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Neonatal jaundice refers to the yellow coloration of the skin and sclera of newborn babies that results from hyperbilirubinemia. About 50% of term and 80% of preterm babies develop jaundice in the first week of life. Jaundice is also a common cause of readmission to hospital after early discharge of newborn babies. Jaundice mainly develop due to two factors—the cessation of fetal hemoglobin as it is substituted with adult hemoglobin and the comparatively immature metabolic trails of the liver, which are incapable to conjugate and so expel bilirubin as quickly as an adult. This grounds an accretion of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia), causes the symptoms of jaundice. The typical results in an infant who has cholestasis are prolonged jaundice, scleral icterus, acholic stools, dark yellow urine, and hepatomegaly. Trying of diagnosis of children with jaundice must begin with the classification of serum bilirubin into total bilirubin and direct (or combined) bilirubin. Phototherapy is introduced based on risk influences in the nomogram and serum bilirubin levels. IV immunoglobulin is suggested for cumulative bilirubin levels from isoimmune hemolysis regardless of phototherapyand exchange transfusion is designated if there is a risk of neurologic dysfunction regardless beginning of phototherapy. This review aims to summarize current evidence regarding epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and management of neonatal cholestasis.

Background: Influenza virus and other respiratory viruses have been identified as an essential cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children worldwide. However, there are few data on its frequency and clinical presentation in Jordan. Objectives: We aimed to identify the viral etiology of acute respiratory infections and the various clinical presentations in hospitalized children, especially those with influenza viruses compared to other respiratory viruses. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the Jordan University Hospital. All the positive nasopharyngeal aspirates that were collected from hospitalized children aged 0-19 years from January 2017 to January 2019 were reviewed. Results: A total of 338 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) with positive viral serology results were reviewed. Among the patients younger than four years, the RSV virus was the most frequently detected. However, the Influenza B virus was the most commonly seen in patients older than 5 years, H1N1 was more frequent in autumn (29.5%), and RSV was the most frequent virus in winter. Bronchopneumonia was the most frequent diagnosis among all hospitalized patients, followed by bronchiolitis. Out of 338 patients, 50.3% had tachypnea, 70.7% of patients were admitted to the pediatric floor, while 18.6% presented with a severe illness and required admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Infants under the age of one were more likely to have higher co-infection rates with other viruses compared to children over five years that had influenza. Conclusion: Presentations of influenza and other respiratory viruses vary between different age groups, such as sepsis in children younger than one year.

Cadmium is a toxic metal prevalent in a variety of industrial effluents that is toxic to both humans and animals. This study utilizes nanochitosan, a polymer derived from crustacean shells, as an adsorbent for cadmium removal. The uptake capacity has been determined at 2.01 mmol/g and modelled by Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherms, with the Sips isotherm the most suitable model for the adsorbent. In order to minimise the amount of adsorbent used in a batch treatment process for the cadmium removal, a two-stage batch treatment has been proposed and optimised. A detailed evaluation is made of the consequences of utilizing a less suitable isotherm, and on the benefits of utilizing a two-stage system over a single stage. Both errors from incorrect isotherms and advantages of a two-stage system are most significant at low influent concentrations and high target removal efficiencies, relevant to environmental regulatory discharge limits.

Ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt is one of the most commonly used therapeutic methods for hydrocephalus. And the incidence across the world of VP shunt complications varies from 20% to 45%. One of the rare complications is the catheter perforation of the abdominal viscera and its extrusion through the anal cavity. For the first time in the literature, this report addresses the presentation of iatrogenic perforation of the colon while inserting the peritoneal catheter of VP shunt. Here, we present the case of a 15-year-old boy who is known to have cerebral palsy and congenital hydrocephalus with a VP shunt since birth. He presented to the ER with a history of headache and episodes of vomiting and was diagnosed with VP shunt dysfunction. The patient was taken for an emergency operation for shunt revision and a new shunt was placed. Then the next day he developed signs and symptoms of peritonitis with the distal part of the catheter protruding from the anal cavity, the patient was taken to the operating room for an exploratory laparotomy, the distal catheter was removed and replaced with external ventricular drainage, intra-operatively it was shown that the catheter was inserted directly into the colon causing bowel perforation, This report raises important questions about the nature of VP shunt bowel perforation and discusses management options.

