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Toxicity of agricultural soil due to petroleum contamination has become a serious issue in recent times. Petrol oil exhibits toxic effects in agricultural crops due to the presence of various hazardous hydrocarbons. The degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon has been widely studied by the researchers that signify the requirement of effective treatments for the detoxification of petroleum contaminated soil and their reuse for growing crops. Hence, with this intention in the present study secondary metabolites “biosurfactant” (natural surfactant) along with the potent plant growth promoting (PGP) bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. SA3 was used in the designed treatments for growing agricultural crop. The biosurfactant produced by the strain has the emulsification capacity of 43% and surface tension reduction ability to 34.5 mN/m whereas the plant growth promoting traits demonstrates 93.46 µg/mL phosphate solubilisation ability, siderophores (iron chelating compound) production upto 69.41% units and 81.41 µg/mL indole acetic acid (IAA) production ability. Further, the results of the design treatments signifies that treatments amended with the strain SA3 and biosurfactant is effective in the management of petroleum contaminated soil indicating treatment EX 5 (1 kg soil + 1 L water + Pseudomonas sp. SA3 + 300 mL crude biosurfactant), as an efficient treatment in increment of phytochemical constituents and 10–15% enhancement in growth parameters as compared to negative control. Hence, the developed treatments can be efficaciously used for the management of petroleum contaminated soil for agronomy.

Keratinase production by Bacillus cereus IIPK35 was investigated under solid-state fermentation (SSF) and the maximum titer of 648.28 U/gds was revealed. Feather hydrolysates obtained from SSF exhibited paramount antioxidant properties in ABTS [2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid], FRAP [Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power], and DPPH [2,2,-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl] assay. The keratinase was purified up to homogeneity have a molecular weight of 42 kDa, and showed its stability between pH 6.5-10.0 and temperature 35-60 °C with optimum enzyme activity at pH 9.0 and 55 °C. The catalytic indices viz. Km of 9.8 mg/ml and Vmax of 307.7 μmol/min for keratin were determined. Besides keratin, the enzyme displayed broad and proteolytic activity towards other proteinaceous substrates such as casein, skim milk, gelatin, and bovine serum albumin. Pure keratinase activity was stimulated in presence of Ca

This paper presents a tightly coupled experimental and kinetic approach for efficient remediation of oil spill from contaminated marine intertidal zone surface through a methodical strategy that deals with biosurfactant mediated washing strategy. The study deals with production, optimization and characterization of lipopeptide biosurfactant from Bacillus subtilis T1 and its application in remediation of oil contaminants from mimic model system of various marine intertidal zone i.e. woodland-Group1, saltmarsh-Group2, mangrove-Group3 and mudflats-Group4. Results demonstrates enhanced washing performance with oil desorption rate of 35 % in Group 4, 17.22 %, 15.6 % and 11 % in Group 3, 2 and 1 along with bio surfactant recovery rate of 41 %, 48.7 %, 51.71 % and 50.3 % respectively. Further, the washing strategy was efficient in soil detoxification with highest rate in Group 4. The kinetic validation depicts good match among experimental data and Lagergren pseudo second order data.

Soil contamination due to petroleum oil has become significant ecological issue due to their toxicity. Thus, detoxification of petroleum-contaminated soil is of pressing concern. In this study, bench-scale bioslurry experiment was carried for remediation and detoxification of petroleum-contaminated soil. Potato peels powder was used as organic nutrient source in the slurry for biostimulation purpose, while biosurfactant producing Bacillus licheniformis strain J1 identified through molecular approach is used as inocula in the slurry treatment. The strain J1 has the capability to utilized petroleum as carbon source, but its efficiency increase in the presence of potato peels powder. Bioslurry phase experiment was categorized into four groups based on the treatment, such as B0 (soil + H2O), B1 (soil + petroleum oil + H2O), B2 (soil + petroleum oil + strain J1 + H2O), B3 (soil + petroleum oil + potato peels powder + strain J1 + H2O). After 90 days of treatment, the soils from each treatment were subjected to toxicity analysis using earth worm acute toxicity test and seed germination inhibition assay. The results suggest that in B1 treatment the toxicity effect on germination and seedling growth is highest, while decrease in effect was observed in case of B2 and B3 treatment. Results of earthworm acute toxicity test revealed that 30 ± 5% earthworm survival rates was reported in B1 treatment, whereas 71.6 ± 2.8 and 78.3 ± 2.8% was observed in B2 and B3 treatment, respectively. Hence, the result of the present study signifies that bioslurry phase treatment can be effectively and commercially used for detoxification petroleum-contaminated wastelands.

