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To elucidate the effect of Alzheimer's disease on the structure of circumvallate papilla taste buds and the possible role of exosomes on the taste buds in Alzheimer's disease.Forty two ovariectomized female adult albino rats were utilized and divided into: Group I: received vehicle. Group II: received aluminum chloride to induce Alzheimer's disease. Group III: after the induction of Alzheimer's disease, each rat received single dose of exosomes then left for 4 weeks. The circumvallate papillae were prepared for examination by light and transmission electron microscope.histomorphometric data were statistically analyzed.Histological examination of circumvallate papilla in Group I showed normal histological features. Group II revealed distorted features. Group III illustrated nearly normal histological features of circumvallate. Silver impregnation results showed apparently great number of heavily impregnated glossopharyngeal nerve fibers in both Groups IIII but markedly decreased in Group II. Synaptophysin-immunoreactivity was strong in Group I, mild in Group II and moderate in Group III. The ultra-structural examination of taste bud cells revealed normal features in Group I, distorted features in Group II and almost normal features in Group III. Statistically highest mean of Synaptophysin-immunoreactivity area% was for Group I, followed by Group III, and the least value was for Group II.Alzheimer's disease has degenerative effects. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC)-derived exosomes have the ability to improve the destructive changes induced by Alzheimer's disease.

Background Gingival overgrowth (GO) is usually associated with multiple factors including immunosuppressive agents as cyclosporine (CsA) and Tacrolimus (TAC), and hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF). Objective To compare the expression of TGF-β1, PDGF, TIMP-1 and MMP-9 at the molecular and cellular levels in patients receiving (CsA or TAC) and patients manifested (HGF), to cast some light on the pathogenic mechanism potentially involved in the collagen (COL) turnover of both conditions. Subjects and methods: Gingival tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing therapy with CsA (n = 6), TAC (n = 6), HGF (n = 3) as well as control tissues from systemically healthy control (n = 6). Tissue sections were immune-stained by labeled streptavidin-biotin (DAB) technique, using monoclonal antibodies against TGF-β1, PDGF-β, TIMP-1 and MMP-9. Results: comparison of type of expression among the studied groups, showed significant diffuse expression of TGF-β1 and PDGF-β in group I and II with P value = 0.58 and 0.38 respectively. The expression of MMP-9 was significantly diffuse in TAC or CsA group when compared to HGF group with P value = 0.38, mean while there was a significant diffuse expression of TIMP-1 in HGF group when compared to TAC or CsA group with P value = 0.38. Conclusions In conclusion the biological mechanisms behind the drug induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) and HGF is targeting COL turnover but in different ways. Also, this may explain the need for periodic surgical correction of the gingival form and architecture in HGF cases, unlike the DIGO which can be overcame by replacement of CsA by TAC with improvement of oral health.

Objective To elucidate the effect of Alzheimer’s disease on the structure of circumvallate papilla taste buds and the possible role of exosomes on the taste buds in Alzheimer’s disease. Design Forty two ovariectomized female adult albino rats were utilized and divided into: Group I: received vehicle. Group II: received aluminum chloride to induce Alzheimer’s disease. Group III: after the induction of Alzheimer’s disease, each rat received single dose of exosomes then left for 4 weeks. The circumvallate papillae were prepared for examination by light and transmission electron microscope. Statistical analysis: histomorphometric data were statistically analyzed. Results Histological examination of circumvallate papilla in Group I showed normal histological features. Group II revealed distorted features. Group III illustrated nearly normal histological features of circumvallate. Silver impregnation results showed apparently great number of heavily impregnated glossopharyngeal nerve fibers in both Groups I & III but markedly decreased in Group II. Synaptophysin-immunoreactivity was strong in Group I, mild in Group II and moderate in Group III. The ultra-structural examination of taste bud cells revealed normal features in Group I, distorted features in Group II and almost normal features in Group III. Statistically highest mean of Synaptophysin-immunoreactivity area% was for Group I, followed by Group III, and the least value was for Group II. Conclusions Alzheimer’s disease has degenerative effects. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC)-derived exosomes have the ability to improve the destructive changes induced by Alzheimer’s disease.

Adipose tissue is now recognized as an accessible, abundant, and reliable site for the isolation of adult stem cells suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.Oral ulcers were induced by topical application of formocresol in the oral cavity of dogs. Transplantation of undifferentiated GFP-labeled Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell (BMSCs), Adipose Derived Stem Cell (ADSCs) or vehicle (saline) was injected around the ulcer in each group. The healing process of the ulcer was monitored clinically and histopathologically. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected in MSCs by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Expression of VEGF and collagen genes was detected in biopsies from all ulcers.MSCs expressed mRNA for VEGF MSCs transplantation significantly accelerated oral ulcer healing compared with controls. There was increased expression of both collagen and VEGF genes in MSCs-treated ulcers compared to controls.MSCs transplantation may help to accelerate oral ulcer healing, possibly through the induction of angiogenesis by VEGF together with increased intracellular matrix formation as detected by increased collagen gene expression. This body of work has provided evidence supporting clinical applications of adipose-derived cells in safety and efficacy trials as an alternative for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in oral ulcer healing.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to report the effect of equine demineralized bone matrix (DBM) on the healing of oral cystic cavities following enucleation using clinical parameters. Study design: Twelve patients aged from 20 to 40 years and suffering from cystic lesion in the jaw were included in this study. Cystic cavity augmentation with DBM was performed on 6 patients. After an average of 6 months’ healing period, a core bone was obtained and stained for histologic analysis simultaneously with implant placement. Results: Uneventful healing and spontaneous filling of the residual cavities was obtained in all cases. All implants showed favorable Osseointegration, and final restorations were completed without failure in all cases. Histologically, new bone formation was active around grafted bone, and grafted bone was well integrated to the newly formed bone matrix. In histomorphometric analysis, vital bone volume was 25.2 ±11.9%. Conclusion: The equine DBM is clinically useful for the increase of bone volume in cystic cavities after enucleation, because of its favorable effect of new bone formation and it is considered to be a safe, simple, reliable, acceptable, and easy handling bone grafting material.

Background and objectives Autogenous bone grafts is considered to be the best choice for reconstructive surgery. Adipose Derived Stromal Cells (ASCs) represents a promising tool for new clinical concepts in supporting cellular therapy. The goal of our study was to investigate bone regeneration following application of autologous ASCs with or without Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) at dehiscence-type defects in alveolar bone in dogs. Methods and results Standardized buccal dehiscence defects (4× 3×3 mm) were surgically created in eighteen dogs, the defects were grafted with either ASCs -PRP, ASCs alone, or without grafting material. Three months later; a bone core was harvested from grafted and non grafted sites for histological, histochemical and histomorphometric assessment. There was no evidence of inflammation or adverse tissue reaction with either treatment. Defects grafted with ASCs-PRP showed a significantly higher result (p≤ 0.05), with a mean area % of spongy bone and compact bone of (64.96±5.37 and 837.62±24.95), compared to ASCs alone (47.65±1.43 and 661.92±12.65) and without grafting (33.55± 1.74 and 290.85±7.27) respectively. The area % of lamellated bone increased significantly reaching its highest level in group A followed by group B. Also a significant increase in area % of neutral mucopolysaccharides and calcified reactivity of Masson|s Trichrome stain in groups A and B compared to group C was obtained. Conclusions Our results suggest that, the addition of PRP to ASCs enhances bone formation after 3 months and may be clinically effective in accelerating postsurgical healing in both periodontal and maxillofacial surgical applications.

Background and Objectives Adipose tissue is now recognized as an accessible, abundant, and reliable site for the isolation of adult stem cells suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.