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This study is dealt the attitude of Sudan towards the Palestinian issue since the beginning of Arab –Zionist conflict 1948-1966. The study aimed to identify the basic information of Sudan people attitude and contribution in the conflict between Arab states and the Zionist entity as well as studying the causes of obstacles and failure of lack of qualifications and abilities for a country like Sudan that it did not have the authority to make a political decision, because Sudan did not have dependence until 1956. The research followed the method of the historical research in present and analyses the information that were collected from documents, books, and Arabic journals as well as records of League of Arab States until 1966. The study ends with Sudan independence 1956 and forming the first independent Sudanese government made up of several political parties led by Mr. Esmail AL-Azihary who had a moderate policy on international and regional stander, as well as Sudan support and defense of the Arabic legal issues which is the Palestinian issue is one of them on political and military level it one of Arabic nationality and African position.

Background. The period of intensive growth in children is associated with active changes in the bone tissue architecture. A high level of bone mass accumulations was observed. Whether such processes are adequate depends on numerous factors, however, all of them are based on a genetic component. Gene expression affects all the processes in the body, including bone tissue. The BSML and Fokl polymorphisms of the VDR gene responsible for the activity of cell receptors for vitamin D is studied in association with bone pathology, autoimmune diseases, diseases of the central nervous, cardiovascular and other systems. Purpose – of the research is aimed at determining densitometric features of the structural and functional condition of bone tissue in children during the growth spurt, taking into account polymorphisms of BSML, FOKL gene VDR and vitamin D levels. Materials and Methods. The examination covered 205 healthy children aged 9–17, who were divided into groups depending on the presence or absence of growth spurt (GS) and its intensity. The examination presupposed analysis of the medical history, assessment of physical and sexual development, ultrasound (QUS) and X-ray (DXA) densitometry, determination of 25-(OH)-D levels, molecular diagnostics- definition of polymorphisms of BSML, FOKL gene VDR. Results. Ultrasound densitometry showed a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) in 24 children of Group I (48.0%), Z-score: – 1.8 ± 0,56; 28 children in Group II (60.87%), Z-score: – 1.96 ± 0,27 and 43 children of Group III (39.45%), Z-score: – 1.68 ± 0,72. DXA was used for 32 children, 18 of them (56.25%) were diagnosed with a decreased BMD. Children of Group I with a reduced BMD had an average level of vitamin 25-(OH)-D at the value of 39.04 ± 11.84 nmol/l, while in children with a normal BMD it averaged – 42.43 ± 6.3 nmol/l. In children of group II BMD in which it was reduced, the average level of 25-(OH)-D was 45.68 ± 5.48 nmol/l, with normal BMD – 45.47 ± 4.69 nmol/l. Children of Group III with a reduced BMD had an average 25-(OH)-D level of 36.73 ± 8.94 nmol/l, those with a normal BMD showed the 25-(OH)-D level of 42.91 ± 9.1 nmol/l. A molecular study found that 48.76% of children did not have any mutations in the VDR gene BSML polymorphism, 41.32% of children showed a heterozygous mutation, and 9.92% of children revealed a homozygous mutation. 27.81% of children had no mutation of Fokl polymorphism in the VDR gene, 61.95% showed a heterozygous mutation and a homozygous mutation was detected in 10.24% of children. Conclusions. Decreased bone mineral density in children during growth spurt is due to insufficiency or deficiency of vitamin D and is determined genetically. However, the most significant factor in the BMD reduction is the retardation of bone mass accumulation processes against the background of an intensive linear growth of the skeleton., Актуальність. Період інтенсивного росту дітей супроводжується активними змінами в архітектоніці кісткової тканини. Процеси накопичення кісткової маси проходять на високому рівні. Адекватність цих процесів має залежність від багатьох факторів, та, безумовно, в основі всіх процесів лежить генетична складова. Експресія генів має вплив на всі процеси в організмі і кісткова тканина не виняток. Поліморфізми BSML та Fokl гена VDR, який відповідає за активність рецепторів клітини до вітаміну D, вивчається в асоціації з патологією кісткової тканини, автоімунних захворювань, захворювань центральної нервової, серцево-судинної та інших систем. Мета роботи – визначення денситометричних особливостей структурно-функціонального стану кісткової тканини у дітей в період ростового стрибка з урахуванням поліморфізмів BSML, FOKL гена VDR та рівня вітаміну D. Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 205 дітей віком 9–17 років, які були розподілені на групи в залежності від наявності ростового спурту (РС) та його інтенсивності. Обстеження включало аналіз даних анамнезу, оцінку рівнів фізичного та статевого розвитку, ультразвукову (QUS) та рентгенівську (DXA) денситометрію, визначення рівня 25-(ОН)-D, молекулярну діагностику – визначення поліморфізмів BSML, FOKL гена VDR. Результати та їх обговорення. При проведенні ультразвукової денситометрії зниження мінеральної щільності кісткової тканини (BMD) встановлено у 24 дітей (48,0%), Z-score – 1,8 ± 0,56 I групи; 28 дітей (60,87%), Z-score – 1,96 ± 0,27 II групи та 43 дітей (39,45%), Z-score – 1,68 ± 0,72 III групи. За допомогою DXA було обстежено 32 дитини, у 18 з них (56,25%) діагностовано зниження BMD. У дітей I групи, які мали знижену BMD, середній рівень вітаміну 25-(ОН)-D складав 39,04 ± 11,84 нмоль/л, тоді як у дітей з нормальною BMD – 42,43 ± 6,3 нмоль/л. У дітей II групи, BMD у яких була знижена, середній рівень 25-(ОН)-D складав 45,68 ± 5,48 нмоль/л; при нормальній BMD – 45,47 ± 4,69 нмоль/л. Діти III групи зі зниженою BMD мали середній рівень 25-(ОН)-D 36,73 ± 8,94 нмоль/л, з нормальною BMD – 42,91 ± 9,1 нмоль/л. При проведенні молекулярного дослідження встановлено, що у 48,76% дітей не виявлено мутацій поліморфізму BSML гена VDR, у 41,32% дітей виявлена гетерозиготна мутація, у 9,92% – гомозиготна мутація. Не виявлено мутацію поліморфізму Fokl гена VDR у 27,81% дітей, гетерозиготну мутацію мають 61,95% і гомозиготну – 10,24% дітей. Висновки. Зниження мінеральної щільності кісткової тканини у дітей в період ростового спурту зумовлене недостатністю або дефіцитом вітаміну D та генетичною схильністю. Проте найбільш суттєвим чинником зниження BMD є саме відставання процесів накопичення кісткової маси на тлі інтенсивного лінійного росту скелета.