Petroleum oil and its product contain various toxic compounds that can be regarded as toxic for environment and health. Terrestrial ecosystems contaminated by petroleum industry waste are considered to be hazardous due to hydrocarbon toxicity. Oil-contaminated soil causes toxicity in microorganism, plants, and animals. Hence, various approaches (biological, chemical, and physical technologies) have been adopted for remediation petroleum-contaminated terrestrial environment. Biosurfactants are amphiphilic, heterogeneous metabolites secreted by microorganisms consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties, having the ability to manage petroleum oil and its product at various environmental conditions. They are highly degradable in soil and water and are low toxic in nature. Hence, the present chapter discusses details about biosurfactant and biosurfactant-producing bacteria and their role in management of petroleum-contaminated terrestrial ecosystem.

Control of drug-resistant bacteria with commercially available antibiotics is a challenging task for the medical practitioners. Since the last three decades, there is no new medicine that has been introduced in the market for commercial purposes. Hence, medical practitioners are highly thirsty for new and novel antibiotics, and they are impatiently waiting for that. In the meantime, they have adopted new alternatives for the control of drug-resistant pathogens. Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science and technology, and it has changed the attitude of medical researchers towards chemotherapeutics. Nanomaterials having remarkable properties; these properties make them highly reactive, since they are utilized for the control of infectious diseases. Herein, in this chapter we have illustrated different properties of nanomaterials and their application in the field of medicine.

Discovery of penicillin has replaced all the traditional chemotherapeutics and increased dependency on it for limiting infections. Dependency of medical world on the antibiotics has been traded off by drug-resistant bacteria. Emergence of drug-resistant bacteria is a consequence of abused medical practices, which led us toward the edge of pre-antibiotic era. Modern medicine is severely threatened by the multiple drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, due to limitations of potent new antibiotics. Although modern medicine has adopted many new alternatives, but they have not earned success like lifesaving antibiotics due to poor pharmacokinetics. Bacteriophage therapy has drawn the attention of researchers, due to their host specificity and self-replicating, effeciently economical, and eco-friendly properties. Infact, phage therapy was in use since the twentieth century, the discovery of antibiotic and lack of information about phage therapy pharmacokinetics caused a decline in the use of phage therapy. Herein, we have focused a torch of light on phage therapy.

Bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms against currently available antibiotics. They have acquired resistance by mutating and altering the target sites, gene transfer, or chemical structure of antibiotics, etc. Chemical alteration of antibiotic is facilitated with the help of enzymes. These enzymes can alter the structure of different classes of antibiotics without affecting the other metabolic functions of bacteria. Therefore, by using such chemical device, bacteria can cope up with currently available antibiotics and threatened the world with deadly disease. In this regard, current chapter will highlight different enzymes that are employed by bacteria to alter the properties of antibiotics.

