pendimethalin; pyroxasulfone; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis J. D. Sauer. AMATA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson AMAPA; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr; wheat, Triticum aestivum L

Through the lens of J.M.G. Le Clezio’s early novel Terra Amata (1967) and Michel Serres’s concept of the ‘Grand Recit’ ‘great story’, the purpose of this essay is to launch a call for the inception...

In memory of an outstanding palaeoichthyologist Elga Mark-Kurik The range of diversity of psammosteids from the family Psammosteidae is still poorly known. Here a new species, Psammosteus ramosus sp. nov. Glinskiy, from the Amata Regional Stage of the Main Devonian Field is described. Its morphology, ornamentation, histology of exoskeletal plates, and micromeric elements are compared with those of other representatives of the family Psammosteidae. The comparison shows a close relationship of the new species with Psammosteus falcatus Obruchev, P. kiaeri Halstead Tarlo and P. pectinatus Obruchev, a group of species that is significantly different from other representatives of the genus Psammosteus and constitutes a separate evolutionary lineage. On the basis of morphological and histological features we here differentiate in the fields of tesserae of Psammosteidae the discrete micromeric elements of the ‘basic type’, known in Psammosteus bergi (Obruchev), P. levis Obruchev, P. livonicus Obruchev, P. maeandrinus Agassiz, P. megalopteryx (Trautschold), P. praecursor Obruchev and Karelosteus weberi Obruchev, and micromeric elements of the ‘progressive type’, known in Psammosteus falcatus, P. cf. kiaeri and P. ramosus sp. nov. Glinskiy.

Waterhemp is a weed indigenous to the midwestern United States and is problematic in agronomic crop production. This weed is well suited to inhabit minimally tilled environments and is increasing in prevalence across many agricultural production areas and systems. A common garden experiment was established in Indiana in 2014 and 2015 with waterhemp populations from Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska to compare the growth and development of waterhemp from these regions. Three establishment dates (May, June, and July) were used each year to simulate discontinuous germination. Mean biomass accumulations from the May (1,120 g plant−1) and June (1,069 g plant−1) establishment dates were higher than from the July (266 g plant−1) establishment date. There were no differences in biomass accumulations between the five populations in the May and June establishments, but biomass accumulations ranged from 195 to 338 g plant−1in the July establishment. Mean seed yields were higher from the May (926,629 seeds plant−1) and June (828,905 seeds plant−1) establishment dates compared with the July (276,258 seeds plant−1) establishment. In the May and June establishments, seed yields ranged from 469,939 seeds plant−1to 1,285,556 seeds plant−1. The Illinois population flowered the latest of all the populations yet also grew the tallest. The July establishment flowered the most rapidly after establishment, accumulated less biomass, and also had the largest seeds. This study demonstrated differences among waterhemp populations when grown in a common environment and the effect of establishment timing on waterhemp growth and development.

Three species from one genus of Syntomini are recognized from Korea. Amata sperbius (Fabricius, 1787) is recorded in Korea for the first time. The species treatments comprise redescriptions of the male and female genitalia, the latter being provided for the first time. Illustrations of the adults and genitalia of both sexes and detailed distribution maps are provided. Determination keys based on external characters as well as male and female genital organs are provided. Finally the arguments explaining discovery of A . sperbius population so far from the known range are discussed.

