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Background: Siganidae is marine teleost family consists of a single extant genus, Siganus Forsskål, 1775, included 29 recognized species of rabbitfish. Aim: The main goal of this study was the use of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene as a potential molecular marker in the phylogenetic relationships study of some rabbitfishes species (Siganidae: Perciformes). Methods: The samples were gathered from the Red Sea. The sequences of four rabbitfishes (Siganus argenteus, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Siganus stellatus) were deposited into NCBI to gain the accession numbers (PP488874 - PP488877) and then analyzed with their related rabbitfishes depending on available sequence data of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Results: The results of 16S rRNA sequences illustrated that the average A+T values were greater than C+G. Conclusion: The low genetic distance between Siganus luridus and Siganus rivulatus indicated close linkage between them. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(8.000): 1936-1941]

Progress in digital technology innovation (DTI) and its adoption in socioeconomic spheres of life emphasizes the need to explore whether it contributes to sustainability. This study examined the significant role of DTI and other key factors in reducing emissions across 85 developed and developing economies. Pooled regression and Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimates showed that DTI significantly reduced air pollution. Moreover, green energy, governance, and economic-social performance are key contributors to air pollution reduction. These findings are insightful for informed environmental decision-making and open avenues for future research on how DTI interacts with other key environmental pollution factors.

This study aimed to identify the degree of contribution of mothers' treatment patterns to the emotional balance of kindergarten children and to achieve the objectives of the study; two scales were built: a questionnaire to measure mothers' treatment patterns and a questionnaire to measure the emotional balance of kindergarten children after ensuring their validity and reliability. The study sample consisted of 195 children aged 5-6 who were selected from the private kindergartens of the Naour Brigade in Amman Governorate in Jordan. After using arithmetic means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis, the results of the study reached the following: (1) The most common treatment pattern for mothers was the democratic one; (2) The level of emotional balance among kindergarten children was average; (3) The results showed a positive, statistically significant correlation at the significance level ([alpha] = 0.05) between the total score of the emotional balance scale for kindergarten children and the democratic treatment pattern of mothers; (4) The results revealed a statistically significant negative correlation at the significance level ([alpha] = 0.05) between the total score of the emotional balance scale for kindergarten children and the two types of mothers' authoritarian and abusive treatment; (5) The regression analysis results revealed that the patterns of mothers' treatment contribute to the emotional balance of kindergarten children by 34.2%; and (6) The patterns of mothers' treatment contributed in varying proportions to the emotional balance of kindergarten children, the highest of which was the authoritarian pattern, then the neglectful pattern, and finally the democratic pattern.

Abstract Remote sensing image object detection is widely used in civil and military fields. The important task is to detect objects such as ships, planes, airports, harbours and so on, and then it can obtain object category and position information. It is of great significance to use remote sensing images to observe the densely arranged and directional targets such as cars and ships parked in parking lots and harbours. The object detection task mainly includes object localization and classification. Remote sensing images contain large number of small objects and dense scenes due to the long shooting distance and wide coverage. Small objects occupy few pixels in the image, and they are easily miss‐detected. In dense scenes, the overlapping part of each object is large, so it is easy to detect objects repeatedly. The traditional small object detection methods deliver low accuracy and take long time. Therefore, object detection is very challenging. We put forward a novel deep learning‐based single shot multibox detector (SSD) model for object detection. First, we propose an improved inception network to optimize SSD to strengthen the small object feature extraction ability (FEA) in the shallow network. Second, the feature pyramid network is modified to enhance the fusion effect. Third, the deep feature fusion module is designed to improve the FEA of the deep network. Finally, the extracted image features are matched with candidate boxes with different aspect ratios to perform object detection and location with different scales. Experiments on DOTA show that the proposed algorithm can adapt to the remote sensing object detection in different backgrounds, and effectively improve the detection effect of remote sensing objects in complex scenes.