Microbes are the dominating organism on earth; they have impacted the life of animals as well as on humans during the course of evolution. Humans have encounter with plethora of microbes in several ways. Consequently, microbes get familiarized themselves with a new host (human) and further shared their residence with the most complex and intelligent organism on earth. The desire of humans for a civilized life them on a battlefield. Herein, the complex and brainy organisms were defeated by tiny creatures many times. During this phase microbes acquired several traits which helped them in conquering the battle with humans, and adversely affacted thier life. After the incorporation of techniques, micrbial world could explored. Sophisticated instruments have revealed fine aspects of microbes and get familiarized that they as bad as good. There are sever epidemic and pandemics have been reported those threateded the humanity. Ancient medical history is an evidence of deadly pathogens and failure of controlling strategies. However, the modern era of antibiotic brought some hope for disease-free civilized life on this planet. In this chapter, the details of twenty-first-century antibiotics have been discussed.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the most severe cause of concern for the public health globally. Misuse and intermittent use of antibiotic are mainly responsible for the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria in developing countries. Further, the poor agricultural practices, consistent feed of antibiotics to livestock without prescription of medical practitioners, and environmental factors are also responsible for the emergence and dissemination of drug-resistant bacteria around the world. A big portion of commercially available antibiotics has been consumed by livestock every year, and the waste product of such antibiotics consumed by animals is responsible for contamination of agricultural and nonagricultural land. In the current chapter, we have tried to figure out these three major factors which are also responsible for the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Bacteria have acquired a variety of resistance mechanisms to tackle with the challenging environmental conditions. These resistance mechanisms can be intrinsic and extrinsic. Bacteria can respond immediately to the changing environmental conditions by acquiring characteristic traits, altering the functionality of genome, or acquiring competent genome from other species. In case of extrinsic resistance mechanism, bacteria acquire resistance gene from other bacteria which have already resistance for the harsh environmental conditions. In this chapter we have discussed about the horizontal gene transfer, mobile gene transfer, and recombination.

Microbes live on the Earth with supreme harmony with other organisms. They are essential for the life on earth; however they are also cause of severe ailment in animals and humans. Multiple drug-resistant bacteria are one of them. There are some pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that have evolved resistance against the last resort of drugs such as carbapenems and colistin, and now they have disseminated across Asia, Europe, and other continents. Indeed, there is no new drug currently available to challenge them. CRISPR (clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat) is a new emerging gene-editing molecular tool, which has been adopted by many biologists for editing of genome of prokaryote and eukaryotes. Now, it has been utilized to edit the antibiotic resistance gene from the bacteria. It is a precise gene-editing tool that can excise a specific gene from the DNA. CRISPR mechanism is one of the natural resistant mechanisms which is highly advanced, adaptive and provides immunity to bacteria against foreign genetic elements such as plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposons. Therefore, this abortive mechanism is engineered to utilized against the drug-resistant carrier genes.

Antibiotics are proven as the most significant therapeutics in medical history. Antibiotic rapidly wiped out the infectious pathogens. It was a milestone achievement in medical history. But very soon, such landmark discovery was tarnished by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. They came into limelight just after the discovery of antibiotic, though penicillin discovery is followed by the discovery of numerous antibiotics and various are under trials, while some has to be approved by the FDA. Nevertheless, it was a achievement for the medical practitioners. Herein, in this chapter we have tried to encapsulate such a big voyage from discovery of antibiotics to current scenario of medicine.

Microorganism can be able to sustain in any harsh conditions including abiotic and biotic (host’s body) environment. In this regard, bacteria were blessed with such dynamic and multifunctional cell wall structure. The cell wall of bacteria is essential for maintaining the integrity and also providing protection from the tough environmental conditions. Bacteria are differentiated into gram positive and gram negative on the basis of difference in their cell wall structure. Gram-positive bacteria have peptidoglycan, while gram-negative bacteria possess lipopolysaccharide in their cell wall. Most of detrimental chemicals are also not allowed to enter into the cell through such a protective layer of bacteria. Hence, such blissful structure of bacteria is ultimately responsible for their death, since it is the target of most of antibiotics. β-lactam class of antibiotics targets the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria to inhibit their growth, even though there are a range of antibiotics available to target the different parts of the cell of bacteria. In this chapter we have illustrated the various components of bacterial cell wall and their targeting antibiotics.

Drug-resistant bacteria are a major health concern globally. However, various classes of antibiotics are available in the market to market to control such drug-resistant superbugs. Nevertheless, these antibiotics are not able to challenged the superbugs; since the bacteria have evolved the resistance mechanisms against the currently available antibiotics. Hence, new antibiotics are urgently needed; however, synthesis of new antibiotic has been sternly declined in the last few decades. Since, limitation in the discovery of new antibiotics and rapid emerging rate of drug-resistant bacteria have diverted the attention of medical practitioners towards other alternatives such as phage therapy, nanomedicine, phage therapy combined with antibiotics and peptides, and others. Although these alternatives have successfully reduced microbial infections, but some of them have now customized themselves to escape from being attacked by such modern alternative approaches. Unfortunately, once again, obstinate deadly pathogens have vanquished clinicians. Recently, CRISPR technology has drawn the attention of researchers to address the problem of drug resistance. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is generally acquired by bacteria to protect them from foreign DNA such as plasmid and bacteriophage. It is a natural phenomenon, operated in bacteria, hence, nowadays medical researchers have utilized such precise genetic tool to resolve various hereditary issues in prokaryotes as well as in eukaryotes. It has been observed that CRISPR/Cas system can also edit the pathogenicity island as well as antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria.