Amata sperbius (Fabricius, 1787) (Figs 1‒5) Zygaena sperbius Fabricius, 1787: 103. Syntomis sperbius (Fabricius): Boisduval, 1829: 126. Amata atkinsoni (non Moore) Cotes & Swinhoe, 1887: 45. Amata sperbius (Fabricius): Fletcher, 1925: 21. Leopoldina leopoldi Hering, 1934: 2, syn. n. Amata sperbius gressitti Bytinski-Salz, 1939: 152. Amata sperbius sperbius (Fabricius): Obraztsov, 1966: 82., Published as part of De Freina, Josef J. & Prins, Willy De, 2018, Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on three South-East Asian species of Amata (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), pp. 141-145 in Zootaxa 4461 (1) on page 142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4461.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/1459836, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens species nuper detectas synonymis, observationibus, descriptionibus, emendationibus. Vol. 2. Christ. Gotl. Proft, Hafniae, 382 pp.","Boisduval, J. B. A. (1829) Essai sur une monographie des zygenides suivi du tableau methodique des lepidopteres d' Europe. Mequignon-Marvis, Libraire-Editeur, Bruxelles, xxvi + 132 pp., 8 pls. Available from: https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34702742 (accessed 1 April 2018)","Cotes, E. C. & Swinhoe C. (1887) A catalogue of the moths of India. Part II. Bombyces. The Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, pp. 41 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10967","Fletcher, T. B. (1925) Catalogue of Indian Insects. Part 8. Amatidae (Syntomidae). Government of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta, 35 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8292","Hering, M. (1934) Syntomidae aus dem Brusseler Museum. Bulletin du Musee royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (21), 1 - 5.","Bytinski-Salz, H. (1939) New Amatidae from Asia. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 51 (11), 149 - 153, pl. X. Available from: https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30076843 (accessed 1 April 2018)","Obraztsov, N. S. (1966) Die palaearktischen Amata - Arten (Lepidoptera, Ctenuchidae). Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen, 10, 1 - 383. Available from: https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 28238791 (accessed 1 April 2018)"]}

Amata tamsi de Freina & De Prins, nom. n. (Figs 11‒14) Syntomis leopoldi Tams, 1935: 33 (unavailable, junior primary homonym of Syntomis leopoldi Hering, 1934).

Amata Fabricius, 1807 Amata Fabricius, 1807: 289. Type species: Zygaena passalis Fabricius, 1781, by subsequent designation (Hampson, 1898: 59). ��� Glaucopis H��bner, [1806]: [1]. Type species: Sphinx phegea Linnaeus, 1758 (unavailable name). Coenochromia H��bner, [1819]: 121. Type species: Zygaena passalis Fabricius, 1775. Hydrusa Walker, 1854: 255. Type species: Euchromia (Hydrusa) bicolor Walker, 1854. Buthysia Wallengren, 1863: 139. Type species: Buthysia sangaris Wallengren, 1863. Leopoldina Hering, 1934: 1. Type species: Leopoldina leopoldi Hering, 1934, by monotypy., Published as part of De Freina, Josef J. & Prins, Willy De, 2018, Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on three South-East Asian species of Amata (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), pp. 141-145 in Zootaxa 4461 (1) on page 142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4461.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/1459836, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1807) Die neueste Gattungs-Eintheilung der Schmetterlinge aus den Linneischen Gattungen Papilio und Sphinx. Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 6, 277 - 295. Available from: https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 33080807 (accessed 1 April 2018)","Fabricius, J. C. (1781) Species Insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin [sic] adiectis, observationibus, descriptionibus, 2 (1). Carol. Ernest Bohnii, Hamburg, 517 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36509","Hampson, G. F. (1898) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the collection of the British Museum. Syntomidae. Vol. 1. The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, xxi + 538 pp., 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 21046","Hubner, J. (1806) Tentamen determinationis digestionis atque denominationis singularum stirpium lepidopterorum peritis ad inspiciendum et dijudicandum communicatum. Reprinted in facsimile by S. H. Scudder, Cambridge, 2 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11651","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 35518","Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema Entomologiae sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. in Officina Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, 832 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36510","Walker, F. (1854) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Lepidoptera Heterocera. The Trustees of the British Museum (N. H.), London, iv + 278 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58221","Wallengren, H. D. J. (1863) Lepidopterologische Mittheilungen. III. Wiener entomologische Monatschrift, 7 (5), 137 - 151. Available from: http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 31456259 (accessed 1 April 2018)","Hering, M. (1934) Syntomidae aus dem Brusseler Museum. Bulletin du Musee royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (21), 1 - 5."]}

The taxonomy and nomenclature of three South-East Asian species of Amata all named leopoldi is clarified. Leopoldina leopoldi Hering, 1934 syn. n., is synonymized with Amata sperbius (Fabricius, 1787), Syntomis leopoldi Hering, 1934 is transferred to Amata as Amata leopoldi (Hering, 1934) comb. n. and Syntomis leopoldi Tams, 1935 is renamed as Amata tamsi nom. n., due to its primary homonymy with Syntomis leopoldi Hering, 1934. A synonymic list of the three species is provided, together with a colour plate of the holotypes and other relevant specimens.