Dunia A Alzahrani,1 Khulud A Alsulami,1 Fatemah M Alsulaihem,1 Abrar A Bakr,1 Rayan Y Booq,2 Ahmed J Alfahad,3 Alhassan H Aodah,1 Samar A Alsudir,4 Amany A Fathaddin,5,6 Essam J Alyamani,2 Aliyah A Almomen,7 Essam A Tawfik1 1Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Technologies Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia; 2Wellness and Preventative Medicine Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia; 3Waste Management and Recycling Technologies Institute, Sustainability and Environment Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia; 4Bioengineering Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia; 6King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Essam A Tawfik, Email etawfik@kacst.gov.saIntroduction: Diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with foot ulcers, which pose significant health risks and complications. Impaired wound healing in diabetic patients is attributed to multiple factors, including hyperglycemia, neuropathy, chronic inflammation, oxidative damage, and decreased vascularization.Rationale: To address these challenges, this project aims to develop bioactive, fast-dissolving nanofiber dressings composed of polyvinylpyrrolidone loaded with a combination of an antibiotic (moxifloxacin or fusidic acid) and anti-inflammatory drug (pirfenidone) using electrospinning technique to prevent the bacterial growth, reduce inflammation, and expedite wound healing in diabetic wounds.Results: The fabricated drug-loaded fibers exhibited diameters of 443 ± 67 nm for moxifloxacin/pirfenidone nanofibers and 488 ± 92 nm for fusidic acid/pirfenidone nanofibers. The encapsulation efficiency, drug loading and drug release studies for the moxifloxacin/pirfenidone nanofibers were found to be 70 ± 3% and 20 ± 1 μg/mg, respectively, for moxifloxacin, and 96 ± 6% and 28 ± 2 μg/mg, respectively, for pirfenidone, with a complete release of both drugs within 24 hours, whereas the fusidic acid/pirfenidone nanofibers were found to be 95 ± 6% and 28 ± 2 μg/mg, respectively, for fusidic acid and 102 ± 5% and 30 ± 2 μg/mg, respectively, for pirfenidone, with a release rate of 66% for fusidic acid and 80%, for pirfenidone after 24 hours. The efficacy of the prepared nanofiber formulations in accelerating wound healing was evaluated using an induced diabetic rat model. All tested formulations showed an earlier complete closure of the wound compared to the controls, which was also supported by the histopathological assessment. Notably, the combination of fusidic acid and pirfenidone nanofibers demonstrated wound healing acceleration on day 8, earlier than all tested groups.Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential of the drug-loaded nanofibrous system as a promising medicated wound dressing for diabetic foot applications.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic foot ulcers, nanofibers, electrospinning, drug delivery, wound healing, moxifloxacin, fusidic acid, pirfenidone

Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis To assess the efficacy of 0.23% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) nasal rinses and mouth washes on detectability of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus and cycle threshold (Ct) values in nasopharyngeal swabs. Study design This was an open-label, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Setting The study was conducted in King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from August 2021 to July 2022. Methods Participants diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 were randomly assigned to one of three groups, with participants receiving either 0.23% PVP-I, 0.9% normal saline (NS) nasal rinses and mouth washes, or no intervention (control group). Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken 4, 8, 12, and 18 days after the first swab to measure the detectability of the virus and the Ct. Results A total of 19 participants were involved in this study. The mean viral survival was 9.8, 12, and 12.6 days for the PVP-I, NS, and control groups, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.046). The Ct mean values were 23 ± 3.4, 23.5 ± 6.3, and 26.3 ± 5.9 at the time of recruitment and 25.2 ± 3.5, 15 ± 11.7, and 26.9 ± 6.4 after 4 days for the PVP-I, NS, and control groups, respectively. Conclusions When used continuously at a concentration of 0.23%, PVP-I showed promising results in terms of decreasing the pandemic burden by reducing the period of infectiousness and viral load. However, the use of PVP-I did not result in significantly different changes in the quality-of-life parameters in recently vaccinated and mild COVID-19 patients.