Mitochondrial adaptations to various environmental cues contribute to cellular and organismal adaptations across multiple model organisms. Due to increased complexity, a direct connection between mitochondrial integrity and oxygen fluctuations, and survival fitness was not demonstrated. Here, using C. elegans as a model system, we studied the role of HIF-1, Hsp90, and TRAP-1 in mitochondrial adaptations during chemical hypoxia. We show that Hsp90mt (Hsp90 mutant) but not HIF-1mt (HIF-1 mutant) affects hypoxia adaptation in nematodes. TRAP-1KD (TRAP-1 knockdown) interfered with the survival and fecundity of worms. Compared to Hsp90mt, TRAP-1KD has induced a significant decrease in mitochondrial integrity and oxygen consumption rate. The complex I inhibitor rotenone did not affect ATP levels in Hsp90mt worms. However, ATP levels were decreased in TRAP-1KD worms under similar conditions. The glucose restriction has reduced, and glucose supplementation has increased the survival rate in Hsp90mt worms. Neither glucose restriction nor glucose supplementation has significantly affected the survival of TRAP-1KD worms in response to hypoxia. However, TRAP-1 inhibition using a nanocarrier drug has dramatically reduced the survival rate in response to hypoxia. Our results suggest that Hsp90 and TRAP-1 independently regulate hypoxia adaptations and metabolic plasticity in C. elegans. Considering the emerging roles of TRAP-1 in altered energy metabolism and cellular adaptations, our findings gain importance.