Amata leopoldi (Hering, 1934) comb. nov. (Figs 6‒10) Syntomis leopoldi Hering, 1934: 3, fig. 2.

This essay holds that Dante’s particular interpretation of Virgil’s Amata in Purgatorio XVII as an example of wrath is consistent with his treatment of this Virgilian character in his Epistle VII. Despite the pathetic quality of Lavinia’s words in the Purgatorio episode, a close analysis of Dante’s verses in relation to Virgil’s text, particularly the second half of the Aeneid, reveals that he condemns Amata’s actions as harshly in the Purgatorio passage as in his epistle to Henry VII, where he compares Florence’s brazen effrontery with regard to the emperor to Amata’s open hostility to authority and divine signs. Dante’s reading of Amata is highly determined by his conviction regarding the importance of human agency, and he dismisses any suggestion in Virgil’s text about Amata’s victimization regarding her actions by stressing the evidence in the Aeneid of her active and willful resistance to authority.

Maģistra darba mērķis ir izvērtēt Gaujas un Amatas upju laivošanas sezonalitāti un tās izmaiņas klimata pārmaiņu ietekmē. Darbā veikta Gaujas un Amatas hidroloģisko un Gaujas baseina klimatisko parametru analīze. Noteiktas parametru izmaiņas un to raksturs kopš 20.gs vidus. Prognozētas to nākotnes hidroloģisko un klimatisko parametru izmaiņas, pamatojoties uz modelētajām izmaiņām Salacas un Vienziemītes baseinos pēc A2 un B2 scenārijiem, kā arī veikta nākotnes vērtību prognoze pamatojoties uz ilgtermiņa tendencēm. Noskaidroti laivošanas prakses ietekmējošie faktori un un to ietekmes stiprums. Prognozētas nākotnes izmaiņas Gaujas un Amatas laivošanas sezonalitātē., The aim of the master thesis is to evaluate the seasonality of river tourism and its’ changes in the Gauja and Amata river due to climate change. Hydrological and climatic data analysis was carried out for Gauja and Amata catchment areas. Changes in future hydrological and climatic parameters are predicted based on simulated changes in Salaca and Vienziemīte catchment areas based on A2 and B2 scenarios, and longterm trends. Changes in parameters and their nature were determined for period since middle of the 20th century. Factors affecting river tourism practices and level of their impacts were determined. Future changes of river tourism in Gauja and Amata were forecasted.

The implementation of a successful glyphosate resistance management strategy requires a simple and cost-effective method for detecting resistance in key weeds. To date, however, glyphosate resistance is still routinely confirmed via laborious and time consuming whole-plant pot assays using seeds collected at the end of the growing season. Here, we describe a simple, early-season bioassay for detecting evolved glyphosate resistance in grass and broadleaf weeds. It involves transplanting suspected glyphosate resistant seedlings alongside known sensitive and resistant standards into agar containing informative rates of herbicide and recording percentage survival 14 d after plating. The method was validated using sensitive and resistant populations of Lolium, Eleusine, Conyza, and Amaranthus species encompassing the main glyphosate resistance mechanisms, namely, impaired translocation, EPSPS gene duplication, and mutations. The whole plant pot and agar-based seedling tests generated comparable resistance indices in dose-response assays and percentage survival at discriminating glyphosate rates. The method was applied successfully to detect resistance in a rigid ryegrass population collected from a French vineyard well before glyphosate was applied in the field for the current season. Additionally, the test was shown to be highly transferable to several other grass and broadleaf weeds that have evolved resistance to glyphosate. One major attribute of the method is that it is capable of detecting resistance regardless of the mechanism involved. In addition to being very simple, quick and, cost-effective, it allows determination of glyphosate resistance in weeds prior to field application. It thus offers the opportunity for an informed choice of herbicides for effective weed control.