Pre-antibiotic era was horribly threatened by deadly microbes. The therapeutic procedures were very painful at that time, and people had no option to get relief from infectious microbes. Fortunately, the field of medicine has been improved in the nineteenth century, and the occurrence of infectious diseases get limited. Apart from this, the discovery of antibiotic replaced the ancient medical practices and brought a hope of better life. Herein, in this chapter we have discussed about the history of medicine, discovery of antibiotics, and present scenario of medicine.

Environmental pollution due to heavy metals has become a significant drawback as a result of their ecotoxicity. Hence, their remediation is of pressing concern. Many technologies are planned for their remediation; however, most of them are highly expensive and result in incomplete removal of contaminants. So, massive attention has paid to the event and application of the latest biologically techniques, that is effective in remedy and cost, not harming the prevailing surroundings. Hence, application of biosurfactant in heavy metal remediation is one among the recent ecofriendly technique. The present review critically highlights bacterial biosurfactants as a best alternative technique for heavy metals remediation. The review also emphasizes that bacterial biosurfactants can open up a new vista in remediation of metal-contaminated soil.

History of metabolism originates with yeast making bread. In fact, study based on "Yeast" was so crucial in the development of the field of biochemistry that the word "enzyme" is derived from the Greek word meaning leavened (yeast). Yeast has always been a point of interest as a eukaryotic model system to demonstrate the metabolites and their function. In recent times their metabolites are widely studied to predict their role in various pathways. Many traditional and analytical techniques have been employed, but its study through metabolomics is of recent interest in research. The present review focuses on details about yeast metabolomics based on preliminary research on various analytical techniques along with computational approaches. The review also aimed to highlight machine learning and various inceptions of yeast metabolomics.

In future, biosurfactant-based cosmetics, foods, and medicine will provide a better, safe, and nontoxic biological product over the chemical products that are health hazard and induce ecotoxicity. Rhamnolipids posses various unique properties for which they are widely used in cosmetic, food, petrochemical, and biomedical industries. The industrial production and importance and various perspectives applications of rhamnolipids are discussed and presented in this chapter.

Quorum sensing (QS) is a phenomenon through which bacteria connects to the other bacterial population by cell to cell communication. This phenomenon conveys that a certain characteristics of bacteria gets expressed when they are organized together. In P. aeruginosa, various genes regulate the QS system for producing rhamnolipids. The present chapter discusses all about these quorum signaling mechanism in rhamnolipid production.

Petroleum is an important energy source around the globe. In petroleum industries, surfactants are employed as demulsifiers which are toxic compound that affects both aquatic and terrestrial environment. Hence, in search of eco-friendly and low-toxic surfactant, biosurfactant is reaping much attention in petrochemical industries. Thus, the present chapter discusses the advantages of biosurfactant in oil industry for extraction, transportation, and storage.

There are many reports that review the overall methods for isolation and detection of biosurfactant producer, but there are only a few reports for rhamnolipid producer. Therefore, the present chapter focuses on various techniques for isolation of rhamnolipid from biosurfactant producing bacterial strains and the methods for characterization of rhamnolipids homologs and congeners.

Nanoparticles are nanosized that can be produced in varying shapes. Various techniques are being employed nowadays for synthesis of nanoparticles but in most of the cases the synthesized nanoparticles agglomerate together while the ones synthesized through employing surfactants remain stable for longer time. The present chapter describes the role of rhamnolipid biosurfactant for synthesizing stabilized nanoparticles.

Occurrence of industrialization led to the discovery of many new synthetic compounds of use for humans. However, impulsive use of many of these compounds has contributed to adverse impacts on the life of the human beings and environment too. Of all the use chemicals toxicity of surfactant and its environmental impact is gaining interest. Thus, emphasis is being given to eco-friendly biosurfactants of biological origin. The present chapter introduces rhamnolipid biosurfactant as alternative of synthetic surfactant.