Isotretinoin is one of the first-line medications for the treatment of acne. One of the reported side effects of isotretinoin is thrombocytopenia, in addition to other abnormalities such as incomplete blood count. However, reports on thrombocytosis associated with isotretinoin are controversial. The present report discusses the case of a patient with acne vulgaris who was treated with isotretinoin and consequently suffered from isotretinoin-induced thrombocytosis. A 20-year-old female patient was diagnosed with acne vulgaris and started treatment with systemic isotretinoin (20 mg once daily) for one month. A baseline complete blood count was performed, as well as another blood count after one month of medication administration. Platelet count was recorded at each visit. The baseline platelet count was within the normal range; however, it was found to be elevated after one month of treatment. Accordingly, the medication was discontinued, and the platelet count returned to normal levels after one month, as measured during the monthly visit. The patient also experienced seizure episodes during treatment, which did not cease with the treatment discontinuation. Although isotretinoin-induced thrombocytosis is considered a rare side-effect for isotretinoin, it should be routinely monitored in high-risk patients and those undergoing surgeries. Further prospective studies on isotretinoin-induced thrombocytosis need to be conducted to gain a deeper insight into the various aspects related to the condition.

Background Linagliptin is a Dipeptidyl Peptidase inhibitor (DPP-4i) with rare hypoglycaemic episodes and no need for renal adjustment. However, acute pancreatic is a major concern. Aims The current review aimed to assess the relationship between linagliptin and acute pancreatitis. Methods A systematic electronic search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, and the first hundred articles of Google Scholar for relevant articles. All human studies published during the period from 2006 to October 2019 were eligible. Studies on animals, experimental studies, and reviews were excluded. The search terms linagliptin, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and DPP-4i with protean AND or OR were used One hundred and thirty-two articles were retrieved and only six met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The author's name, country of origin, date of publication, type of study, number of patients, and the duration were reported. Results There were 132 studies (thirty-two in Pub Med and MEDLINE and the first hundred articles in Google Scholar), out of fourteen full texts reviewed, only six studies were eligible. Three were meta-analyses (showed no association of linagliptin with acute pancreatitis, a pooled analysis of 22 randomized controlled trials supported the above observation, while a recent randomized controlled trial concluded acute pancreatitis in 0.3 per cent in linagliptin arm vs. 0.1 per cent placebo of which 2/9 were fatal. The last study was a case report at a high risk of acute pancreatitis due to multiple gallstones and diuretics use. Conclusion Acute pancreatitis was not higher among linagliptin users. Physicians need to take the benefits of this weight and cardiovascular risk-neutral drug with no need for renal adjustment.

This study is based on the removal of cadmium from water by adsorption onto nanochitosan in order to reduce the impact of cadmium toxicity to humans and animals. The adsorption of cadmium onto this particular nanochitosan is a novel study assessed through equilibrium and kinetic experiments. It provides an effective method of cadmium removal to avoid cadmium health impacts described herein. The influence of different parameters on the effectiveness and efficiency of cadmium adsorption onto nanochitosan are presented by studying the effects of pH, initial cadmium concentration and the dosage of nanochitosan. Commonly used equilibrium models are described, and the discussion focuses on an analysis of different isotherm and kinetic models to determine the best fit model for predicting the cadmium–nanochitosan adsorption capacity. All models were studied for their statistical significance using two error methods; the Sum of Squared Error to the natural experimental data and the R2 method to the linearised experimental data. Since the R2 values were very close, the best fit is described according to the findings of the minimum Sum of Squared Error values. The capacity of nanochitosan was found to be 1.96 mmol Cd/g adsorbent. Most previous research studies propose a Langmuir equilibrium model for the adsorption of cadmium on chitosan and nanochitosan; however in the present study, three isotherms were tested; the best fit isotherm was the SIPS followed by the Langmuir, and the best fit kinetic model was the pseudo-second order followed by the Elovich model. The SIPS model indicates a multiple adsorption mechanism, a second-order chemisorption mechanism with two main complexation bonding methods, namely, a complex with one amine functional group and a second complexing type with two amine groups and two hydroxyl groups.