The discovery of oil in Oloibiri town in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria in 1956 has brought with it myriads of problems to the region. There has been lingering crisis in the region which has led to repeated loss of lives and properties. There have been countless efforts at finding a permanent solution to the conflict. However, there seems to be a renewed agitation and restiveness resulting from the stoppage of the amnesty program that was instituted by the late President YarAdua’s federal government. It is against this background that the researcher embarked on this work in order to critically x-ray Nollywood’s contribution to the peace effort with a special attention to JetaAmata’s Black November (2012). The researcher used the case study approach of the qualitative research method in analyzing his data. Findings from the research showed that any solution to the lingering crisis aimed at long term must adopt a populist approach. Keywords: Nollywood, Niger Delta, Oil, Conflict, Intervention

Virgile propose dans l’Enéide une image calculée des Latins et des Troyens, dans un but de rassemblement, et de valorisation de la culture romaine. La scène de rencontre des deux peuples véhicule ainsi une vision de l’Autre et du Semblable. Les Latins et les Teucères sont identifiés l’un à l’autre à travers plusieurs motifs spatiaux, généalogiques et culturels, jusqu’à ce qu’intervienne une dynamique de division. Le narrateur confère alors à celle-ci une tournure irrationnelle et monstrueuse.

Amata marjana (STAUDER, 1913) Neu für die Ionischen Inseln. Ein frisch geschlüpftes Ex. am 14.05.2002 bei Magganos., Published as part of Weidlich, Michael, 2016, Zur Schmetterlingsfauna der Ionischen Inseln Griechenlands mit der Beschreibung neuer Psychiden-Taxa sowie ein Beitrag zu ihrer Köcherfliegenfauna (Lepidoptera, Trichoptera), pp. 265-320 in Beiträge Zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 66 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.21248/contrib.entomol.66.2.265-320, http://zenodo.org/record/5372615

International audience; Bone retouchers are more common during the Middle Palaeolithic (from MIS 7 to 3) and are now considered as a part of the tool kit of Neanderthals. In Middle Pleistocene and Lower Palaeolithic assemblages, they are few in number and attest to the scarcity of use of bones as material for shaping tools. Some MIS 11 to MIS 9 sites allow the description of the onset of bone use and its multiplication after the MIS 9 attests of another functional relationship between bones and hominins.Our aim is to provide details about the bone retouchers found in some MIS 11–9 sites with lithic assemblages, often described as late Acheulean, that include handaxes and heavy-duty tools. The sites sampled are Terra Amata (south-east France, MIS 11), Orgnac 3 (south-east France, MIS 9–8), Cagny l'Epinette (Northern France, MIS 9) and Cueva del Angel (Spain, MIS 11–7). The study examined the number of retouchers, their support and type of animal, types of marks, bone sizes, and the lithic and faunal contexts.While bone retouchers sometimes total several hundreds of pieces in Middle Palaeolithic sites, our Lower Palaeolithic corpus yields generally between 1 and 6 retouchers. Retouchers are always made on fragments of bones from the main hunted species (horses, large bovids and cervids). Marks on bone retouchers indicate specific processes for selecting fragments of bones, and hypotheses are provided on their method of use. Categories may be suggested according to their types of support (diaphysis, epiphysis) as well as their types of marks, and allow us to suggest hypotheses for the retouching of both bifacial tools and flake-tools as well as for direct percussion. The results are compared with other sites from which bone retouchers were already published (Cueva del Bolomor, Gran Dolina TD10 in Spain, and La Micoque in France and Qesem in Israel). They are also compared with younger Acheulean assemblages such as Lazaret cave in France.

A new psammosteid, Oredezhosteus kuleshovi gen. et sp. nov., from the Amata Regional Stage (Lower Frasnian) of the Leningrad Region is described. In addition, Psammosteus livonicus Obruchev from beds of the same age from Latvia is included in the new genus. The major diagnostic characters distinguishing Oredezhosteus gen. nov. from Psammosteus Agassiz are the large rounded striated tubercles, which cover more than half width of the branchials, and the long base of the branchial plates.