Objective of study: To study the interest and postgraduate exam preferences adopted by young doctors who have successfully completed their one-year house job in May 2020, who graduated from a private medical college of Lahore Place and duration: The data of doctors was collected from records of Akhter Saeed Medical and Dental college Lahore, who had completed their one-year house job from May 2019 to May 2020. Study design: It was a cross sectional survey. Non-probability conventional sample was used. The data was analyzed by SPSS-25 and presented in forms of tables, bar charts and pie charts. Materials& methods: The data of 121 students is collected from college and hospital records who graduated in 2019, started their house job in May 2019 and completed in May 2020. The students who were fail in final professional exam or were not able to complete their house job due to any reason were excluded from study. Each student was contacted in person and required information was collected after verification of their names and roll numbers with their consent. Close ended same set of questions were asked from each student. Data was collected and analyzed by SPSS 25. Results: Total 121 young doctors were included in our study, 81 (66.9%) females and 40 (33.1%) males. Out of theses 63 (52.1%) responded and 58 (47.9%) didn’t. The unviability of getting response was either lack of consent to respond or change of contact numbers. Regarding marital status 32 (50.8%) were unmarried [19 (30.16%) females, 13 (20.63%) males] and 31 (49.2%) were married [20 (31.75%) females ,11 (17.64%) males]. Forty-nine 49 (77.78%) medical graduates actually perused their career and went for some post graduate exams whereas 14 (22.22%) only planned and didn’t appear in any exam after completion of one year house job. Among doctors who responded, eleven 11 (17.5%) young doctors [9 (14.29%) females ,2 (3.17%) males], successfully started their residency after FCPS part l examination, twenty-one 21 (33.3%) were waiting for their induction after passing their FCPS part l exam [13(20.63%) females, 8(12.70%) males], eight 8(12.70%) went for PLAB exam [5 (7.93%) females 3 (4.76%) males] and seven 7 (11.1%) attempted part l exam [5(7.93%) females ,3 (4.76%) males] but not declared successful. The other options perused by doctors for postgraduation were MCPS dermatology 1(0.8%), two years diploma radiology 1 (0.8%), M Phil biochemistry 1 (0.8%), exam of Australian medical council 1 (0.8%) and STEPs 1 (0.8%). There were eleven 11 (17.5%) doctors [5 (7.93%) females ,6 (9.52%) males] who didn’t appear in any exams. The top four favourite specialties preferred by graduates of Akhtar Saeed Medical college were medicine 19 (15.7%), surgery 10 (8.3%), gynecology 7 (5.8%) and anesthesia 3 (2.5%). The remaining were radiology 2 (1.7%), ENT 2 (1.7%), eye 1 (0.8%) and cardiology 1 (0.8%). Conclusion: It was an encouraging, reassuring and promising trend that young graduates from a private medical college pursue postgraduate qualification timely. Most students were females and majority preferred clinical over basic sciences for postgraduation. These young doctors should be guided and trained in those subjects which face shortfall in specialists. The data can help to find job opportunities in Pakistan to avoid brain drain. Keyword: Medical graduates, post-graduation, doctors.

Objective: To evaluate central macular thickness and choroidal thickness in patients with macular edema due to diabetic retinopathy versus controls. Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, from Jan to Jul 2018. Methodology: A retrospective data of 100 eyes from 50 patients having with diabetic macular edema associated with diabetic retinopathy was extracted from hospital registry. Additionally, 100 eyes of 50 individuals without any preexisting ocular conditions, comprising a control group was included in the study. Choroidal thickness measurements were made from the posterior edge of the retinal pigment epithelium to the choroid/sclera junction at subfoveal level using optical coherence tomography. Central macular thickness was also measured for all the enrolled patients. Results: One hundred patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in our study. The mean age was 56.27 ± 14.41 years. The mean Central macular thickness of all the patients were reported as 270.49 ± 72.38 μm, while the choroidal thickness was 284.89 ± 96.51 μm. There was statistically significant difference in central macular thickness between both healthy and diabetic retinopathy with diabetic macular edema groups (p=0.001), whereas insignificant difference existed between the two groups forchoroidal thickness (p=0.735). Conclusion: In patients with diabetic macular edema no significant change in choroidal thickness was observed compared with healthy controls, while the thickness of the retina was high in patients with macular edema due to diabetes.

Objective The aim: the analysis of the PD, pregnancy, the labor, the research on peculiarities of the development and health status of breast-fed children, who are born to mothers with PD, by means of analyzing the mother-child pair's nutritional status and mineral homeostasis. Patients and methods Materials and methods: At the 1 stage, an analysis of the PD frequency, the pregnancy, the labor was conducted during 5 years. At the 2 stage, 188 mother-child pairs were examined: 84.04% women had PD and 15.96% didn't have it. The research included the analysis of the anamnestic data, maternal nutritional status, general clinical study, assessment of the physical, psychomotor level of the child's development, study of the elemental profile. Results Results: High frequency of complications in pregnancy and labor was observed in cases when women had PD, due to the imbalance in the "mother-placenta-fetus" system. The results' analysis showed an increased level of Zn (1.437%), K (10.147%), and Ca (83.900%) in hair; an increased level of K (82.818%), Cr (0.274%), and Na (3.611%) in breast milk of women with PD. Children born to mothers with PD had a significantly increased level of Cr (0.92%), S (0.578%) and P (0.169%), Na (0.107%), Ca (56.041%), and Zn (7.149%). Conclusion Conclusions: PD has a negative impact on the pregnancy and labor and may be one of the factors causing the mineral imbalance of breast-fed infant.