Anxiety disorders are veryIt is common and can present with a variety of signs and symptoms. We have reviewed the literature through most known databases for published medical papers; MedLine and PubMed for relevant articles that were published in English up to beginning of 2021. The condition has a high morbidity and mortality rate and is best managed by an inter-professional team consisting of a mental health nurse, pharmacist, psychologist, psychiatrist, and primary care provider. Many patients suffer from moderate to severe symptoms, resulting in a low quality of life. Most people are unaware that the condition can be treated. As a result, patient education is critical to improving outcomes.

One of the most important means of preserving the collective memory is the historical documentation of events, conflicts, facts, crises, and other issues related to the past. Since history and the events of which it consists is generally documented by those who possess the initiative, power, opportunity, and presence on the ground, a novel benefits from history being embedded in its literary project. Writers and literati have taken advantage of historical material in so far as it describes a variety of events, situations, and facts, all of which contribute to building a novel’s artistic dimension. The novel is a type of literature that possesses technical and aesthetic components that can be expandable, temporal, and phased, without affecting the structure through dislocation and sagging. Many writers have adopted historical material in composing their artistic work, and there are precise reasons why it can drive the creative path of the novelist. Ibrahim Nasrallah's “Time of White Horses” is the novel of fictional historical memory par excellence. From its first pages, a number of witnesses who have been uprooted from their homeland and lived in exile give vivid testimony of the details of their lives in Palestine. With a mastery of narration, Nasrallah succeeds in using history to preserve the collective memory and identity of the Palestinian Arab man.

Emirati poetry is considered the fruit of an Arabic environment that was drawn to formal Arabic poetry and colloquial poetry (or “folk poetry” as defined by critics). That was what was common within the Emirati people. The poets had an innate ability to express the thoughts of a person who lived and integrated with the land and peoples’ homes as found in the original Arabic poetry. The beginning of Emirates poetry was around the 1920s. During that time, several pioneer poets shined, including Mubarak Al Aqili, Salem Al Owais, Ahmed Al Mannai, Mubarak Al Nakhi, Muhammad Nour Saif, Ahmed Bin Salem, Khalfan Bin Musbah, and others, whose names survive, although their poetry did not. After the original poets, another group that came to be known as veterans. They followed the early pioneers, met them, and lived as they did. However, their influence and popularity sustained for longer. They witnessed the many political and sociological phases that the country went through. These veterans include Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi, Sultan Bin Ali Al Owais, and Hamad Bu shehab. They paved the way for a classical subordinate traditional phase, with its distinctive artistic features and characteristics. It included traditional column poetry with its unique artistic features that mixed traditional and modern culture through language, taste, and poetic sense. It retained a base in the values of Arabic poetry in its early stages. The Classical phase was followed by a Romantic stage, led by the poet Manee Saeed Al Otaiba. A period of Realism came after, which kept pace with Arab reality and its circumstances. One of the primary poets of this stage was Muhammad Sharif Al-Shaibani.