Field studies were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to determine the effect of tillage on the emergence of common waterhemp from the soil seedbank. Emergence of common waterhemp was three times greater in no-till than chisel-till cultivation. Tillage did not affect the initial time of emergence; however, the time to 50% emergence was longer in no-till than chisel till. Duration of emergence did not differ among tillage systems. Common waterhemp seed was concentrated near the soil surface in no-till plots, whereas seed in the chisel-till plots were primarily found between 9 and 15 cm. The delayed and increased emergence in no-till cultivation may contribute to the greater problems in managing common waterhemp in no-till plots compared with plots where tillage is used. Nomenclature: Common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA

Field trials were initiated at three Missouri locations in the fall of 2004 and 2005 to compare the efficacy of fall and early spring herbicide applications on winter and summer annual weed populations in no-till soybean. All three experiments received applications of chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone plus 2,4-D; chlorimuron plus tribenuron plus 2,4-D; and glyphosate plus 2,4-D in the fall, 60 d prior to planting (60 PP), 30 days prior to planting (30 PP), and 7 d prior to planting (7 PP). Good control of all winter annual weeds, except for common chickweed, was observed at planting from fall applications of chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone plus 2,4-D and chlorimuron plus tribenuron plus 2,4-D. Fall, 60 PP, and 30 PP applications of chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone plus 2,4-D provided relatively poor control of common chickweed. Glyphosate plus 2,4-D applied in the fall and 60 PP provided adequate control of early fall germinating winter annuals, such as common chickweed and henbit. However, these treatments provided poor control of winter annual species that exhibited some degree of spring germination. Control of summer annual weed species 7 wk after planting (WAP) was highly variable. Relatively poor control of common waterhemp was obtained from all treatments except chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone plus 2,4-D applied at all three spring timings. Giant foxtail control was highly variable ranging from 0 to 95%. Measurements of weed biomass collected 7 WAP revealed larger amounts of biomass present in the fall application timing of each herbicide treatment. Emergence of winter and summer annual weed species from early March to 7 WAP varied by herbicide treatment. Emergence of total winter and summer annual weed species was reduced with both residual herbicide treatments when compared with glyphosate plus 2,4-D and the untreated control. Nomenclature: Chlorimuron; 2,4-D; glyphosate; sulfentrazone; tribenuron; common chickweed, Stellaria media (L.) Vill. STEME; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA; henbit, Lamium amplexicaule L. LAMAM; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Dekalb 38-52’.

La maîtrise du feu sur les sols d’occupation acheuléens de Terra Amata

Cadre paléoenvironnemental du site acheuléen de Terra Amata

Le Vallonnet, Terra Amata, le Lazaret

Cadres stratigraphique, géochronologique et biochronologique du site acheuléen de Terra Amata

Putatively resistant (PR) and putatively susceptible (PS) common waterhemp populations were grown in the greenhouse and sprayed at the three- to four-leaf stage with glyphosate (0.63 kg ae/ha). Surviving plants from PR populations and randomly selected plants from PS populations were clonally propagated and the clones were sprayed with 0.1 to 10.0 kg/ha glyphosate. The glyphosate rates required to reduce growth by 50% (GR50) among the clones were relatively similar, but the concentration required to reduce growth by 90% (GR90) ranged from 1.5 to 16.3 kg/ha. The concentration of glyphosate required to kill 90% of plants (LD90) ranged from 2.3 kg/ha to over 10.0 kg/ ha. This range of responses to glyphosate in common waterhemp clones from different parts of the Midwestern United States indicates a risk of evolution of resistance in common waterhemp populations that are repeatedly selected by applications of glyphosate in the field. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer #3 AMATA....

A new species of the genus Laccognathus, L. grossi sp. nov., from the upper strata of the Gauja Formation of the Main Devonian Field (Lode locality, Latvia) is established. Morphological similarity and differences of the new species from the previously described L. panderi Gross from the lower strata of the Gauja and the Amata Formation of Latvia are discussed.

The objective of this survey was to determine the levels of liking and willingness to pay for selected garden chrysanthemum (Dendranthema ×grandiflorum) cultivars, and to measure relative infl uence of socioeconomic characteristics on consumer preferences and valuations. The survey was conducted during the 2003 Fall Flower and Garden Fest at the Truck Crops Experiment Station in Crystal Springs, Miss. Nine garden chrysanthemum cultivars were presented to 579 survey participants in three pot sizes. Respondents preferred `Mithra Maroon', `Venus Purple', `Amory Yellow White', `Adonis Purple', and `Road Runner Bronze' more than `Night Hawk Lemon', `Freya Salmon', `Amata Purple', and `Starlet Ivory'. Of the five preferred cultivars, however, respondents were willing to pay more for `Mithra Maroon', `Road Runner Bronze', and `Amory Yellow White'. Consumers of White or Caucasian origin liked the cultivars less and were willing to pay less for them as compared to other respondents who reported other racial origins, primarily Native Americans and African Americans. The levels of liking for the cultivars were similar for participants of different gender classification, but female respondents were willing to pay more for the cultivars. Respondents who previously bought chrysanthemums reported higher level of liking for the cultivars but were not willing to pay more for them. Participants who were interviewed on Saturday liked the cultivars more but were willing to pay less than those who were interviewed on Friday. Larger-sized households tended to like the cultivars less and were not willing to pay more for the cultivars. Respondents did not like the cultivars in larger-sized pots and were not willing to pay more for plants in larger-sized pots included in the survey.

