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This paper investigates the structure of situation models as revealed by the process of anaphor resolution. The situation model for a text combines the meanings of its individual sentences with inferences generated from prior knowledge into an overall understanding of the text. We conceptualize situation models as implemented by collections of traces in episodic long-term memory that are retrieved based on their similarity to cues in working memory. Traces encode both contextual (i.e., spatial and temporal) and semantic information, providing structure to situation models. Four predictions were derived regarding the retrieval of antecedent traces during anaphor resolution. Experiment 1 evaluated the contextual structure of situation models, finding evidence for temporal gradients but not spatial gradients. Experiment 2 evaluated their semantic structure, finding an interaction between (a) the semantic similarity of anaphors and antecedents and (b) the interference caused by non-antecedent referents. These findings have implications for the representation of space and time in situation models, the continuity of working memory and long-term memory, and the conceptualization of situation models.

During the 2008 global financial crisis, banks were receiving the blame. During this time they changed their message in an attempt to convince customers that they were different to “Banks”. In advertisements on television and in newspapers, they distanced themselves from other banks with slogans like “Barbara lives in Bank World, but we live in your world” (Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) 2010). National Australia Bank (NAB) ran a full page advertisement depicting a coffee stained “Dear John” letter, shown in Fig. 4, advising to the world that they had “broken up” with other banks. These banks used text and visuals to persuade customers that they were not like other “normal banks”, which had caused the collapse of economies, and that they were instead much more customer-focused. Banking is an example of a specific community of practice with its own epistemology and its own approach to addressing the needs of the general public. According to Halliday (1978) and Hodge and Kress (1988) the field of social semiotics addresses how messages are used and exchanged in specific social groups. Social semiotics emerged as a means of interpreting the social dimensions of meaning and the power of human processes of signification and interpretation in shaping individuals and societies. Social semiotic enquiry is a means for humans to make sense of their lives. Kress (2010, p. 54) believes that meaning arises in social environments and through social interaction. Banks use social practices to convey meanings to their customers within the social environment of banking. A variety of semiotic resources are used to “make signs in concrete situations” (Kress and Van Leeuwen 2001, p. preface). Van Leeuwen (2005) states that social semiotics is an approach that focuses on how people apply the use of semiotic resources in their own specific fields, and where they undertake specific social practices. Refereed/Peer-reviewed