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In transitioning to Industry 5.0, vocational education often emphasizes hard skills, neglecting the crucial balance with soft skills, especially interpersonal skills, essential for this era. This oversight may impair workforce effectiveness and economic competitiveness. This study explores vocational teachers’ and students’ perceptions regarding the integration of interpersonal skills into the curriculum, using a qualitative case study approach. A survey involving 42 vocational teachers and 73 vocational students, followed by semi-structured interviews with 8 teachers and 9 students from various Indonesian provinces, was conducted. Thematic analysis highlighted four key themes: essential interpersonal skills for Industry 5.0, effective instructional strategies, learning challenges, and the need for comprehensive support systems. Findings revealed a significant gap in incorporating comprehensive interpersonal skills in vocational education, underscoring the urgency to evolve and include new skills. Challenges identified include the need for enhanced awareness, literacy, readiness, and motivation among educators and learners. The study emphasized the importance of support systems, including peers, family, and institutional backing, in nurturing these skills. This research highlights the critical need for vocational education to recalibrate its focus towards a balanced development of hard and soft skills to meet Industry 5.0’s demands. It advocates for reevaluating educational strategies to embed interpersonal skills effectively and calls for stronger support mechanisms to facilitate holistic student development. These insights aim to guide policymakers and educational institutions in refining curricula and teaching approaches, preparing students for future societal and economic landscapes.

World Economic Forum’s report (2020) reported that the top five out of 10 skills needed by employers in 2025 are (1) analytical thinking and innovation, (2) active learning and learning strategies, (3) complex problem solving, (4) critical thinking and analysis, and (5) creativity, originality, and initiative. These skills thrive workers entering the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and are the core of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Parallelly, educationists conclude that teaching students with HOTS is a must, but the challenge is how to do it effectively. This study’s objectives were to know vocational and technical teachers’ perception of HOTS and their ability to teach HOTS in their classrooms. The study population was State Vocational and Technical Senior High School (SMKN) in Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) and Central Java Province (CJP) in Indonesia. The sample was determined by quota technique sampling and came up with SMKN 2 Yogyakarta in DIY and SMKN 2 Klaten, and SMKN Magelang in CJP. Collecting data technique used closed- and open- questionnaires and documentation. Data analysis used statistical descriptive and qualitative description. Research findings revealed that teachers’ perception of HOTS was very positive, while their ability to integrate HOTS concepts in their lesson plans and to implement them in the classroom still has significant difficulties.

Students' Mathematical Resilience when learning mathematics online during the Covid 19 pandemic must be identified. The goal is to ensure online learning does not harm students' mathematics learning outcomes. Various studies on students' mathematical resilience in offline mathematics learning have identified that mathematical resilience affects students' mathematical performance. This study investigated the resilience of students perceived by students, as well as those observed by teachers during online mathematics learning during the covid 19 pandemic. Research data were obtained from 22 students who studied math online. Using an open questionnaire and interviews, the data were analyzed. It was revealed that students had difficulties in understanding math material and completing tasks given by the teacher. It was also revealed that teachers had difficulty assessing students' mathematics learning outcomes objectively and transparently. Students also find it difficult to get support in online mathematics learning from teachers and families. Students find it difficult to adapt, low interest and motivation during online mathematics learning, even the teacher's limitations in controlling students' online learning strategies.

A high-quality test has a balanced level of difficulty and can be completed by the respondent with their level of abilities. This study analyzed the test instrument used to measure students' mathematics abilities in the semester final exam on System of Linear Equations in Two-Variables. The purposive sampling technique was applied to select the respondent students (N=195). The test items were twenty multiple-choice questions. The researchers performed the data analysis using Rasch model Item Response Theory (IRT) approach with the QUEST program. The analysis revealed that the twenty items’ validity matched the Rasch model with a range of INFIT MNSQ values between 0.89 – 1.17. Items on the final semester exam can be used based on the estimated OUTFIT t-value less than equal to 2.00. The OUTFIT t analysis obtained nineteen qualified items and one unqualified item.

This research aims to identify the planning implementation, idenfety Management System (SMK3) at the workshop of vocational high schools in the major of construction and property engineeringtify the implementation, and identify the evaluation of the implementation of the Occupational Health And Safety Management System (SMK3) at the workshop of Construction and Property Engineering Study Program, one of the Vocational High Schools in Central Java. This research is qualitative by using data collection techniques in interviews, observations, and documentation the validity of the data using source triangulation. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative. The results show that the workshop building at one of the Vocational High Schools in Central Java has been well planned in its implementation of OHS. The implementation of OHS is categorized as quite well implemented. The evaluation of the implementation of OHS is categorized as quite well done. Hence, the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management system at the Vocational High Schools needs to be improved. The school can collaborate with stakeholders to follow up on the management system of OHS.

The absorption of graduates in the industrial world is an important aspect that affects the quality of vocational high schools (SMK). However, the problem that occurs is the low absorption. This study aims to analyze the level of absorption of SMK graduates in light vehicle engineering (TKR) and motorcycle engineering and business (TBSM) programs. Descriptive research uses a quantitative approach to measure the percentage of graduate absorption. A total of 4 vocational high school job fairs were involved in this study. Techniques and instruments of data collection using methods and observation sheets by observing survey data in special job fairs. The data analysis technique used quantitative descriptive analysis and inferential analysis of the sample independent t test. The results showed that the level of absorption of SMK graduates in the TKR and TBSM majors was low. Various efforts to revitalize vocational education must be matured again. The link and match program of SMK with the industrial world needs to be more intensive to align the competencies taught to the competency needs of the industrial world, so that the absorption of graduates can be improved.

Mathematical resilience is a student's ability to survive and be positive when facing difficulties and anxiety in learning mathematics as indicated by the ability to work collaboratively with groups, and have language skills to communicate mathematical understanding. Learning mathematics online caused various negative conditions for students; reduced learning interactions, internet disturbances, material that was not optimally explained, even low support for studying at home. This study aims to find out about students’ mathematical resilience when taking online mathematics lessons during the Covid 19 Pandemic. A qualitative phenomenological design was used, in which 20 high school students in Medan, participated. Data was collected through an open online questionnaire and interview, due to the implementation of social restrictions in Medan. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. The results are summed up: (1) Implementation and use of mathematics learning platforms during the Covid 19 Pandemic; (2) Adaptation of students learning mathematics; (3) Students' belief in learning mathematics; (4) students' communication skills during mathematics learning; (5) The Support for learning mathematics. This study recommends several suggestions to strengthen students' mathematical resilience in order to overcome mathematical difficulties and problem when taking online mathematics learning.

The purpose of the study was to develop instruments for measuring teacher candidates' social competence in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (the fourth I.R.) era. The instrument was developed by referring to Indonesian Law Number 14 of 2005 concerning Teachers and Lecturers and the Regulation of the Minister of National Education Number 16 of 2007 to strengthen some special competence of teacher candidates in the fourth IR era. Limited instrument testing was carried out to 107 test subjects for the 6th-semester undergraduate education program at Yogyakarta State University, consisting of three study programs: Mathematics Education, Indonesian Language Education, and English Language Education study programs. The results of the content validity analysis of 30 instrument items obtained the Aiken V index between 0.61 - 0.93, with 29 items valid, and one invalid item. The construct validity analysis with EFA showed 25 valid items and five invalid items, with a KMO value of 0.504. The significance of Bartlett's test was p = 0.000. Meanwhile, the construct validity analysis with CFA showed the model fit, with a Chi-Square value = 290.35 (p> 0.05). The reliability results show that the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient is 0.40 (moderate category). This shows that the social competency assessment instruments for teacher candidates in the fourth IR era developed are feasible to use, with several improvements.