Plant model systems have contributed greatly to the dramatic progress in understanding the fundamental aspects of plant biology. Using model weeds will also help facilitate focused funding and research in the weed science community. Criteria for developing model weeds require attention to weedy characteristics that impart economic losses and a wide geographic distribution, attributes that present the potential for political and scientific support. Expressed sequence tag (EST) databases for model weeds are the most practical approach to identifying new genes and obtaining data on the gene expression underlying weedy characteristics. Weeds such as Canada thistle, eastern black nightshade, johnsongrass, jointed goatgrass, leafy spurge, waterhemp, and weedy rice are proposed as model systems. Nomenclature: Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop CIRAR; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA; eastern black nightshade, Solanum ptycanthum Dun. SOLPT; johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers S...

The effect of application technology on efficacy has been thoroughly investigated for sprays of chemical pesticide but not biological pesticides. This study investigates the effect of applying conidia of Microsphaeropsis amaranthi, a candidate bioherbicide for Amaranthus spp., with a range of different hydraulic nozzle tips. The nozzle tips were selected to deliver sprays with different spectra of droplet sizes deployed at different angles. We found that sprays of large droplets gave poor coverage of the target and resulted in low levels of disease severity on common waterhemp. The most effective nozzle tip tested was a hollow cone nozzle tip, such as is commonly used for the application of fungicides. This nozzle tip deployed large numbers of fine droplets that swirled within the plant canopy, provided good coverage of all plant parts, and resulted in the highest levels of disease severity, particularly on stems. Nomenclature: Common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer, #3 AMATA. Additional index words: Bi...

Composted manure produced in deep-bedded hoop structures constitutes a source of nu- trients and organic materials that can influence crop and weed emergence, growth, competitive in- teractions, and soil physical properties. The impact of composted swine manure on corn, soybean, winter wheat, velvetleaf, giant foxtail, and common waterhemp emergence and early growth were compared at compost rates of 0, 8, 16, or 24 Mg C/ha. Compost amendment had no effect on crop emergence but did reduce weed emergence. Inhibition of seedling emergence ranged between 15 and 57% for giant foxtail, 0 and 23% for velvetleaf, and 16 and 76% for common waterhemp. Soil amendment enhanced weed growth but not crop growth. A response surface regression analysis indicated that, while large-seeded crops have constant relative growth rates, small-seeded weed spe- cies increase their relative growth rates with compost amendment (P , 0.0001, r 2 5 0.5252). Nomenclature: Common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer # 3 AMATA; corn, Zea mays L. 'Pi- oneer 3563'; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi SETFA Herm.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Pioneer 92B84'; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti ABUTH Medicus; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. 'Arapahoe'. Additional index words: Compost amendment, relative growth rate, germination inhibition, organic amendment, seedling emergence, soil quality. Abbreviations: EI%, percentage emergence inhibition; MTE, mean time of emergence; RGR, rela- tive growth rate; VOA, volatile organic acids.