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with gut dysbiosis. To investigate the association between gut microbiota and T2DM in a Saudi Arabian population. Methods: We conducted a comparative analysis of fecal microbiota from 35 individuals, including both T2DM patients and healthy controls. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to characterize the microbial community structure. Results: Our findings revealed significant differences in microbial composition between the two groups. The T2DM group exhibited a higher abundance of Firmicutes and lower levels of Bacteroidetes compared to the healthy control group. At the genus level, T2DM patients showed a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria such as Bacteroides and Akkermansia, while an increase in Ruminococcus and Prevotella was observed. Additionally, the T2DM group had a higher abundance of Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter, and Lachnospiraceae, along with a lower abundance of Bacteroides. Conclusions: These results suggest that alterations in gut microbiota composition may contribute to the development of T2DM in the Saudi Arabian population. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate these findings and explore potential therapeutic interventions targeting the gut microbiome.

Nanotechnological methods for creating multifunctional fabrics are attracting global interest. The incorporation of nanoparticles in the field of textiles enables the creation of multifunctional textiles exhibiting UV irradiation protection, antimicrobial properties, self-cleaning properties and photocatalytic. Nanomaterials-loaded textiles have many innovative applications in pharmaceuticals, sports, military the textile industry etc. This study details the biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous mycelial-free filtrate of Aspergillus flavus. The formation of AgNPs was indicated by a brown color in the extracellular filtrate and confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy with a peak at 426 nm. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) is used to optimize the physicochemical parameters affecting AgNPs biosynthesis. The desirability function was employed to theoretically predict the optimal conditions for the biosynthesis of AgNPs, which were subsequently experimentally validated. Through the desirability function, the optimal conditions for the maximum predicted value for the biosynthesized AgNPs (235.72 µg/mL) have been identified as follows: incubation time (58.12 h), initial pH (7.99), AgNO3 concentration (4.84 mM/mL), and temperature (34.84 °C). Under these conditions, the highest experimental value of AgNPs biosynthesis was 247.53 µg/mL. Model validation confirmed the great accuracy of the model predictions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed spherical AgNPs measuring 8.93–19.11 nm, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Zeta potential analysis indicated a positive surface charge (+1.69 mV), implying good stability. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystalline nature, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified elemental silver (49.61%). FTIR findings indicate the presence of phenols, proteins, alkanes, alkenes, aliphatic and aromatic amines, and alkyl groups which play significant roles in the reduction, capping, and stabilization of AgNPs. Cotton fabrics embedded with AgNPs biosynthesized using the aqueous mycelial-free filtrate of Aspergillus flavus showed strong antimicrobial activity. The disc diffusion method revealed inhibition zones of 15, 12, and 17 mm against E. coli (Gram-negative), S. aureus (Gram-positive), and C. albicans (yeast), respectively. These fabrics have potential applications in protective clothing, packaging, and medical care. In silico modeling suggested that the predicted compound derived from AgNPs on cotton fabric could inhibit Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and Lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase (L-14α-DM), with binding energies of −4.7 and −5.2 Kcal/mol, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis and sensitizer prediction indicated that this compound merits further investigation.