Indonesia faces unemployment and employment problems. In February 2021, the number of unemployed people aged 15 years and over in Indonesia reached 8.7 million. On the other hand, the Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted economic activity, uncertainty, and 6.4 million workers were forced to be laid off. The unemployment rate is one of the problems that Indonesia’s problems, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. The government, through the Minister of Manpower, seeks to control the unemployment rate during the Covid-19 pandemic by conducting various competency and productivity-based training through Education and training programs organized by the Vocational Training Centre (BLK) and the development program for expanding job opportunities for workers or laborers affected by the pandemic. This study aims to describe the inhibiting factors during the implementation of automotive courses and how the impact of these inhibiting factors on the management of automotive courses in BLK in the future. Respondents consisted of 17 teachers and managers in the automotive sector BLK. Data was collected using a questionnaire in the form of a questionnaire tested using Product-moment Person, expert judgment, and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The findings show that the inhibiting factors include the curriculum with 65.11%, teachers 54.67%, course participants 57.22%, managers 65.52%, facilities 78.31%, funds or budget of 54.12%, the government by 51.18%, and the community by 60.71%. The research was limited to teachers and BLK managers in the automotive sector in Yogyakarta. Furthermore, future research is expected to involve various parties involved and supporting factors outside the aspects that have been studied.

The success in implementing the demand-driven approach in Vocational High Schools (VHS) can be realized by understanding the misalignment between graduate skill competency and workforce demand by the industry. This study aims at describing the precedence between the VHS graduates and the businesses/industrial sector (BS/IS) portraying from the regional potential perspectives. The research data was collected from documents, and survey forms distributed to BS/IS within the research population. The document analysis was employed to collect information on programs offered at VHS, existing VHS student enrollment, and the value of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in studied provinces. An online survey was distributed to all VHS graduates and BS/IS employers. The content validity was carried out prior actual study to ensure the validity of the instrument. A descriptive analysis was performed to gather information pertaining to developed research objectives. The precedence of the academic programs with the GRDP was determined based on 5% of criteria differences. The results found that there is a misalignment between the academic programs and the VHS student's enrollment towards the region job potentials in each province in Indonesia. In addition, the research also found that the competency of VHS graduates related to theoretical knowledge, job characteristics, and workforce skills were at a moderate level. The implication of the study offers a salient notion on minimizing the precedence that occurs between the supply and demand in the form of graduates supply to the workforce and, at the same time, fulfilling the workforce requirements demand by the industries.

The research aims to describe the implementation of French language learning in high schools of Sleman Regency viewed from the components of planning, implementation, and results. This evaluation research uses a quantitative descriptive approach with a countenance model from Stake. Respondents in this research were teachers and students at three senior high schools. Data collection techniques used in this study include research lesson plans, questionnaires, and documentation. The results of this research indicate that: (1) in the planning component, the quality of lesson plan preparation is very good and needs to be maintained because in the lesson plan review, the results obtained are 88.9% and the teacher questionnaire results of 26.6 are included in the excellent category; (2) in the implementation component, it has good results with the acquisition of a total score of 77 and a student questionnaire of 66.19; (3) in the component of the results, good results are obtained with an average value of students that is 86.38 and the results of the teacher questionnaire of 65.7 which is above 61 so that it falls into the good category. Student scores are obtained from the results of the middle semester assessment and teacher questionnaire.

The objectives of the study were: (1) to formulate a multimedia-based integrated learning model of concrete construction and entrepreneurship and, (2) to measure the improvement of the students’ entrepreneurial spiritby implementing this developed integrated learning model in the classroom. This study was classified as a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group design. A pretest, treatment, andposttest were presented to the experimental and control groups. This study was conducted in 8 meetings at the Stone Installation and Concrete Constructionworkshop, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Data were collected through tests to measure students' competence in entrepreneurship and Concrete Construction. The Concrete Construction skills were measured through product assessment. Testing of the validity and the reliability of the instruments used expert judgment and Cronbach Alpa respectively. Data were analyzed with a statistical t-test, with consideration of (a) the data normality, and (2) the homogeneity for the variance of each data group. This study concluded: (1) the integrated learning model was successfully formulated (2) there were positive and significant differences in the students' entrepreneurial spirit between the students treated with the developed integrated learning model and the students treated with the conventional learning model.

This study was aimed at analyzing the competencies that are provided and the relevance of graduate competence of vocational schools to work in the construction industry. The evaluation study used was a discrepancy model by identifying gaps between the needs of construction industry competencies and the competencies of Building Engineering graduates. The objects of the study were company owners, heads of the Human Resources Department, and head of the Building Engineering Expertise Program. The data were retrieved using a questionnaire with 60 open statements. The instruments were prepared based on the Director General of Secondary Education Decree Number 7013/D/KP/2013 which is adjusted to the theory of competence and competency of the pre-survey results. The data then were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis technique. The results of the study showed that industry requires seven attitude competencies, seven knowledge competencies, and six skills competencies. Industrial competency requirements that are relevant to the competencies supplied by Vocational Schools are six attitude competencies, five knowledge competencies, and one skill competency with a level of relevance in the high category which shows that vocational school graduates are competent to work in the construction industry. RELEVANSI KOMPETENSI LULUSAN SMK TEKNIK BANGUNAN UNTUK BEKERJA DI INDUSTRI KONSTRUKSI Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kompetensi yang dibekalkan dan tingkat relevansi kompetensi lulusan Sekolah Memengah Kejuruan (SMK) Teknik Bangunan untuk bekerja di industri jasa konstruksi. Penelitian evaluasi menggunakan model diskrepansi dengan mengidentifikasikan kesenjangan antara kebutuhan kompetensi industri konstruksi dan kompetensi lulusan Teknik Bangunan. Objek penelitian adalah pemilik perusahaan, kepala Human Resources Departement (HRD), dan kepala Program Keahlian Teknik Bangunan. Pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner dengan 60 pernyataan terbuka. Instrumen disusun berdasarkan Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Menengah Nomor 7013/D/KP/2013 yang disesuaikan dengan teori kompetensi dan kompetensi hasil prasurvei. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kompetensi yang sangat dibutuhkan industri adalah tujuh kompetensi sikap, tujuh kompetensi pengetahuan, dan enam kompetensi keterampilan. Kebutuhan kompetensi industri yang relevan dengan kompetensi yang dibekalkan SMK adalah enam kompetensi sikap, lima kompetensi pengetahuan, dan satu kompetensi keterampilan dengan tingkat relevansi dalam kategori tinggi yang menunjukkan bahwa lulusan SMK kompeten untuk bekerja di industri konstruksi.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the internalization of the maja labo dahu values in character education. The method used is a case study with a qualitative approach. The determination of the research subject is carried out by purposive technique consisting of students and people in MTs Negeri 1 Bima. The sources of data are oral sources, artifacts, documents, and written records. Data are collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data validity test is carried out by using triangulation. Data are analyzed by using qualitative analysis techniques of interaction model with steps of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results showed that the values of the maja labo dahu are in accordance with the values in character education, namely religious values, honesty, discipline, independence, patriotism, and environmental awareness. Besides, these values have effectively provided moral knowledge to students. The constraints experienced by schools in internalizing these values in character education are the lack of consistency of students parents or the surrounding environment in supporting and developing the cultural values of the maja labo dahu.