This annual dioecious weed was found in 2002 and 2003 infesting soybean fields in southwestern Ontario, and it was collected in 1992 from waste places in British Columbia. It is a major weed problem in field crops in the mid-western United States, where it has become increasingly difficult to control during the past 10 yr. Morphological differences between Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis and var. tuberculatus are presented. A review of the biological information published is provided. Plants exhibit high phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability. Emergence is prolonged, growth rapid, and female plants produce a large number of viable seeds that contribute to a persistent seed bank. Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis has developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate synthase- and protoporphyrinogen-inhibiting herbicides. Airborne pollen can travel significant distances and A. tuberculatus var. rudis may hybridize with other noxious Amaranthus spp. transferring herbicide resistance or other traits. Key words: Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis, AMATA, Amaranthus rudis, common waterhemp, weed biology, invasive alien

Field experiments were conducted in central Iowa to determine the growth of common waterhemp emerging after postemergence herbicide applications in soybean. Common waterhemp survival declined as emergence was delayed in relation to soybean. Ninety percent of plants emerging at approximately the same time as soybean survived, whereas only 13% of plants emerging approximately 50 d after planting (DAP) survived to maturity. Biomass accumulation declined rapidly as emergence was delayed in relation to soybean. Delaying emergence from 14 to 28 DAP resulted in a 50 to 80% reduction in shoot biomass. Common waterhemp emerging 50 DAP produced only 1 to 10% of the biomass of plants emerging at the same time as soybean. Plants emerging with soybean produced approximately 300,000 to 2.3 million seeds plant−1depending on the location. Fecundity of common waterhemp plants was closely related to biomass accumulation and declined rapidly with delayed emergence. Although common waterhemp emerging after the V4 stage of soybean (40 DAP) are unlikely to affect crop yield because of high mortality levels and reduced growth, these plants may contribute significant seeds to the soil seed bank.

Common waterhemp is a significant weed problem in Midwestern cropping systems partly because of its potential for multiple emergence events during the growing season. The effects of shade and time of emergence on this weed have not been characterized. In the field, common waterhemp vegetative and reproductive growth were evaluated under different irradiance levels at two emergence times. In full sunlight a common waterhemp plant emerging in late May produced 720 g of biomass and over one million seeds, and a plant emerging in late June produced 350 g of biomass and over 730,000 seeds. Plant biomass and seed production were lower as irradiance levels were decreased to 40, 68, and 99% shade. Mortality was high for common waterhemp grown in 99% shade; however, surviving plants produced some viable seed. Common waterhemp plants grown under reduced irradiance had higher leaf area ratios and lower relative growth rates. Nomenclature: Common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA.

Interspecific hybridization of Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp produce hybrids with unique DNA fragments not found in either parent. The objective of this research was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the formation of the polymorphic fragments. Six novel fragments were cloned and sequenced. Five of the six were significantly similar to plant transposons, the sixth was similar to squamosa promoter–binding proteins from other plant species. Southern blot analysis using one of the novel fragments as probe revealed a consistent pattern of repetitive DNA that was species and biotype specific. These results indicate that transposon-like elements may play an important role in the formation of new fragments in Amaranthus hybrids derived from interspecific hybridization, suggesting that considerable instability of the hybrid genome may occur. Nomenclature: Common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA.

Field studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998 at Manhattan and Topeka, KS, to examine the competitive effects of redroot pigweed, Palmer amaranth, and common waterhemp on soybean yield. The experiments were established as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement of three pigweed species, two pigweed planting dates (soybean planting and cotyledon stage), and seven weed densities (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 plants m−1 of row, plus a weed-free control). The effect of weed density on soybean yield loss, pigweed biomass, and pigweed seed production were described using a rectangular hyperbola model. Soybean yield loss varied between locations depending on the weed species, density, and time of emergence. Yield loss increased with weed density for each species and location with the first pigweed emergence time. The maximum soybean yield loss occurred at the first planting and 8 plants m−1 of row density, and was 78.7, 56.2, and 38.0% as determined by the model for Palmer amaranth, c...