Among human diseases, cancer has been in the frontlines of drug discovery and development. Despite having several decades of research efforts, therapeutic targeting of cancer is still challenging, which is due to the ability of cancer cells to adapt to the tumor microenvironment, exhibiting resistance to therapeutic drugs, and facilitated altered cancer metabolism. The small molecule inhibitors aimed at targeting a selective pathway are becoming void since cancer cells can activate alternate mechanisms. Despite broad acceptance of the Warburg effect, cellular energy metabolism, which determines the cell fate, is often overlooked for cancer treatment. We reported earlier that mitochondrial chaperone, TRAP-1 acts as a switch for activating the alternate cellular metabolism. Hence, we hypothesized that interfering with TRAP-1 inhibition can target the activation of alternative energy metabolism and sensitize tumor cells to existing chemotherapeutic drugs. We developed a nanocarrier where the iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) were conjugated to Hsp90 inhibitor, geldanamycin (GA), and the mitochondria localization signal (MLS) peptide. We examined its effect against mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic status of human tumor cells. The synthesized nanocarrier exhibited both stability and target-specific activity and did not show nanoparticle-associated cytotoxicity. However, the nanocarrier treated cancer cells exhibited altered mitochondrial morphology and decreased cellular ATP levels suggesting that selective TRAP-1 targeting interferes with the altered energy metabolism. We present a nanoparticle-based TRAP-1 inhibitor to target tumor metabolism.

Health care workers (HCWs) working in different health care facilities are exposed to many hazards, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence, pattern, and risk factors of occupational health hazards faced by 438 randomly selected HCWs from northern Saudi Arabia. The HCWs are commonly exposed to needle stick injuries (34.5%) under the biological hazards category, and work-related stress (69.6%) under the non-biological hazards categories. The significant associated factors were work setting (ref: Primary Health Center: Adjusted OR (AOR) = 2.81, 95%CI = 1.21–4.59, p = 0.017), smoking status (ref.: non-smoker: AOR = 1.73, 95%CI = 1.03–2.91, p = 0.039), and mean sleeping duration per day (AOR = 1.22, 95%CI = 1.04–1.43, p = 0.014) for biological, and smoking status (ref: non-smoker: AOR = 2.16, 95%CI = 1.09–3.29, p = 0.028), and mean sleeping duration per day (AOR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.07–1.70, p = 0.013) for non-biological categories. This study revealed several risk factors and occupational health hazards that HCWs are exposed to during their work time. Periodic training and follow-up assessments regarding bio-safety measures for the HCWs should be implemented. Finally, future explorative studies are warranted on the feasibility of implementing rotation-based postings for the HCWs in different health care settings.

The charcter of the infant,s diet has a significant impact on their mineral profile. It is known zinc,s levels can be changed during life: it increases physiologically in 3 month children in comparing with its birth rates and gradually decreases by the end of the first year of life. In the future, the tendency of reducing continues to a deficiency of this essential trace element in the elderly age. However, there is no data of changes of infat,s mineral profile that are depended on the level of physical development, type of feeding and characteristics or time introduction of complementary foods. All of the above determined the relevance of this research. Aim: to study dynamics of zinc levels indicators in infants, depending on the type of feeding, the characteristics of the complementary food,s introduction and the physical development. Materials and methods: 147 children aged from 5 months to 1 year were examined who received various types of feeding and various complementary foods, which were introduced at different times. The study was conducted in two stages: Stage 1 — at the age of 5 months; Stage 2 — at the age of 1 year. The children were divided into groups: Group I — 52 children who were breastfed and received supplements from 6 months of age; Group II — 17 children who were partially breastfed with an amount of breast milk less than 50% per day and received supplements from 5 months of life; Group III — 25 children who received partial breastfeeding with more than 50% of breast milk in the daily diet and supplements from 6 months of age; Group IV — 26 children who were bottle-fed and received supplements from 5 months of age; Group V — 24 children who were bottle-fed and received supplements from 6 months of age. Zinc levels were determined in the hair by spectrometry using the Elvax Light apparatus ( Elvatekh, Ukraine, 2008). Physical development was assessed according to the Order of the Ministry of Health No. 149 (20 March 2008) and the WHO recommendations (2018). According to the calculation of the average value and the correlation and regression analysis in the Excell 2007 program, a statistical analysis of the results obtained was carried out. The results of the studies indicate significant changes in the zinc level in children, depending on the type of feeding and the characteristics of the introduction of complementary foods. It was established that the level of Zn in children of the V group — 8.771%, IV group — 4.946%, I group — 3.1%, III group — 2.329%, while in children of the II group — 0.928%. When examined in 1 year of life, the zinc level in children of all groups increased significantly: in children of group V — 36.266%, group IV — 5.295%, group I — 40.524%, group III — 36.532%, and in group II — 5.553% (p