This study investigated the biosynthesis, statistical optimization, characterization, and biocontrol activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by newly isolated Trichoderma sp. The Trichoderma asperellum strain TA-3N was identified based on the ITS gene sequence, together with its phenotypic characteristics (GenBank accession number: OM321439). The color change from light yellow to brown after the incubation period indicates AgNPs biosynthesis. The UV spectrum revealed a single peak with the maximum absorption at 453 nm, indicating that T. asperellum produces AgNPs effectively. A Rotatable Central Composite Design (RCCD) was used to optimize the biosynthesis of AgNPs using the aqueous mycelial-free filtrate of T. asperellum. The optimal conditions for maximum AgNPs biosynthesis (156.02 µg/mL) were predicted theoretically using the desirability function tool and verified experimentally. The highest biosynthetic produced AgNPs by T. asperellum reached 160.3 µg/mL using AgNO3 concentration of 2 mM/mL, initial pH level of 6, incubation time of 60 h, and biomass weight of 6 g/100 mL water. SEM and TEM imaging revealed uniform spherical shape particles that varied in size between 8.17 and 17.74 nm. The synthesized AgNPs have a Zeta potential value of −9.51 mV. FTIR analysis provided insights into the surface composition of AgNPs, identifying various functional groups such as N–H, -OH, C-H, C=O, and the amide I bond in proteins. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays demonstrated that AgNPs in combination with T. asperellum can mitigate the toxic effects of Fusarium oxysporum on barley. This intervention markedly enhanced cell division rates and decreased chromosomal irregularities. The results indicate that AgNPs synthesized by T. asperellum show the potential as an eco-friendly and efficient method for controlling plant diseases. Further studies are necessary to investigate their possible use in the agricultural sector.

The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of an educational program based on images and graphics in developing some spatial and temporal concepts among kindergarten children. The researchers used the semi-experimental approach, and the sample of the study, chosen randomly, consisted of (50) children and distributed among the two study groups (25) groups. Experimental and (25) control groups. The researchers prepared the study tools represented by the educational program and a test that measures temporal and spatial concepts after confirming their validity and stability. The results of the study showed statistically significant differences between the members of the two groups in favor of the experimental group, and the study recommended including this program in kindergarten curricula.

This paper analyzes the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), economic growth, and institutional quality to maintain sustainable energy efficiency in BRICS. The objective of our study is to decompose which elements collectively impact the uptake of sustainable energy practices. A comprehensive dataset and an advanced econometric model Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are employed to investigate the dynamics at play. It has been done through comprehensive research to understand these FDI mechanisms driving the sustainable energy transition, bringing forth the fundamental role of strong institutions and sustained growth. In contrast to existing models, the analysis incorporates institutional quality, providing a fresh perspective on the impact of this factor on FDI and economic development in the BRICS economies. Findings show the crucial position FDI holds in developing sustainable energy and the institutional structure's effectiveness in accomplishing the current objectives. We have kept the position of economic growth, which serves as the essential driver for environmentally friendly use of energy resources. Our results have shown that FDI in sustainable energy is a requisite for economic growth improvement and the need for such progress to be supported by effective institutions to facilitate intra-regional investments.

The degradation of the environment in China is accelerating along with economic expansion. Adoption of renewable energy technologies (RETs) is crucial for reducing the adverse impacts of economic growth on the environment and fostering sustainable development. This study attempts to identify the green innovation drivers and sub-drivers that affect the adoption of RETs in China and provide solutions for boosting their implementation. The study prioritized the drivers, sub-drivers, and strategies of green innovation by combining the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) methods. In the study, the triple bottom line (TBL) approach has been used to determine the economic, societal, and environmental driving forces. The study also suggests strategies for encouraging the use of RETs. The results of the AHP method revealed that economics is the most crucial driver, with a weight of 0.376, followed by environmental (0.332), and social (0.291) drivers. The findings of the SAW method indicated that government green innovation initiatives, consumer initiatives, and industry initiatives are the most significant strategies for deploying RETs in China. This study has important theoretical and practical ramifications for encouraging China to adopt RETs. The suggested approaches can help researchers, business professionals, and policymakers promote sustainable development in China.