This study was aimed at obtaining a pratical and effective Entrepreneurship-Loaded Productive Learning model (ELPL model) for graduates of the building construction department of the vocational schools to become entrepreneurs of their expertises as technopreneurs. The study was research and development, focused on developing ELPL model. It was done through the following phases: review of the existing models, needs assessment for model development; third, evaluation of model implementability, revision of the ELPL draft, and limited try-out of the ELPL model in Grade XII of the Wood Construction of Vocational School 2, Pengasih, Kulon Progo. Findings show that the ELPL model is implementable for learning, practical, and effective to develop the entrepreneurship skills of the XII grade students in the Wood Construction Subjects at SMK 2 Pengasih, related to their expertise as technopreneurs. PPBK model is feasible to use in teaching and learning process PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PRODUKTIF BERMUATAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model pembelajaran kemampuan produktif bermuatan kewirausahaan (model PPBK) yang efektif dalam membekali lulusan SMK Program Keahlian Teknik Bangunan untuk menjadi wirausahawan sesuai dengan bidang keahliannya sebagai technopreneur. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian pengembangan (Research & Development). Penelitian berorientasi pada pengembangan produk yaitu model PPBK. Penelitian dilakukan melalui lima tahapan yaitu: kajian model pembelajaran kemampuan produktif yang telah dilaksanakan, asesmen kebutuhan pengembangan model, penilaian keterlaksanaan model, revisi draf model PPBK, dan uji coba model PPBK. Uji coba model dilakukan secara terbatas pada Kelas XII Paket Keahlian Teknik Konstruksi Kayu di SMK Negeri 2 Pengasih, Kulon Progo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model PPBK yang dikembangkan terbukti dapat diimplementasikan dalam pembelajaran. Model PPBK praktis dan efektif untuk memberikan bekal kemampuan berwirausaha bagi siswa SMK Kelas XII Paket Keahlian Teknik Konstruksi Kayu di SMK Negeri 2 Pengasih sesuai dengan bidang keahliannya sebagai technopreneur. Perangkat pembelajaran PPBK yang dikembangkan layak diimplementasikan

Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengungkapkan: (1) nilai-nilai semboyan maja labo dahu dalam pendidikan karakter; (2) implementasi semboyan maja labo dahu dalam pendidikan karakter; (3) efektivitas implementasi semboyan maja labo dahu dalam pendidikan karakter di MTs Negeri 1 Kota Bima. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Penentuan subjek penelitian yang dilakukan dengan teknik purposive. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif model interaktif dengan langkah-langkah: pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Nilai-nilai semboyan maja labo dahu sesuai dengan nilai-nilai dalam pendidikan karakter, yaitu: nilai religius, jujur, disiplin, mandiri, menghargai prestasi, dan cinta tanah air. (2) Implementasi semboyan maja labo dahu belum dirumuskan secara eksplisit atau dibakukan sebagai materi pelajaran. (3). Semboyan maja labo dahu telah efektif memberikan pengetahuan moral tentang nilai-nilai semboyan maja labo dahu kepada siswa. Kata Kunci: semboyan, maja labo dahu, pendidikan karakter MAJA LABO DAHU SLOGAN IN CHARACTER EDUCATION Abstract: The purpose of this research was to reveal: (1) ) the values of the maja labo dahu slogan in character education; (2) the implementation of maja labo dahu slogan in character education; (3) the effectiveness of the implementation of maja labo dahu slogan in character education in Public MTs 1 Bima City. This research is a qualitative descriptive research using case study approach in Public MTs 1 Bima City. Informants in this study were principals, teachers, and students of Public MTs 1 Bima City. Determination of research was subjects conducted with purposive techniques. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that: (1) The values of maja labo dahu slogan were in accordance with the values in character education, namely: religious values, honest, disciplined, independent, appreciating achievement and loving the homeland. (2) the implementation of maja labo dahu slogan in Public MTs 1 Bima City was not formulated explicitly or standardized as subject matter. (3) The slogan maja labo dahu has effectively provided moral knowledge about the values of maja labo dahu to learners. Keywords: Maja labo dahu slogan,, character education

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan kondisi guru yang melaksanakan penilaian dan mendeskripsikan kualitas pelaksanaan asesmen autentik di SMP yang berada di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). Penelitian tahun pertama ini termasuk penelitian survei dengan rancangan crossectional survey. Penelitian dilaksanakan di 15 SMP yang ada di DIY. Semua instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data, yakni: daftar dokumen, panduan wawancara, lembar observasi, lembar telaah, dan kuesioner termasuk katagori valid dan reliabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi guru yang melaksanakan asesmen autentik masih memerlukan perbaikan dan kualitas pelaksanaan penilaian autentik di SMP yang berada di DIY belum baik. Hal ini ditengarai dengan belum baiknya rancangan penilaian yang tertulis pada Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP), baru sebagian kecil guru yang melakukan penilaian kompetensi sikap dalam pembelajaran, baru sebagian kecil guru yang disiplin melakukan penilaian, dan masih sedikit guru yang mempersiapkan perangkat penilaian. Hal ini dikarenakan sebagian besar guru merasa bahwa waktu pelatihan kurang sehingga mereka kurang paham terhadap materi yang dilatihkan, utamanya tentang materi penilaian.Kata kunci: Implementasi, penilaian autentik, SMP AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT MODEL TO ASSESS THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL (JHS) STUDENTS’ LEARNING OUTCOMES: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT IN JHS AbstractThe aim of this research is to describe the teachers’condition and the quality of implementation of authentic assessment in JHSes located in Yogyakarta Special Region or Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). This first-year research was considered as a survey research with crossectional survey design. The research was conducted in 15 JHSes in DIY. Those instruments that have been used in this research are: the list of documents, interview guide, observation sheet, inspection sheet, and questionaire are valid and reliabel. The result of this research shows that the implementation of authentic assessment in JHSes located in DIY is not good enough. It is indicated by the less good assessment design written in the lesson plan or Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP), which reveals that there is only few of teachers who conduct attitude competence assessment in the learning process, who are disciplined in conducting assessment, and who prepare assessment sets. It is because most teachers feel that the time given for training is insufficient so that the materials trained are less understandable, especially the materials about assessment. Keywords: implementation, authentic assessment, JHS

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menguji keefektifan penerapan model PjBL di Program Studi PTIK STKIP PGRI Pontianak pada mata kuliah Pemrograman Visual 1 dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar mahasiswa. (2) menguji kemungkinan implementasi model pembelajaran PjBL di Program Studi PTIK STKIP PGRI Pontianak. Penelitian ini mengunakan jenis penelitian quasi experiment. Desain dalam penelitian ini menggunakan posttest control group design dengan kelompok non ekuivalen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa semester 4 dari Program Studi PTIK STKIP PGRI Pontianak. Dalam penelitian ini pengumpulan data dilakukan setelah perlakuan (posttest). Data posttest dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan Anova untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Hasil pengujian hipotesis yang menyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar antara mahasiswa yang diajar dengan pembelajaran PjBL dibandingkan mahasiswa yang diajarkan dengan pembelajaran konvensional dengan metode tutorial.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) mengembangkan multimedia pembelajaran patiseri pada standar kompetensi mengolah kue pastry kontinental untuk siswa tingkat XI SMK yang layak dari aspek pembelajaran, materi, dan media; 2) mengetahui keefektifan multimedia pembelajaran patiseri yang dikembangan terhadap penguasaan kompetensi belajar mengolah kue pastry kontinental dilihat dari peningkatan skor tes hasil belajar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan. Subyek penelitian adalah 36 siswa, untuk uji coba kelompok kecil dan uji coba lapangan. Validasi produk dilakukan oleh ahli materi dan ahli media. Selanjutnya data dianalisis dengan teknik analisis deskriptif.Hasil penilaian ahli materi dan ahli media menunjukkan bahwa kualitas multimedia “baik”. Penilaian siswa pada uji coba lapangan mengenai kualitas multimedia dari aspek pembelajaran,aspek materi dan aspek media “sangat baik“, dengan rerata skor dari ketiga aspek 4,49. Hasil pretes menunjukkan rerata sebesar 63,15 sedangkan rerata pada posttes sebesar 89,07. N-gain sebesar 0,72 termasuk kategori “tinggi”. Kesimpulannya: multimedia pembelajaran patiseri hasil pengembangan layak dignakan untuk media pembelajaran dan efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.