الإماراتي وليد بيئة وحاضرة عربية، أَلِفَتْ الشعر الفصيح والشعر النبطي )أو الشعر الشعبي كما يعرِّفه النقاد(، وهو الأمر الذي كان سائداً بين أبناء الإمارات في سليقة تعبَّرُ عن لسان إنسان عاش وامتزج بأديم الأرض والديار والمنازل كما في شعر العربي الأول. إنَّ هذه الدراسة تتبع الحراك الشعري في دولة الإمارات منذ بداياته ، التي كانت في العشرينات من القرن الفائت تقريباً، حين برز عدد من الشعراء الروَّاد، وهم: مبارك العقيلي، و سالم العويس، و أحمد المناعي، و مبارك الناخي، و محمد نور سيف، و أحمد بن سليم، و خلفان بن مصبح، و هناك آخرون وصلت أسماؤهم دون أشعارهم. وفي مرحلة لاحقة، جاء بعدهم فريق يمكن أن يطلق عليه اسم المخضرمين، عاصروا أولئك الروَّاد واجتمعوا بهم وعاشوا ظروفهم، ثم امتد بهم الزمن، و شهدوا انتقال البلاد من طور إلى طور من خلال الظروف المستجدة، من أمثال: صقر بن سلطان القاسمي، و سلطان بن علي العويس، وحمد بوشهاب. الذين مهدوا لمرحلة تقليدية اتباعية كلاسيكية، لها مميزاتها وسماتها الفنية البارزة، حيث العمود الشعري التقليدي، الذي اتسم بسمات فنية خاصة من خلال المزج بين الثقافة التقليدية و الحديثة في: اللغة، والذوق، و الحس الشعري، انطلاقاً من قيم الشعر العربي في مراحل ازدهاره. لقد تتبعت المراحل الشعرية منذ الكلاسيكية الشعرية ، و الرومانسية ، و الواقعية ، وصولاً إلى مرحلة الحداثة . إنَّ هذه الدراسة تشكل تصوراً عاماً و رؤية متسعة للحراك الشعري الإماراتي للشعر الفصيح ، و رسم ملمح عام للشكل الشعري في مراحله المختلفة بعيداً عن التفصيل والحشو . ولقد اعتمدت المنهج التاريخي الوصفي الذي يوضح إشكالية البحث. إنَّ الحاجة إلى هذا لبحث تتمثل من خلال وضع إطار عام للشعر الإماراتي الفصيح ، الذي لم يول عناية من قبل النقَّاد لأسباب مختلفة ، و هو السبب الذي حفز مسار هذا البحث. الكلمات السرية: الشعر الإماراتي، الأدب الحديث، الشعر الرومانسي، الشعر الواقعي, إن الحديث عن آداب الأمم و فنونها هو حديث عن مدى الحضور الإنساني الفكري والثقافي و الاجتماعي لهذه الأمم ، وما الشعر إلا أنموذجها الأهم إذا ما كان المقام في حضرة بادية عربية تقطن شبه الجزيرة العربية ، فالشعر هو ديوانهم و منفذهم القولي الأرحب والأصعب ، حين يقول أبو فراس الحمداني :و الشعر ديوان العرب أبداً ، و عنوان النسببه ينتسب ، و من خلاله يعرف و يذكر ، و من أبياته تعرف المنازل و الربوع ، و بين أروقته تدور الحكايا و المآثر و المفاخر و عصور من الشمم و الإباء. من هذه الحاضرة العربية الممتزجة بالأرض و التاريخ و العصور الممتدة، جاء الشعر الإماراتي المرتبط بالأرض و بتاريخها فكان الشعر الفصيح و الشعر النبطي ( أو الشعر الشعبي كما يعرفه النقاد ) ، و هو الذي كان سائداً بين أبناء الإماراتي ، فالشعر ينضح من بين جوانب الإنسان الإماراتي بين لسان فصيح و لهجة دارجة ، لا يوقفه مقام عن مقال ، هو يسترسل في قوله بسليقة تنساب انسياب الأغدرة في بطون البوادي و الوديان ، تعبِّر عن لسان إنسان عاش و امتزج بأديم هذه الأرض و هذه المنازل و الربوع والديار. إن الإطار العام للتطور الثقافي والحضاري في الإمارات ، مرتبط ارتباطاً وثيقاً بالتطور في منطقة الخليج والعالم العربي، فالخليج العربي يمثل بوابة كبرى للمنطقة العربية للانطلاق و الانفتاح على الثقافات الأخرى، الأسيوية منها و العالمية ، وهو الأمر الذي أسهم في النمو الثقافي الأدبي و الشعري في المنطقة بشكل عام و في دولة الإمارات العربية بشكل خاص ، حيث تطورت الحياة الثقافية بنشاط مؤسسات ثقافية متعددة ، و بتطور اهتمامات الإنسان ، و ألوان عطائه وتفاعله مع عطاء عصره ، مما أثر في نهضة الأدب الإماراتي الحديث وفي مقدمته الشعر. إن بدايات الشعر في الإمارات كانت في العشرينات من القرن الفائت تقريباً ، حين برز عدد من الشعراء الروَّاد ، وهم : مبارك العقيلي (1954)، و سالم العويس (1959) ، و أحمد المناعي (1990) ، و مبارك الناخي (1982)، و محمد نور سيف (1982) ، و أحمد بن سليم (1986) ، و خلفان بن مصبح (1946)، و هناك آخرون وصلت أسماؤهم دون أشعارهم.