This study explored the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the extracellular filtrate of Fusarium oxysporum as a reducing agent and evaluated their antitumor potential through in vitro and in silico approaches. The biosynthesis of AgNPs was monitored by visual observation of the color change and confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, revealing a characteristic peak at 418 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed spherical nanoparticles ranging from 6.53 to 21.84 nm in size, with stable colloidal behavior and a negative zeta potential of −15.5 mV. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirmed the crystalline nature of the AgNPs, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) indicated the presence of elemental silver at 34.35%. A face-centered central composite design (FCCD) was employed to optimize the biosynthesis process, yielding a maximum AgNPs yield of 96.77 µg/mL under the optimized conditions. The antitumor efficacy of AgNPs against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines was assessed, with IC50 values of 35.4 µg/mL and 7.6 µg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking revealed interactions between Ag metal and key amino acids of BCL-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) and FGF19 (fibroblast growth factor 19), consistent with in vitro data. These findings highlight the potential of biologically derived AgNPs as promising therapeutic agents for cancer treatment and demonstrate the utility of these methods for understanding the reaction mechanisms and optimizing nanomaterial synthesis.

Abstract The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in low- and middle-income countries, as well as, high-income countries has increased over the last two decades. The acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear test is easy to perform and cost-effective with a quick turnaround time but the test has low sensitivity. Culture remains the gold standard for detecting TB; however, it has low sensitivity and slow bacterial growth patterns, as it may take up to 6 to 8 weeks to grow. Therefore, a rapid detection tool is crucial for the early initiation of treatment and ensuring an improved therapeutic outcome. Here, the Xpert Ultra system was developed as a nucleic acid amplification technique to accelerate the detection of MTB in paucibacillary clinical samples and endorsed by the World Health Organization. From March 2020 to August 2021, Xpert Ultra was evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity against EPTB and compared with those of the routinely used Xpert, culture, and AFB tests in 845 clinical samples in Saudi Arabia. The results indicate the overall sensitivity and specificity of Xpert Ultra to be 91% and 95%, respectively, compared with the Xpert (82% and 99%, respectively) and AFB smear (18% and 100%, respectively) tests. The results also indicated that despite the low microbial loads that were categorized as trace, very low, or low on Xpert Ultra, yet, complete detection was achieved with some sample types (i.e., 100% detection). Consequently, Xpert Ultra has great potential to replace conventional diagnostic approaches as a standard detection method for EPTB.

Background: Escherichia coli is a common cause of biofilm-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs). Biofilm formation in E. coli is responsible for various indwelling medical device-associated infections, including catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). This study aimed to reduce biofilm formation of E. coli ATCC 25922 by knocking out genes involved in quorum sensing (QS) (luxS) and adhesion (fimH and bolA) using the CRISPR/Cas9-HDR approach. Method: Single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed to target luxS, fimH and bolA genes. Donor DNA for homologous recombination was constructed to provide accurate repairs of double-strand breaks (DSBs). A biofilm quantification assay (crystal violet assay) was performed to quantify the biofilm formation of mutant and wild-type strains. Morphological changes in biofilm architecture were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further application of the biofilm formation of mutant and wild-type strains on urinary catheter was tested. Results: Crystal violet assay showed that the biofilm formation of ΔfimH, ΔluxS, and ΔbolA strains was significantly reduced compared to the wild-type strain (P value

A novel approach known as seed priming has been developed to improve seed germination and, ultimately, increase growth and yield. For high-value crops like pomegranates (Punica granatum) in high-altitude regions like the Taif area, affordable, sustainable, and efficient seed treatments are yet to be discovered. In this study, we employed a green synthesis method using pomegranate peel and coffee ground extracts to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at a concentration of 80 mg/mL. These AgNPs were then utilized to prime pomegranate seeds for 24 h. Furthermore, a chemical reduction method using trisodium citrate was used for comparison. The adsorption of NPs was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), while their incorporation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We further validated our EM results with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). According to the findings of this study, AgNPs were observed to be present within seeds even after undergoing storage during priming. There is a possibility that the results obtained could potentially contribute to maintaining the quality of crops in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner.