This study aimed to: (1) describe the best practices on the implementation of character education in Vocational High School models through self-development program, and (2) describe the best practices on the implementation of character education in Vocational High School models through school culture. The study was conducted through case studies at SMK N 2 Depok Sleman, SMK N 2 Wonosari, and SMK N 1 Bantul. This study employed quantitative and qualitative approaches (mix-methods). The data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The data was analysed using the descriptive technique, both quantitative and qualitative. The results showed: (1) The implementation of scouting activities at SMK 2 Wonosari was intensive and very effective in instilling or developing the students’ positive characters, (2) The role of school culture in the character education at SMK 2 Depok Sleman focused on seven-characters values (3) The implementation of the Honesty Canteen at SMK 1 Bantul was effective to develop the value of honesty among the students.

The objectives of this study were to develop entrepreneurial culture and to acquire the entrepreneurial culture development model in Vocational High Schools. The first stage is prototype development consisting of: (1) literature review (2) prototype development (3) prototype revision using Focussed Group Discussion (FGD), (4) manual and mapping instruments development (5) validation and verification through FGD, (6) self-evaluation and planning (7) experiment. Meanwhile, the second stage was the final to examine the effectiveness of the model consisting of: (1) model socialization (2) manual and instrument models validation through FGD, (3) self-evaluation and entrepreneurial culture development planning,(4) experiment, (5) revision and the manual for implementation, (6) model dissemination. The results of this study were (1) the entrepreneurial culture could be developed through internalization of entrepreneurship values into school culture, (2) the internalization of entrepreneurial characters includes: (a) mind-set (b) heart-set (c) action-set, (3) the approaches used in the internalization were figures, culture, and structures approaches, (4) the school culture as the target of the internalization consists of three layers, namely: (a) artifacts layer (b) the values and beliefs layers, (c) the assumption layer.

Objective: To investigate whether cerebral hyperintensities on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) are associated with childhood neuropsychiatric disorders.Method: The authors compared the frequency of cortical and subcortical cerebral hyperintensities in 100 children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 32 healthy comparison subjects.Results: The frequency of cerebral hyperintensities was significantly higher in subjects with Tourette's syndrome, OCD, or ADHD than in healthy comparison subjects; each diagnostic group seemed to contribute to this effect. Among the patient groups, the likelihood of detecting cerebral hyperintensities in the subcortex (primarily the basal ganglia and thalamus) was significantly greater than in the cortex.Conclusions: A childhood diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome, OCD, or ADHD significantly increased the likelihood of detecting cerebral hyperintensities, particularly in the subcortex, supporting the notion that subcortical injury may play a role in the pathophysiology of these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) memperoleh gambaran umum mengenai penyelenggaraan pendidikan pada dan (2) mengidentifikasi kendala-kendala yang dialami SMK RSBI di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dalam mengimplementasikan program pendidikan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian evaluasi yang dilakukan pada enam SMK Negeri RSBI. Disain evaluasi yang diacu adalah discrepancy model. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan wawancara. Uji validitas instrumen didasarkan pada validitas isi, yang dilakukan melalui rational judgment. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif, baik secara kuantitatif maupun kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum penyelenggaraan pendidikan pada SMK RSBI di DIY belum sesuai dengan standar penyelenggaraan SMK RSBI yang telah ditetapkan. Kelemahan terutama dalam pemenuhan indikator kinerja kunci tambahan (IKKT), yang meliputi semua aspek. Kendala yang dialami oleh SMK RSBI antara lain: (a) belum diperolehnya akreditasi dari sekolah mitra yang bertaraf internasional; (b) sekolah belum mampu membangun jejaring internasional; (c) SKL tambahan yang disusun belum memiliki acuan yang jelas; (d) proses pembelajaran belum sesuai dengan standar RSBI; (e) sekolah belum menerapkan model penilaian dari salah satu sekolah yang bertaraf internasional; (f) persentase pendidik yang berkualifikasi S2/S3 sangat rendah; (g) sebagian besar kepala sekolah belum berkualifikasi S2, dan kurang menguasai bahasa Inggris secara aktif; (h) belum diterapkannya TIK dalam manajemen sekolah; (i) keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana sesuai dengan standar RSBI; dan (j) ketersediaan dana penyelenggaraan pendidikan yang kurang memadai serta dukungan pemerintah daerah yang lemah.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui efektivitas model pembelajaran tutor teman sejawat berbasis internet dalam meningkatkan aktivitas belajar pada mata kuliah Fisika; (2) mengidentifikasi kendala-kendala yang terjadi dalam implementasi model pembelajaran tutor teman sejawat berbasis internet. Penelitian ini termasuk eksperimen. Populasi penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa S-1 peserta mata kuliah Fisika di Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan. Sampel penelitian, terdiri dari dua kelas, yaitu kelas A sebagai kelompok eksperimen, terdiri dari 35 mahasiswa, dan kelas B sebagai kelompok kontrol, dengan 34 mahasiswa. Instrumen menggunakan kuesioner dan soal-soal tugas. Data dianalisis dengan statistik deskriptif, analisis komparasi dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) penerapan model pembelajaran tutor teman sejawat berbasis internet terbukti efektif dalam meningkatkan aktivitas belajar mahasiswa, yang ditunjukkan dengan: motivasi mahasiswa untuk mengikuti kegiatan belajar dalam kelompok makin meningkat; dan tanggung jawab mahasiswa dalam penyelesaian tugas-tugas kelompok tinggi; (2) Kendala dalam implementasi model pembelajaran tutor teman sejawat berbasis internet tersebut adalah: (a) kelompok yang tidak solid akan menghambat peningkatan aktivitas belajar mahasiswa sehingga dibebaskan memilih sendiri kelompoknya; (b) model pembelajaran tutor teman sejawat berbasis internet menuntut tersedianya jaringan internet dengan kecepatan akses yang memadai.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui efektivitas model pembelajaran web based learning dalam meningkatkan kompetensi mahasiswa pada mata kuliah komputer; (2) mengidentifikasi kendala-kendala yang terjadi dalam implementasi pembelajaran web based learning pada mata kuliah komputer tersebut; dan (3) mencari solusi terhadap kendala-kendala tersebut. Subyek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa peserta mata kuliah komputer di Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah: (1) lembar observasi; dan (2) lembar penilaian tugas. Validitas instrumen ditetapkan berkaitan dengan validitas logis, yang dilakukan melalui judgment dalam seminar. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan statistik deskriptif, analisis komparasi, dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) penerapan model pembelajaran Web based learning terbukti lebih efektif dalam meningkatkan pencapaian kompetensi mahasiswa pada bidang komputer dibanding model pembelajaran konvensional; (2) penerapan model pembelajaran web based learning dapat meningkatkan kualitas interaksi pembelajaran. Kendala dalam implementasi web based learning adalah: (1) Akses internet di UNY kecepatannya tidak stabil sehingga menghambat proses pembelajaran dengan menggunakan web. Upaya untuk mengatasinya adalah dengan pemasangan local host; (2) Penggunaan internet untuk media pengumpulan tugas mempunyai kelemahan, karena dosen tidak tahu secara pasti apakah tugas dikerjakan oleh mahasiswa yang bersangkutan ataukah dibuatkan oleh orang lain. Upaya untuk mengatasinya adalah dosen harus cermat dalam menilai hasil tugas-tugas mahasiswa, dan perlu dilakukan cross check secara langsung kepada mahasiswa yang bersangkutan; dan (3) Mahasiswa perlu mengeluarkan biaya ekstra untuk sewa internet guna mengakses e-learning UNY.