The application of chemical pesticides has resulted not only in environmental pollution but also has led to the risk of biomagnifications, besides increasing the cost for crop production and affecting the socioeconomic condition of the marginal farmers. Hence, there is always a search of green chemicals for sustainable agriculture. The present chapter highlights rhamnolipid as an alternative of biological agent for environment friendly agriculture and food preservation.

Presently, more concern is being paid towards compilation of various strategies and conditions for rhamnolipids biosurfactant production. The present chapter emphasizes the various strategies and conditions for biosurfactant production including rhamnolipids which are the major class of biosurfactants.

Genetic engineering is manipulation of selected organism’s genome by employing biotechnological tools. Pseudomonas aeruginosa are regarded as an efficient producer of rhamnolipid biosurfactant but due to their pathogenic nature much attention has been paid for rhamnolipid production from non-pathogenic strain. On this contrary, genentic engineering technology is widely explored for the large scale production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Hence, the present chapter ventures into molecular aspects of rhamnolipid production by microorganisms and possible role of genetic engineering in rhamnolipid production.

Overwhelming research reports on rhamnolipid biosurfactant in recent years indicates their successful application in oil industry, cosmetic preparations, food processing, and in environmental applications. Thus, wide application of rhamnolipids could favor better and encouraging future. The present chapter describes and highlights the point regarding the future prospective of rhamnolipids so depicts the future global market scenario of biosurfactant and rhamnolipid.

This study reports biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas azotoformans AJ15 under submerged fermentation via utilizing the agro-industrial wastes (bagasse and potato peels). The extracted biosurfactant was characterized for its classification (nature, group, and class) and stability against environmental stresses. Further, the biosurfactant was employed to explore its oil recovery efficiency from the sand matrix with 2000 ppm salt concentration. Results revealed that substrates developed by mixing both the agro-industrial wastes account for high yield of biosurfactant. The subsequent experimental studies demonstrated that the biosurfactant might belong to glycolipid group and rhamnolipid class. Moreover, the biosurfactant was stable at a high temperature of 90 °C and enable to persist its activity in the high salt concentration of 6% and varying pH. The biosurfactant was found to be effective in recovering up to 36.56% of trapped oil under saline condition.

In this study, biosurfactant production by Bacillus safensis J2 in submerged fermentation employing agro-industrial waste (bagasse) as a sole carbon source was examined. Biosurfactant produced was characterized to predict its properties and stability to various environmental stresses. Further, the strain and its extracted biosurfactant was used in oil recovery operation and in restoration of diesel contaminated soil. Findings suggest that bagasse of sugarcane may serve as an efficient substrate for cost-effective production of biosurfactant as 0.92 ± 0.06 g/L of biosurfactant by the strain was produced in 15 g bagasse. Stability studies indicate that properties of the biosurfactant were stable at various temperature and pH and have the efficiency to persist its emulsification activity at varying salt concentration. Oil recovery operation demonstrated that the biosurfactant is effective in recovering up to 46.5 % of the trapped oil from the sand pack column and acute earth worm toxicity test reveal that the soil treatment E5 (100 g soil + 10 g Bagasse + 250 ml distilled H 2 O + 10 ml diesel oil+ Strain J2+ 25 ml crude Biosurfactant) is effective in restoration and detoxification of diesel contaminated soil.

In the present study, sunlight irradiation induced strategy for the rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), is reported for the first time using glycolipid bio-surfactant. On exposing a mixture of silver nitrate solution and glycolipid bio-surfactant in the ratio 3:1 to sunlight, stable silver nanoparticles were obtained within few minutes. The glycolipid bio-surfactant acts as both reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized were characterized using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy and FTIR. Synthesized nanoparticles were in the range of 70-90 nm with spherical shape. The absorption spectroscopy indicates the band gap of silver nanoparticles was 3.4 eV. Further, the antibacterial activity assay of the synthesized nanoparticle exhibits as potential antibacterial agents. Hence, the present study demonstrates that biologically synthesized nanoparticle could be employed for developing antibacterial drug.