Salvia guaranitica is considered one of the most significant medicinal and aromatic herbs in terms of nutritional and medical benefits due to its wealth of important active components. Among these compounds, terpenoids are the most prominent and abundant, particularly monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), and diterpenes (C20). They are biologically advantageous to plants and perform a multitude of functions. The current study aimed to clone the S. guaranitica gene that encodes for geranyllinalool synthases (SgGES, EC: 4.2.3.144), with consideration for these features. The open reading frame of the 867-amino-acid protein encoded by SgGES consists of 2.721 base pairs. In addition, the SgGES protein has five domains that belong to the terpene synthase family, which are related to the terpene and terpenoid synthase domains. We manipulated and overexpressed the SgGES gene in Nicotiana tabacum to explore its function. When compared to the GUS control, the transgenic N. tabacum plants displayed an increase in leaf production and diameter when compared with the wild-type plants. Finally, analysis of transgenic plants using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that SgGES is responsible for producing various terpene species, especially diterpenes.

Situation awareness (SA) describes an individual’s understanding of their surroundings and actions in the near future based on the individual’s comprehension and understanding of the surrounding inputs. SA measurements can be applied to improve system performance or human effectiveness in many fields of study, including driving. However, in some scenarios drivers might need to drive in unfamiliar traffic regulations (UFTRs), where the traffic rules and vehicle configurations are a bit different from what the drivers are used to under familiar traffic regulations. Such driving conditions require drivers to adapt their attention, knowledge, and reactions to safely reach the destination. This ability is influenced by the degree of handedness. In such tasks, mixed-/left-handed people show better performance than strong right-handed people. This paper aims to explore the influence of the degree of handedness on SA when driving under UFTRs. We analyzed the SA of two groups of drivers: strong right-handed drivers and mixed-/left-handed drivers. Both groups were not familiar with driving in keep-left traffic regulations. Using a driving simulator, all participants drove in a simulated keep-left traffic system. The participants’ SA was measured using a subjective assessment, named the Participant Situation Awareness Questionnaire PSAQ, and performance-based assessment. The results of the study indicate that mixed-/left-handed participants had significantly higher SA than strong right-handed participants when measured by performance-based assessment. Also, in the subjective assessment, mixed-/left-handed participants had significantly higher PSAQ performance scores than strong right-handed participants. The findings of this study suggest that advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), which show improvement in road safety, should adapt the system functionality based on the driver’s degree of handedness when driving under UFTRs.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) has been increasingly recognized in children. An 11-year-old Saudi boy presented with prodromal symptoms of fever and headache followed by behavioral changes, cognitive impairment, and focal seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed pleocytosis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities involving the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes. Electroencephalography revealed diffuse encephalopathy and electrographic seizures. AE was suspected; intravenous methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin were administered. Autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 were detected in his serum and CSF and against Sry-like high- mobility group box 1 in his serum only. The patient was diagnosed with seropositive AE and favorably responded to intensive immunosuppressive therapy.

Most countries start to implement Smart Cities as an innovation for urban strategy. However, not all Smart Cities implementations worked and were implemented well, because the community still not ready for the implementation of Smart City. The aim of this research is to investigate community readiness and finding low impact factors for implementing smart cities based on 5 factors, namely AU, PEOU, ATU, BIU, and PU. This research was using a qualitative study with the Technology Acceptance Model approach (TAM) to investigate the relationship between 5 factors. Based on the results of data distribution, there are 2 clusters, namely people who know about public service applications and people who are not aware of any public service applications. Furthermore, there are 3 tests conducted in this research namely T-test, F-test and Coefficient Determination Test to determine the impact and influence of the relationship between each factor. However, from the results of the t-test it was found that there were 2 relationships that had no impact because the t-count was negative and the 2 relationships between these factors were between PU - AU and AU - PU.