The charging process is one of the critical processes in the hydro-pneumatic driveline storage system. It converts the kinetic energy of the vehicle braking and coasting to the compression energy. This energy is stored in the storage device called the accumulator. The system is planned to be used on the dual hydro-pneumatic hybrid driveline and applied to a hydraulic hybrid passenger car. The aim of this paper is to find the effect of charging parameters on the storage performance through simulation. Through the storage behaviour, the desirable and optimal sizing of the accumulator can be selected. The paper emphasized on the effect of pressure elevation, pre-charge pressure, effective volume, thermal reaction and required time of the accumulator’s charging process. The circuit of charging process has been designed and simulated by using the hydraulic tool in the Automation Studio software. The simulation results were corroborated through the component specification for data rationality. Through the simulation, it was found that pre-charge pressure had a significant effect on the charging process. It determined the efficiency of the effective volume. The higher the pressure elevation, the higher the effective volume. Nevertheless, the more energy required to compress the nitrogen gas in the bladder. Besides, in term of volume displacement, higher volume displacement reduced charging time and lower the fluid temperature. The simulation had been positively highlighted the critical point in charging process which later on, benefited the sizing process in the component selection specification.

It has been decade, researchers has been conducting researches on the topics concerning vehicle behavior. Suspension system, driving maneuver and road profile are the particular parameters in order to achieve the aim in vehicle behavior understanding. This paper combined these three criteria by means of using a passenger car equipped with MacPherson strut front suspension undergoes different driving behavior. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of passenger car equipped with MacPherson strut front suspension system vehicle behavior based on different driving maneuvers. For this study, Proton Persona Sedan 1.6 Manual Transmission Base Line was used to investigate the MacPherson strut suspension system. Data were collected using DEWESoft Software. As the velocity and direction varies with time, the vehicle response subjected to stationary excitation, while it varies with different velocity and different type of road. Acceleration, deceleration and bumpy test the suspension mechanism support the weight of the vehicle yet to cushion bumps and holes in the road. It can be concluded that the MacPherson strut suspension system has an effect on not only vehicle behavior but also comfort ride. These findings provide the following insights for future research in suspension vibration in order to optimize the performance of the MacPherson strut suspension system.

Tujuan peneiitian ini adalah untuk melakukan validasi empiris terhadap model asesmen kinerja sekolah berdasarkan pada penilaian peserta didik sebagai customer. Validasi awal pada enam SMP negeri melibatkan 228 peserta didik. Validasi akhir melalui survei pada 30 SMP negeri melibatkan 1042 peserta didik. Pengumpulan data pada tahap awal dan akhir maupun validasi data menggunakan angket. Data dianalisis dengan statistik deskriptdf, Analisis Faktor Model Konfirmatory (CFA) dan analisis validitas data dengan korelasi product moment. Hasil peneiitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) konstruk kinerja sekolah memiliki empat dimensi, yaitu: praktik kepemimpinan sekolah, praktik pembelajaran, kondisi lingkungan dan iklim akademik, dan peran serta orang tua dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan; (2) model asesmen kinerja sekolah berdasarkan sumber data peserta didik valid secara metodologis, dilihat dari konsistensinya dengan hasil asesmen pihak pemberi layanan, baik kepala sekolah maupun guru. Hasil ini dapat ditafsirkan bahwa peserta didik merupakan salah satu sumber data yang valid untuk digunakan dalam asesmen kinerja sekolah. Kata kunci: asesmen, kinerja sekolah, berbasispeserta didik

In vivo data are rare but essential for establishing the clinical potential of ruthenium-based photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) compounds, a new family of phototherapeutic drugs that are activated via ligand photosubstitution. Here a novel trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex [Ru(dpp)(bpy)(mtmp)](PF 6 ) 2 ([2](PF 6 ) 2 , dpp = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, mtmp = 2-methylthiomethylpyridine) was synthesized and its light-activated anticancer properties were validated in cancer cell monolayers, 3D tumor spheroids, and in embryonic zebrafish cancer models. Upon green light irradiation, the non-toxic mtmp ligand is selectively cleaved off, thereby releasing a phototoxic ruthenium-based photoproduct capable notably of binding to nuclear DNA and triggering DNA damage and apoptosis within 24-48 h. In vitro , fifteen minutes of green light irradiation (21 mW cm -2 , 19 J cm -2 , 520 nm) were sufficient to generate high phototherapeutic indexes (PI) for this compound in a range of cancer cell lines including lung (A549), prostate (PC3Pro4), conjunctival melanoma (CRMM1, CRMM2, CM2005.1) and uveal melanoma (OMM1, OMM2.5, Mel270) cancer cell lines. The therapeutic potential of [2](PF 6 ) 2 was further evaluated in zebrafish embryo ectopic (PC3Pro4) or orthotopic (CRMM1, CRMM2) tumour models. The ectopic model consisted of red fluorescent PC3Pro4-mCherry cells injected intravenously (IV) into zebrafish, that formed perivascular metastatic lesions at the posterior ventral end of caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT). By contrast, in the orthotopic model, CRMM1- and CRMM2-mCherry cells were injected behind the eye where they developed primary lesions. The maximally-tolerated dose (MTD) of [2](PF 6 ) 2 was first determined for three different modes of compound administration: (i) incubating the fish in prodrug-containing water (WA); (ii) injecting the prodrug intravenously (IV) into the fish; or (iii) injecting the prodrug retro-orbitally (RO) into the fish. To test the anticancer efficiency of [2](PF 6 ) 2 , the embryos were treated 24 h after engraftment at the MTD. Optimally, four consecutive PACT treatments were performed on engrafted embryos using 60 min drug-to-light intervals and 90 min green light irradiation (21 mW cm -2 , 114 J cm -2 , 520 nm). Most importantly, this PACT protocol was not toxic to the zebrafish. In the ectopic prostate tumour models, where [2](PF 6 ) 2 showed the highest photoindex in vitro (PI > 31), the PACT treatment did not significantly diminish the growth of primary lesions, while in both conjunctival melanoma orthotopic tumour models, where [2](PF 6 ) 2 showed more modest photoindexes (PI ∼ 9), retro-orbitally administered PACT treatment significantly inhibited growth of the engrafted tumors. Overall, this study represents the first demonstration in zebrafish cancer models of the clinical potential of ruthenium-based PACT, here against conjunctival melanoma., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