The role of bacterial and viral co-infection in the current COVID-19 pandemic remains elusive. The aim of this study was to describe the rates and features of co-infection on admission of COVID-19 patients, based on molecular and routine laboratory methods. A retrospective study of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients undergoing Biofire��, FilmArray�� Pneumonia Panel, bioM��rieux, and routine cultures during the first 3 days from admission, between June 2019 and March 2021. FilmArray tests were performed in 115 COVID-19 and in 61 non-COVID-19 patients. Most (>99%) COVID-19 patients had moderate-critical illness, 37% required mechanical ventilation. Sputa and endotracheal aspirates were the main samples analyzed. Positive FilmArray tests were found in 60% (70/116) of the tests amongst COVID-19 patients and 62.5% (40/64) amongst non-COVID-19 patients. All 70 cases were positive for bacterial targets, while one concomitant virus (Rhinovirus/Enterovirus) and one Legionella spp. were detected. The most common bacterial targets were Haemophilus influenzae (36%), Staphylococcus aureus (23%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10%) and Enterobacter cloacae (10%). Correlation between FilmArray and cultures was found in 81% and 44% of negative and positive FA tests, respectively. Positive FilmArray results typically (81%) triggered the administration of antibiotic therapy and negative results resulted in antimicrobials to be withheld in 56% of cases and stopped in 8%. Bacterial cultures of COVID-19 patients were positive in 30/88 (34%) of cases. Bacterial co-infection is common amongst moderate-critical COVID-19 patients on admission while viral and atypical bacteria were exceedingly rare. Positive FilmArray results could trigger potentially unnecessary antibiotic treatment.KEY POINTWe found high rates of on-admission bacterial co-infection amongst hospitalized moderate to severe COVID-19 patients. Molecular tests (Biofire, FilmArray) and routine microbiological tests revealed 60% and 34% bacterial co-infection, respectively, while viral and fungal co-infections were rare. We found high rates of on-admission bacterial co-infection amongst hospitalized moderate to severe COVID-19 patients. Molecular tests (Biofire, FilmArray) and routine microbiological tests revealed 60% and 34% bacterial co-infection, respectively, while viral and fungal co-infections were rare.

The aim: the analysis of the PD, pregnancy, the labor, the research on peculiarities of the development and health status of breast-fed children, who are born to mothers with PD, by means of analyzing the mother-child pair's nutritional status and mineral homeostasis.Materials and methods: At the 1 stage, an analysis of the PD frequency, the pregnancy, the labor was conducted during 5 years. At the 2 stage, 188 mother-child pairs were examined: 84.04% women had PD and 15.96% didn't have it. The research included the analysis of the anamnestic data, maternal nutritional status, general clinical study, assessment of the physical, psychomotor level of the child's development, study of the elemental profile.Results: High frequency of complications in pregnancy and labor was observed in cases when women had PD, due to the imbalance in the "mother-placenta-fetus" system. The results' analysis showed an increased level of Zn (1.437%), K (10.147%), and Ca (83.900%) in hair; an increased level of K (82.818%), Cr (0.274%), and Na (3.611%) in breast milk of women with PD. Children born to mothers with PD had a significantly increased level of Cr (0.92%), S (0.578%) and P (0.169%), Na (0.107%), Ca (56.041%), and Zn (7.149%).Conclusions: PD has a negative impact on the pregnancy and labor and may be one of the factors causing the mineral imbalance of breast-fed infant.

Retinoblastoma is the most common intra-ocular malignancy found in children in their infancy. Originating from the retinal cells, the disease has a significant association with mortality and morbidity. A case series study was conducted at the Lahore General Hospital eye department, from November 2016 to January 2018. Nineteen children having retinoblastoma in 19 eyes were included in the study. The retinoblastoma-affected eyes were classified according to the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB). Treatments assigned were based on the severity of the disease, monetary allowance and intervention availability. The treatment modalities employed were chemo-reduction, Ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (OAC), Intravitreal Melphalan, Cryotherapy and laser photocoagulation. To measure the outcome, the follow up period was between 6 to 12 months. The primary outcome measures among the majority of the patients were regres sion or obliteration of the tumour. Failure of treatments were also recorded which included progression of the malignancy requiring enucleation. This study concludes that the newer modalities such as OAC and Intravitreal Melphalan have shown promising results for tumour regression, leading to vision salvation, even at higher grades of ICRB.