وفي مرحلة لاحقة ، جاء بعدهم فريق يمكن أن يطلق عليه اسم المخضرمين ، عاصروا أولئك الروَّاد واجتمعوا بهم وعاشوا ظروفهم ، ثم امتد بهم الزمن ، و شهدوا انتقال البلاد من طور إلى طور من خلال الظروف المستجدة ، من أمثال : صقر بن سلطان القاسمي (ولد 1926)، و سلطان بن علي العويس ( ولد 1936) ، وحمد بوشهاب (ولد 1036). الذين مهدوا لمرحلة تقليدية اتباعية كلاسيكية ، لها مميزاتها وسماتها الفنية البارزة. لقد تمازجت مع هذه المرحلة الاكلاسيكية مرحلة رومانسية ، حيث تغلغل للمفاهيم الوجدانية التجديدية بعيداً عن الحواجز الصارمة، إنها انتقال الروح ناحية ما يعبّر عنها ، و يقوم بحمل أثقالها الوجدانية ، فكان أن توجه العديد من شعراء الإمارات كما غيرهم من شعراء الخليج و الوطن العربي ناحية النزعة العاطفية، حيث التعبير عن الذات و الوجدان . وفي مقدمة شعراء الرومانسية ، جاء الشاعر الدكتور مانع سعيد العتيبة، الذي تربع على عرش الوجدان ، وغير من شعراء الإمارات .بينما جاءت مرحلة الواقعية المرتبطة بالمجتمع و الواقع العربي والعالمي تساوقاً مع الواقع و اندماج الشاعر بالواقع و همومه وقضاياه من مثل : الشاعر محمد شريف الشيباني (1930 ـ 1998م) وغيره من مجايليه من الشعراء .بينما جاء التجديد و التجريبي الحداثي في مرحلة لاحقة ل يضفي على النصوص هالة من التمازج مع التجربة العربية الحداثية و التجربة العالمية ، وهو الأمر الذي قام به العديد من شعراء الإمارات ؛ حيث التجديد في القالب الفني والصورة الفنية الموحية ، ولكنه يبقى لصيقاً بالمرحلة الرومانسية الوجدانية, Emirati poetry is considered the fruit of an Arabic environment that was drawn to formal Arabic poetry and colloquial poetry (or “folk poetry” as defined by critics). That was what was common within the Emirati people. The poets had an innate ability to express the thoughts of a person who lived and integrated with the land and peoples’ homes as found in the original Arabic poetry. The beginning of Emirates poetry was around the 1920s. During that time, several pioneer poets shined, including Mubarak Al Aqili, Salem Al Owais, Ahmed Al Mannai, Mubarak Al Nakhi, Muhammad Nour Saif, Ahmed Bin Salem, Khalfan Bin Musbah, and others, whose names survive, although their poetry did not. After the original poets, another group that came to be known as veterans. They followed the early pioneers, met them, and lived as they did. However, their influence and popularity sustained for longer. They witnessed the many political and sociological phases that the country went through. These veterans include Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi, Sultan Bin Ali Al Owais, and Hamad Bu shehab. They paved the way for a classical subordinate traditional phase, with its distinctive artistic features and characteristics. It included traditional column poetry with its unique artistic features that mixed traditional and modern culture through language, taste, and poetic sense. It retained a base in the values of Arabic poetry in its early stages. The Classical phase was followed by a Romantic stage, led by the poet Manee Saeed Al Otaiba. A period of Realism came after, which kept pace with Arab reality and its circumstances. One of the primary poets of this stage was Muhammad Sharif Al-Shaibani.