In the developing brain, the phenomenon of neurogenesis is manifested heterotopically, that is, much the same neurogenetic steps occur at different places with a different timetable. This is due apparently to early molecular regionalization of the neural tube wall in the anteroposterior and dorsoventral dimensions, in a checkerboard pattern of more or less deformed quadrangular histogenetic areas. Their respective fate is apparently specified by a locally specific combination of active/repressed genes known as "molecular profile." This leads to position-dependent differential control of proliferation, neurogenesis, differentiation, and other aspects, eventually in a heterochronic manner across adjacent areal units with sufficiently different molecular profiles. It is not known how fixed these heterochronic patterns are. We reexamined here comparatively early patterns of forebrain and hindbrain neurogenesis in a lizard (Lacerta gallotia galloti), a bird (the chick), and a mammal (the rat), as demonstrated by activation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This is an early marker of postmitotic neurons, which leaves unlabeled the neuroepithelial ventricular cells, so that we can examine cleared wholemounts of the reacted brains to have a birds-eye view of the emergent neuronal pattern at each stage. There is overall heterochrony between the basal and alar plates of the brain, a known fact, but, remarkably, heterochrony occurs even within the precocious basal plate among its final anteroposterior neuromeric subdivisions and their internal microzonal subdivisions. Some neuromeric units or microzones are precocious, while others follow suit without any specific spatial order or gradient; other similar neuromeric units remain retarded in the midst of quite advanced neighbors, though they do produce similar neurogenetic patterns at later stages. It was found that some details of such neuromeric heterochrony are species-specific, possibly related to differential morphogenetic properties. Given the molecular causal underpinning of the updated prosomeric model used here for interpretation, we comment on the close correlation between some genetic patterns and the observed AChE differentiation patterns., (© 2022 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Greater flamingos use cosmetic coloration by spreading uropygial secretions pigmented with carotenoids over their feathers, which makes the plumage redder. Because flamingos inhabit open environments that receive direct solar radiation during daytime, and carotenoids bleach when exposed to solar radiation, we expected that the plumage color would fade if there is no maintenance for cosmetic purposes. Here, we show that the concentrations of pigments inside feathers and on the surface of feathers were correlated, as well as that there was a correlation between the concentrations of pigments in the uropygial secretions and on the surface of feathers. There was fading in color (becoming less red) in feathers that received direct solar radiation when there was no plumage maintenance, but not so in others maintained in darkness. When we controlled for the initial color of feathers, the feathers of those individuals with higher concentration of pigments on the feather surfaces were those that lost less coloration after experimental exposure of feathers to sunny conditions. These results indicate that exposure to sunlight is correlated with the fading of feather color, which suggests that individuals need to regularly apply makeup to be more colorful. These results also reinforce the view that these birds use cosmetic coloration as a signal amplifier of plumage color. This may be important in species using highly variable habitats, such as wetlands, since the conditions experienced when molting may differ from those when the signal should be functional, usually months after molting., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Quail eggs have been widely used in field experiments, mainly to study factors associated with the risk of nest predation. Some shortcomings of using quail eggs in this type of study have been previously addressed (e.g., these eggs might be too big for some predators of eggs of small birds). Here, we show experimental evidence of another shortcoming of the use of these eggs in field experiments. Quail eggs exposed to sunlight rapidly faded in colour after three days, both in the visible and UV spectra, and this change was related to the amount of solar radiation received. This caused changes in the camouflage of the eggs, which may be perceived by predators with different visual systems (dichromatic, trichromatic, and tetrachromatic (for both violet- and UV-sensitive species)). Therefore, the results of field studies of nest predation using quail eggs might be questioned in those cases in which the camouflage has been altered due to the rapid changes in coloration, as this can affect the resulting predation rates. We recommend that researchers planning to use quail eggs should perform a prospective assessment of changes in coloration of eggs exposed to environmental conditions in the nest sites used by the target species., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2021 Liñan Cembrano et al.)

Elevated concentrations of trace elements represent a major concern to wetland ecosystems, since river estuaries are geochemical endpoints that accumulate pollution. Although the negative impact of environmental exposure of highly toxic elements such as Pb and Hg has received substantial attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects that these and other common trace elements have on natural populations. We used greater flamingos as a study system within three sites that represent a gradient of pollution. Controlling for environmental sediment exposure, we assessed if signatures of bioaccumulation in feathers for ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) are associated with two known proxies of health: body condition and the gut bacterial microbiome. We found evidence of an adverse effect of Se, Hg, and Pb bioaccumulation on body condition. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of the elements As, Cu, Se, Pb and Zn influenced different aspects of the gut microbiome. Bioaccumulation of Se led to a shift in the microbiome composition, largely driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides plebeius, which is linked to the breakdown of sulphated polysaccharides of algae. Bacteroides plebeius was negatively associated with chick body condition, suggesting an adverse effect of a microalgae diet rich in Se. Pb bioaccumulation was linked with a decrease in microbial diversity (adjusted-R 2  = 10.4%) and an increase in heterogeneity of the microbial community (adjusted-R 2  = 10.5%), an indication of impaired gut homeostasis. As, Cu and Zn had more nuanced effects on gut microbiome heterogeneity according to breeding site and bioaccumulation concentration. Our results therefore suggest that in addition to well-studied elements, bioaccumulation of poorly studied elements also adversely affect health of natural populations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Many studies addressing the use of nest materials by animals have focused on only one factor to explain its function. However, the consideration of more than one factor could explain the apparently maladaptive choice of nest materials that make nests conspicuous to predators. We experimentally tested whether there is a trade-off in the use of nest materials between the risks of egg predation versus protection from overheating. We studied the ground-nesting Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus , in southern Spain. We added materials differing in thermal properties and coloration to the nests, thus affecting rates of egg heating, nest temperature and camouflage. Before these manipulations, adults selected materials that were lighter than the microhabitat, probably to buffer the risk of egg overheating. However, the adults did not keep the lightest experimental materials, probably because they reduced camouflage, and this could make the nests even more easily detectable to predators. In all nests, adults removed most of the experimental materials independently of their properties, so that egg camouflage returned to the original situation within a week of the experimental treatments. Although the thermal environment may affect the choice of nest materials by plovers, ambient temperatures were not so high at our study site as to determine the acceptance of the lightest experimental materials., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

European populations of black-necked grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) congregate every year to moult at the salt ponds of the Odiel Marshes (SW Spain). However, the Odiel Marshes are part of one of the most metal-polluted coastal estuaries in the world, which may pose risks to wildlife. We assessed the exposure of grebes to metal pollution during the critical moulting period in the Odiel Marshes and its potential to cause adverse health effects. Levels of metals in red blood pellet (as a biomarker of exposure), plasma carotenoids, eye redness, and body condition (as biomarkers of effects) were studied. Metal content was also analyzed in the brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica, the most important food for grebes in this hypersaline ecosystem during the moulting period. Results showed that, in comparison to toxicity thresholds, grebes had relatively high blood levels of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn). The high loads found in Artemia and the way blood levels vary during the moulting period indicate that shrimp consumption may be the main route of metal exposure for grebes. Plasma carotenoids and body condition showed a positive association with exposure to As, while the relationship of lutein-like carotenoids with Hg accumulation was negative at the beginning of the moulting period to become positive afterwards. Moreover, eye redness was negatively affected by As accumulation. Factors including food resource availability, seasonal fluctuations in physiological status, and interannual variations in the degree of environmental contamination should be considered in monitoring efforts when using moult migrant waterbirds as sentinel species., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cyclometallated ruthenium complexes typically exhibit red-shifted absorption bands and lower photolability compared to their polypyridyl analogues. They also have lower symmetry, which sometimes makes their synthesis challenging. In this work, the coordination of four N,S bidentate ligands, 3-(methylthio)propylamine (mtpa), 2-(methylthio)ethylamine (mtea), 2-(methylthio)ethyl-2-pyridine (mtep), and 2-(methylthio)methylpyridine (mtmp), to the cyclometallated precursor [Ru(bpy)(phpy)(CH 3 CN) 2 ] + (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, Hphpy=2-phenylpyridine) has been investigated, furnishing the corresponding heteroleptic complexes [Ru(bpy)(phpy)(N,S)]PF 6 ([2]PF 6 -[5]PF 6 , respectively). The stereoselectivity of the synthesis strongly depended on the size of the ring formed by the Ru-coordinated N,S ligand, with [2]PF 6 and [4]PF 6 being formed stereoselectively, but [3]PF 6 and [5]PF 6 being obtained as mixtures of inseparable isomers. The exact stereochemistry of the air-stable complex [4]PF 6 was established by a combination of DFT, 2D NMR, and single-crystal X-ray crystallographic studies. Finally, [4]PF 6 was found to be photosubstitutionally active under irradiation with green light in acetonitrile, which makes it the first cyclometallated ruthenium complex capable of undergoing selective photosubstitution of a bidentate ligand., (© 2018 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

Solar radiation is an important driver of animal coloration, not only because of the effects of coloration on body temperature but also because coloration may protect from the deleterious effects of UV radiation. Indeed, dark coloration may protect from UV, but may increase the risk of overheating. In addition, the effect of coloration on thermoregulation should change with egg size, as smaller eggs have higher surface-volume ratios and greater convective coefficients than larger eggs, so that small eggs can dissipate heat quickly. We tested whether the reflectance of eggshells, egg spottiness, and egg size of the ground-nesting Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus is affected by maximum ambient temperature and solar radiation at breeding sites. We measured reflectance, both in the UV and human visible spectrum, spottiness, and egg size in photographs from a museum collection of plover eggshells. Eggshells of lower reflectance (darker) were found at higher latitudes. However, in southern localities where solar radiation is very high, eggshells are also of dark coloration. Eggshell coloration had no significant relationship with ambient temperature. Spotiness was site-specific. Small eggs tended to be light-colored. Thermal constraints may drive the observed spatial variation in eggshell coloration, which may be lighter in lower latitudes to diminish the risk of overheating as a result of higher levels of solar radiation. However, in southern localities with very high levels of UV radiation, eggshells are of dark coloration likely to protect embryos from more intense UV radiation. Egg size exhibited variation in relation to coloration, likely through the effect of surface area-to-volume ratios on overheating and cooling rates of eggs. Therefore, differential effects of solar radiation on functions of coloration and size of eggshells may shape latitudinal variations in egg appearance in the Kentish plover.