Maģistra darbs ir pētījums par glaciofluviālo reljefa formu izplatību, morfoloģiju, uzbūvi un to veidošanos Augšamatas pazeminājumā Vidzemes augstienē. Tas ietver detalizētus pētījumus par kēmu terasēm, ledāja kušanas ūdeņu baseiniem Amatas augšteces posmā no tās iztekas līdz pazeminājuma sašaurinājumam, kur to aptuveni iezīmē Ērgļu – Kosas autoceļš. Darbā izvērtēta pieejamā literatūra par glaciofluviālajām reljefa formām un kušanas ūdeņu baseiniem. Veikti lauka pētījumi, no kuriem svarīgākā informācija ir gūta veicot teritorijas izpēti ar rokas zondi. Iegūtie dati izmantoti trīs dimensiju modeļa izstrādē (3D) kēmu terašu līmeņu noteikšanai un izsekošanai. Pēc iegūtajiem datiem izveidotā 3D modeļa veikta kēmu terašu klasifikācija. Pētījuma izklāsts veidots sadalot to trīs nodaļās. Pirmā nodaļa veltīta teorētiskajam apskatam, kur apskatīta un analizēta pieejamā literatūra. Otrajā nodaļā aprakstītas darba izstrādes gaitā pielietotās metodes. Trešajā nodaļā aprakstīti rezultāti, to analīze un diskusija. Darbs ietver 61 lpp. un 30 attēlus., Masters work is summary about glaciofluvial relief distribution, morphology, structure and formation in Augšamata depression in the Vidzeme Upland. Master work include detalysed studies about kame terraces, glaciolacusturine basins, in the upsteram part of Amata from source to Ērgļi – Kosa road. Viewed available literature of glaciofluvial relief forms and glaciolacusturine basins. Conducted probing in research area with hand probe and after that obtained data usage in three dimensional model (3 D) development for determination and tracing levels of kame terraces. Data extracting from 3D model, subsequent classification of kame terraces was performed. Study paper is divided in three chapters. First chapter is devoted to theoretical outlook about available literature and analysis of this topic. Second part of the work provides information on used methods in this study. The third chapter give analysis and discussion of obtained results. Master work contains 61 pages and 30 images.

Latvijā plaši sastopamie devona Burtnieku un Amatas svītas klastiskie nogulumi (smilšakmeņi, aleirolīti un māli) daudzviet satur dolomīta ieslēgumus. Šo dolomīta veidojumu izplatība ģeoloģiskajā griezumā, morfoloģiskās īpatnības un minerālais sastāvs norāda, ka tie ir dolokrēti, kas veidojušies virszemei tuvos apstākļos subaerālās atsegšanās epizodēs Burtnieku un Amatas laikposmos. Mālainas Burtnieku svītas slāņkopas augšējo daļu Veczemju klintīs veido pedogēnas izcelsmes brekčijveida dolokrētu horizonts: mālainajos nogulumos izplatītas iegarenas un V-veida dolomīta konkrēcijas ar dzīslainu iekšējo uzbūvi, radiālām un riņķveida žūšanas plaisām, kas aizpildītas ar rupjkristāliska dolomīta cementu vai plaisās ieskalotu aleirītiski mālainu dēdējummateriālu. Amatas svītas smilšaini mālainajos nogulumos Vizuļu iezī vairākos līmeņos izplatīti dažādi dolomīta veidojumi - plātņainie, masīvie un brekčijveida dolokrēti. Amatas slāņkopas apakšējā daļā iegulošie dolomīta veidojumi atbilst gruntsūdens dolokrētiem: dolomīta veidojumi ir vāji vai vidēji konsolidēti, tajos saglabājušās klastisko nogulumu primārās sedimentācijas tekstūras, kā arī dolomīta cements izplatīts plātņu veidā. Virzienā uz Amatas slāņkopas augšu dolomīta veidojumi iegūst arī pedogēnas izcelsmes dolokrētiem raksturīgās pazīmes: masīvo dolokrētu horiontā nogulumiem ir dzīslveida uzbūve, riņķveida žūšanas plaisas, sākotnējo sīkslāņoto tekstūru pazīmes, kā arī šūnveida dolomīta tekstūras; brekčijveida dolokrētu horizontos sastopamas šūnveida dolomīta tekstūras mālainajos nogulumos, dolomīta konkrēcijas ir ar dzīslveida iekšējo uzbūvi, kā arī mikrokarsta pazīmēm uz konkrēciju virsmas. Šo pazīmju kopums Amatas svītas slāņkopā norāda uz dolokrētu veidošanos gan gruntsūdens, gan aerācijas zonā. Burtnieku un Amatas svītas dolokrēti veidojušies subaerālās atsegšanās epizodēs atkārtotu žūšanas un samirkšanas procesu ietekmē mainīgos semiarīda un subhumīda klimata apstākļos vai arī mainīga grunstsūdens līmeņa režīmā.