This observational descriptive study that was carried out with the objective of exploring the contribution of the local pharmaceutical industry to the Saudi drug security. Using a drug formulary provided from the Saudi Food and Drug Authority, containing all registered pharmaceutical products available in Saudi Arabia, we extracted information about drug class, drug type, country and place of manufacturing, shelf-life and price. Results showed that the majority of drugs in the market are manufactured in Europe (43.86%), followed by Saudi Arabia (22.55%), China and India (20.47%), Americas (10.24%), and other nations (2.61%). Most of the manufactured drugs were prescription drugs (90.62%). In this work, the local pharmaceutical industry with the highest percentage of contribution to local drug security was Pharmaceutical Solution Industries (PSI), representing the 5% of the items available in the Saudi market. The second highest percentage was 4% by TABUK Pharmaceutical Manufacturing CO., followed by SPIMACO (3%), JAMJOOM pharmaceutical company (2%), Riyadh pharma (2%), and Jazeera pharmaceutical industries (2%). In addition, results from this study provide information about the most essential pharmaceutical products that needs to be nationally manufactured or increased in production in order to rise the contribution of local pharmaceutical industries in Saudi drug security. Unfortunately, the small contribution of the Saudi pharmaceutical industry in local drug security increases the burden on the Kingdom's annual budget due to the over-reliance on international pharmaceuticals.

Abstract Background In recent years, there has been great interest in the dietary practices of vegetarians in addition to an increasing awareness of the potential benefits of vegetarian diets. However, there are insufficient data on the spread of vegetarianism in Arab countries. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge and attitudes about vegetarianism and associated factors in the Saudi population and to understand the reasons for its growing prevalence. Method This is a cross-sectional study began in May 2020 and ended in September 2020. Researchers distributed the questionnaire electronically through social media. Data were collected electronically and exported to Excel by the researchers .The electronic questionnaire comprised three sections: sociodemographic questions, reasons for following a vegetarian diet, and beliefs and knowledge about vegetarianism. Results There were 3,035 responses, of which 80.2% of respondents were female and 19.8% were male. Participant were aged 18–65. Vegetarians represented 37.5% (15.7% semivegetarians, 8.1% pescovegetarians, 64.3% lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 11.3% vegans), and the rest were nonvegetarians. The majority of the vegetarian participants (92.9%) had a low vegetarianism knowledge level. Health issues, followed by ethical and environmental concerns, were the most common motivators for adopting a vegetarian diet; these reasons were cited by 72.5%, 59.3%, and 47.9% of participants, respectively. Factors associated with increased vegetarianism were engaging in exercise for half an hour to two hours, while factors associated with decreased vegetarianism were male, aged 51–64 years, being married, having a higher education, working in the health sector, being a housewife, and having an income between 5,000 and 10,000 SR/month. Conclusion Vegetarianism appears to be a growing phenomenon among the Saudi population. Increased awareness of health issues and the desire to live a healthy lifestyle might be the strongest motives. This study offers an opportunity to better understand vegetarianism in Saudi Arabia along with the possibility of expanding vegetarian food choices for the general public.

Abstract Physical and chemical changes in the natural of water may affect biological organisms. In this study, we highlight the effect of magnetized-water and microwave-water on rats’ liver tissues. Three groups of albino rats were separated. The first, rats were administered tap-water. The second, rats were administered magnetized-water. The third, rats were administered microwave-water. After two months, the results revealed a significant increase in liver functioning enzymes’ levels and bilirubin in rats administered microwave-water, compared to tap- and magnetic-water. In relation to oxidative stress, there was a significant increase and decrease in oxidative and antioxidant parameters respectively in liver tissues of rat's administrated microwave-water. At the molecular level, there was a significant down-regulation in Metallothionein, CYP genes in magnetic-water compared to tap-water. Rats administered microwave-water have shown a significant down-regulation in GST, Metallothionein and CYP genes’ expression, however, Amylase and HDAC3 genes were significantly up-regulated, compared to the other groups. The intake of microwave-water resulted in notable histopathological changes in liver tissues. Rats administered magnetic-water showed no clear changes in their liver tissues. In summary, microwave-water induced stress and epigenetic effects compared with magnetic-water and tap-water. Also, magnetic-water produced from the higher magnetic power had no side effect on liver tissues.