Salinization is having a major impact on wetlands and its biota worldwide. Specifically, many migratory animals that rely on wetlands are increasingly exposed to elevated salinity on their nonbreeding grounds. Experimental evidence suggests that physiological challenges associated with increasing salinity may disrupt self-maintenance processes in these species. Nonetheless, the potential role of salinity as a driver of ecological carry-over effects remains unstudied. Here, we investigated the extent to which the use of saline wetlands during winter - inferred from feather stable isotope values - induces residual effects that carry over and influence physiological traits relevant to fitness in black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa limosa on their northward migration. Overwintering males and females were segregated by wetland salinity in West Africa, with females mostly occupying freshwater wetlands. The use of these wetlands along a gradient of salinities was associated with differences in immune responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin and sized-corrected body mass in godwits staging in southern Europe during northward migration - 3,000 km from the nonbreeding grounds - but in males only. These findings provide a window onto the processes by which wetland salinity can induce carry-over effects and can help predict how migratory species should respond to future climate-induced increases in salinity.

In metal-based photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), two photoproducts are generated by light-triggered photosubstitution of a metal-bound ligand: the free ligand itself and an aquated metal complex. By analogy with cisplatin, the aquated metal complex is usually presented as the biologically active species, as it can typically bind to DNA. In this work, we show that this qualitative assumption is not necessarily valid by comparing the biological activity, log P, and cellular uptake of three ruthenium-based PACT complexes: [Ru(bpy) 2 (dmbpy)] 2+ , [Ru(bpy) 2 (mtmp)] 2+ , and [Ru(Ph 2 phen) 2 (mtmp)] 2+ . For the first complex, the photoreleased dmbpy ligand is responsible for the observed phototoxicity, whereas the second complex is not phototoxic, and for the third complex it is the ruthenium bis-aqua photoproduct that is the sole cytotoxic species.

Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes are good candidates for photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) provided that they are stable in the dark but efficiently photosubstitute one of their ligands. Here the use of the natural amino acid l-proline as a protecting ligand for ruthenium-based PACT compounds is investigated in the series of complexes Λ-[Ru(bpy) 2 (l-prol)]PF 6 ([1a]PF 6 ; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and l-prol = l-proline), Λ-[Ru(bpy)(dmbpy)(l-prol)]PF 6 ([2a]PF 6 and [2b]PF 6 ; dmbpy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), and Λ-[Ru(dmbpy) 2 (l-prol)]PF 6 ([3a]PF 6 ). The synthesis of the tris-heteroleptic complex bearing the dissymmetric proline ligand yielded only two of the four possible regioisomers, called [2a]PF 6 and [2b]PF 6 . Both isomers were isolated and characterized by a combination of spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The photoreactivity of all four complexes [1a]PF 6 , [2a]PF 6 , [2b]PF 6 , and [3a]PF 6 was studied in water (H 2 O) and acetonitrile (MeCN) using UV-vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. In H 2 O, upon visible-light irradiation in the presence of oxygen, no photosubstitution took place, but the amine of complex [1a]PF 6 was photooxidized to an imine. Contrary to expectations, enhancing the steric strain by the addition of two ([2b]PF 6 ) or four ([3a]PF 6 ) methyl substituents did not lead, in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), to ligand photosubstitution. However, it prevented photoxidation, probably as a consequence of the electron-donating effect of the methyl substituents. In addition, whereas [2b]PF 6 was photostable in PBS, [2a]PF 6 quantitatively isomerized to [2b]PF 6 upon light irradiation. In pure MeCN, [2a]PF 6 and [3a]PF 6 showed non-selective photosubstitution of both the l-proline and dmbpy ligands, whereas the non-strained complex [1a]PF 6 was photostable. Finally, in H 2 O-MeCN mixtures, [3a]PF 6 showed selective photosubstitution of l-proline, thus demonstrating the active role played by the solvent on the photoreactivity of this series of complexes. The role of the solvent polarity and coordination properties on the photochemical properties of polypyridyl complexes is discussed.

Background: Selective pressure from pathogens is thought to shape the allelic diversity of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in vertebrates. In particular, both local adaptation to pathogens and gene flow are thought to explain a large part of the intraspecific variation observed in MHC allelic diversity. To date, however, evidence that adaptation to locally prevalent pathogens maintains MHC variation is limited to species with limited dispersal and, hence, reduced gene flow. On the one hand high gene flow can disrupt local adaptation in species with high dispersal rates, on the other hand such species are much more likely to experience spatial variation in pathogen pressure, suggesting that there may be intense pathogen mediated selection pressure operating across breeding sites in panmictic species. Such pathogen mediated selection pressure operating across breeding sites should therefore be sufficient to maintain high MHC diversity in high dispersing species in the absence of local adaptation mechanisms. We used the Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus, a long-lived colonial bird showing a homogeneous genetic structure of neutral markers at the scale of the Mediterranean region, to test the prediction that higher MHC allelic diversity with no population structure should occur in large panmictic populations of long-distance dispersing birds than in other resident species., Results: We assessed the level of allelic diversity at the MHC Class IIB exon 2 from 116 individuals born in four different breeding colonies of Greater Flamingo in the Mediterranean region. We found one of the highest allelic diversity (109 alleles, 2 loci) of any non-passerine avian species investigated so far relative to the number of individuals and loci genotyped. There was no evidence of population structure between the four major Mediterranean breeding colonies., Conclusion: Our results suggest that local adaptation at MHC Class IIB in Greater Flamingos is constrained by high gene flow and high MHC diversity appears to be maintained by population wide pathogen-mediated selection rather than local pathogen-mediated selection. Further understanding of how pathogens vary across space and time will be crucial to further elucidate the mechanisms maintaining MHC diversity in species with large panmictic populations and high dispersal rates.

The unusually high quality of census data for large waterbirds in Europe facilitates the study of how population change varies across a broad geographical range and relates to global change. The wintering population of the greylag goose Anser anser in the Atlantic flyway spanning between Sweden and Spain has increased from 120 000 to 610 000 individuals over the past three decades, and expanded its wintering range northwards. Although population sizes recorded in January have increased in all seven countries in the wintering range, we found a pronounced northwards latitudinal effect in which the rate of increase is higher at greater latitudes, causing a constant shift in the centre of gravity for the spatial distribution of wintering geese. Local winter temperatures have a strong influence on goose numbers but in a manner that is also dependent on latitude, with the partial effect of temperature (while controlling for the increasing population trend between years) being negative at the south end and positive at the north end of the flyway. Contrary to assumptions in the literature, the expansion of crops exploited by greylag geese has made little contribution to the increases in population size. Only in one case (expansion of winter cereals in Denmark) did we find evidence of an effect of changing land use. The expanding and shifting greylag population is likely to have increasing impacts on habitats in northern Europe during the course of this century.