Moringa oleifera is commonly known for its medicinal and nutritional values throughout the world. The medicinal properties of Moringa seed, leaf and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. During the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants and their traditional use in different parts of India. The present review is a short up-to-date of the chemistry, nutritional value, pharmacology on Moringa oleifera.

Centella asiatica is commonly known for its medicinal and nutritional values throughout the world. The medicinal properties of Centella root, leaf and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. During the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants and their traditional use in different parts of India. In the present review the chemical composition, food and nutritional value, ethno medicinal and pharmacological activities of Centella asiatica have been discussed to provide collective information on its multi purpose commercial values..

One of the major problems, that the world is facing today due to rapid industrialization is environmental pollution caused by several factors, including heavy metals. Among the heavy metals, cadmium is a hazardous carcinogenic element. From contaminated soil, cadmium enters the plants through the roots and is accumulated in the harvestable (edible) parts, and thus gains entry into the food cycle. Phytoremediation plays a beneficial role in the remediation of cadmium contamination from soil, but becomes less effective with increasing toxicity. Even hyperaccumulator plants fail to perform under these conditions. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), inhabitants of the plant rhizosphere, play a supporting role and promote bioremediation of soil by accumulation or transformation of contaminants, thereby enhancing plant growth and development. This article focuses on cadmium contamination and PGPR-assisted phyto-remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils.

Soil contaminated by hydrocarbons, cannot be used for agricultural intents due to their toxic effect to the plants. Surfactants producing by plant growth promotory rhizobacteria (PGPR) can effectively rig the problem of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and growth promotion on such contaminated soils. In the present study three Pseudomonas strains isolated from contaminated soil identified by 16S rRNA analysis were ascertained for PGPR as well as biosurfactants property. Biosurfactants produced by the strains were further characterized and essayed for rhamnolipids. Inoculation of the strains in petrol hydrocarbon contaminated soil and its interaction with Withania somnifera in presence of petrol oil hydrocarbons depict that the strains helped in growth promotion of Withania somnifera in petrol oil contaminated soil while rhamnolipids helped in lowering the toxicity of petrol oil. The study was found to be beneficial as the growth and antioxidant activity of Withania sominfera was enhanced. Hence the present study signifies that rhamnolipids producing PGPR strains could be a better measure for reclamation of petrol contaminated sites for growing medicinal plants.

Oil spills may considerably damage the soil quality. Increased contamination of agricultural soil by different hydrocarbons due to increased extraction and refinement of hydrocarbon are a serious environmental hazard due to their persistence in nature for a long time. Scope of bioremediation strategies is limited due to poor hydrocarbon accessibility and their low solubility which can be overcome by use of rhamnolipids, a class of biosurfactants. In the present study, pseudomonas strains (RK 4 and RK 3) isolated from contaminated soil identified by 16S rRNA were ascertained for PGPR as well as biosurfactants (rhamnolipids) property and checked for the compatibility to form consortium. Inoculating the strains and consortium of both the strain in petrol hydrocarbon contaminated soil and its interaction with Withania somnifera in presence of petrol oil reveals that rhamnolipids property of the strains helped in lowering the impediment effect of petrol engine oil hydrocarbons and the growth promotory activities enhanced the growth and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera. Consortium of the both the strains showed positive results as compared to the individual strain and the interaction were found to be beneficial. The selected consortium of the strain could be further used for restoration of hydrocarbon contaminated soils for growing Withania sominfera.

Changes in climate are recognized as one of the major factors responsible for land degradation affecting sustained development. To ensure sustained development, conjunctive efforts based on a sound understanding of the various factors that bestow to land degradation around the world are required. Hence, it is more significant to verbalize climate, an inherent driver of land degradation instead of addressing the consequences of land degradation. The present review furnishes impact of climate change on land degradation.

Microorganism and microbiological research is one of the vital research areas in the field of scientific research. But intellectual property rights regarding microorganism and microbiological research is still assaying as compared to the other areas. The present review furnishes a brief overview of the scenario regarding intellectual property right with special emphasis on microorganism and microbiological research in developed and developing countries. Deluging overview demonstrates that intellectual property right on microorganism and microbiological research expects major amendment.