Objective: This work tested the hypothesis that patients with high negative affectivity (NA) would have a better response to a serotonergic agent (escitalopram) than to one not thought to act directly on serotonin (bupropion)., Method: Data from a study conducted between August 2007 and July 2011 were reanalyzed retrospectively. Patients (N = 245) meeting criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), diagnosed with DSM-IV-TR, were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with bupropion extended-release, escitalopram, or the combination. Negative affectivity score was estimated using the guilt, hostility/irritability, and fear/anxiety items of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, and the Social Adjustment Scale. We felt that these items captured published descriptions of the NA construct. A Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) score ≤ 2 defined response. Because combined treatment addressed both serotonin and non-serotonin systems, patients treated with both medications did not test the hypothesis and so were excluded from the analyses., Results: Analysis of covariance with treatment as a grouping variable, NA as covariate, and CGI-S as dependent variable showed a significant 2-way interaction between treatment and NA (F₁,₁₅₆ = 4.82, P < .03). In the low-NA group, response rates were similar between treatments (escitalopram: 28/42 [67%]; bupropion: 23/40 [58%]; NS), while there was a significant advantage for escitalopram in patients with high NA (escitalopram: 24/40 [60%]; bupropion = 14/41 [34%]; P = .017)., Conclusions: These data suggest that patients with high negative affectivity respond preferentially to antidepressants that selectively enhance serotonin neurotransmission. Although patients with low NA appear to benefit from serotonin enhancement as well, they also improved with bupropion, an antidepressant not thought to directly affect serotonin neurotransmission. These findings come from retrospective analyses using unproven approximation of NA, so no clinical inferences should be made before independent replication utilizing accepted NA measurement., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00519428., (© Copyright 2014 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.)

The ruthenium complex [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](2+) ([1](2+)), where terpy is 2,2';6',2''-terpyridine, bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, and Hmte is 2-methylthioethan-1-ol, poorly absorbs yellow light, and although its quantum yield for the photosubstitution of Hmte by water is comparable at 570 nm and at 452 nm (0.011(4) vs. 0.016(4) at 298 K at neutral pH), the photoreaction using yellow photons is very slow. Complex [1](2+) was thus functionalized with rhodamine B, an organic dye known for its high extinction coefficient for yellow light. Complex [Ru(Rterpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](3+) ([2](3+)) was synthesized, where Rterpy is a terpyridine ligand covalently bound to rhodamine B via a short saturated linker. [2]Cl3 shows a very high extinction coefficient at 570 nm (44,000 M(-1) cm(-1)), but its luminescence upon irradiation at 570 nm is completely quenched in aqueous solution. The quantum yield for the photosubstitution of Hmte by water in [2](3+) was comparable to that in [1](2+) at 570 nm (0.0085(6) vs. 0.011(4), respectively), which, in combination with the much better photon collection, resulted in a higher photosubstitution rate constant for [2](3+) than for [1](2+). The energy of yellow photons is thus transferred efficiently from the rhodamine antenna to the ruthenium center, leading to efficient photosubstitution of Hmte. These results bring new opportunities for extending the photoactivation of polypyridyl ruthenium complexes towards longer wavelengths.

In sexually dimorphic species, the parental effort of the smaller sex may be reduced due to competitive exclusion in the feeding areas by the larger sex or physiological constraints. However, to determine gender effects on provisioning patterns, other intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting parental effort should be accounted for. Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) exhibit sexual size dimorphism. In Fuente de Piedra colony, the lake dries out almost completely during the breeding season and both parents commute between breeding and foraging sites >130 km away during the chick-rearing period. Applying multistate capture-recapture models to daily observations of marked parents, we determined the effects of sex, and their interactions with other intrinsic and extrinsic factors, on the probability of chick desertion and sojourn in the colony and feeding areas. Moreover, using stable isotopes in the secretions that parents produce to feed their chicks, we evaluated sex-specific use of wetlands. The probability of chick attendance (complementary to chick desertion) was >0.98. Chick desertion was independent of parental sex, but decreased with parental age. Females stayed in the feeding areas for shorter periods [mean: 7.5 (95% CI: 6.0-9.4) days] than males [9.2 (7.3-11.8) days]. Isotopic signatures of secretions did not show sex differences in δ(13)C, but males' secretions were enriched in δ(15)N, suggesting they fed on prey of higher trophic levels than females. Both parents spent approximately 1 day in the colony, but females prolonged their mean stay when the lake dried out. Females also allocated more time to foraging in the flooded areas remaining in the colony, likely because they were energetically more stressed than males. The results indicate that sex-specific provisioning behaviour in greater flamingo is related to differential effects of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Males seem forage less efficiently than females, whereas females' body condition seems to be lower after feeding the chick. Our methodology may be extended to species that feed on distant food sources and that do not visit their offspring daily, to elucidate patterns of chick-provisioning behaviour., (© 2013 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2013 British Ecological Society.)

Social behaviours are highly variable between species, populations and individuals. However, it is contentious whether behavioural variations are primarily moulded by the environment, caused by genetic differences, or a combination of both. Here we establish that biparental care, a complex social behaviour that involves rearing of young by both parents, differs between closely related populations, and then test two potential sources of variation in parental behaviour between populations: ambient environment and genetic differentiation. We use 2904 hours behavioural data from 10 geographically distinct Kentish (Charadrius alexandrinus) and snowy plover (C. nivosus) populations in America, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa to test these two sources of behavioural variation. We show that local ambient temperature has a significant influence on parental care: with extreme heat (above 40 °C) total incubation (i.e. % of time the male or female incubated the nest) increased, and female share (% female share of incubation) decreased. By contrast, neither genetic differences between populations, nor geographic distances predicted total incubation or female's share of incubation. These results suggest that the local environment has a stronger influence on a social behaviour than genetic differentiation, at least between populations of closely related species.

To reach the final host (greater flamingos), the cestode Flamingolepis liguloides alters the behaviour of its intermediate host, the brine shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica, causing it to spend more time close to the water surface. During summer 2010, we showed that the prevalence of this cestode was consistently higher at the top of the water column in the Odiel salt pans in south-western Spain. We used stable nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) isotopic analysis to test the hypothesis that cestodes also alter resource use by Artemia. In early summer, we compared stable isotopes in infected hosts at the surface with those from uninfected hosts at the bottom of the water column. In late summer, we compared infected and uninfected Artemia from the bottom. δ(15)N was consistently enriched in infected individuals compared with uninfected hosts, especially in Artemia with multiple infections of F. liguloides (family Hymenolepididae) and those with mixed infections of F. liguloides and cestodes of the family Dilepididae. Infected individuals from the surface were enriched in δ(13)C compared with uninfected ones from the bottom, but the opposite was found when comparing uninfected and infected Artemia from the same depth. This may be caused by the increase in lipid concentration in infected Artemia. Isolated cysticercoids of F. liguloides were significantly enriched in δ(13)C compared with cysticercoids in infected hosts, but surprisingly were not enriched in N. Our findings illustrate the way cestodes can alter food webs and highlight the importance of considering the parasitic status of prey in studies of trophic ecology in saline wetlands., (Copyright © 2012 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Gene flow promotes genetic homogeneity of species in time and space. Gene flow can be modulated by sex-biased dispersal that links population genetics to mating systems. We investigated the phylogeography of the widely distributed Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus. This small shorebird has a large breeding range spanning from Western Europe to Japan and exhibits an unusually flexible mating system with high female breeding dispersal. We analysed genetic structure and gene flow using a 427-bp fragment of the mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region, 21 autosomal microsatellite markers and a Z microsatellite marker in 397 unrelated individuals from 21 locations. We found no structure or isolation-by-distance over the continental range. However, island populations had low genetic diversity and were moderately differentiated from mainland locations. Genetic differentiation based on autosomal markers was positively correlated with distance between mainland and each island. Comparisons of uniparentally and biparentally inherited markers were consistent with female-biased gene flow. Maternally inherited mtDNA was less structured, whereas the Z-chromosomal marker was more structured than autosomal microsatellites. Adult males were more related than females within genetic clusters. Taken together, our results suggest a prominent role for polyandrous females in maintaining genetic homogeneity across large geographic distances., (© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)