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In Colombia an internal armed conflict has been waged for more than sixty years with flagrant violations of Human Rights. Simultaneously, negotiation processes have been developed to end it, by leading to exercises of transitional justice and reintegration of ex-combatants that, in turn, make the protection of victims' rights possible. These processes have not been free of important tensions with social sectors, which have opposed attempts at dialogue which, in the framework of the negotiation between the Colombian State and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, People's Army (FARC-EP), have given rise to the configuration of psychosocial barriers to peace-building and reconciliation. This study aims to understand the perceptions of psychosocial barriers, social beliefs, and collective emotional orientations to reintegration and reconciliation of demobilized people in Colombia. A qualitative research with a hermeneutic design and an in-depth interview was implemented. Five demobilized people (2 women and 3 men) from paramilitary and guerrilla groups participated. It was found that demobilized people perceived psychosocial barriers (PSB) in a structural manner in social, institutional, labor, financial, and reparation processes. Beliefs and emotions as barriers to peace are presented as obstacles to the generation of new perspectives, which allow the resolution of the conflict and, therefore, the establishment of a culture of peace and reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An isolate of Enterobacter sp. was obtained from the microbial community within the gut of the Anopheles gambiae mosquito, a major malaria vector in Africa. This genome was sequenced and annotated. The genome sequences will facilitate subsequent efforts to characterize the mosquito gut microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Delivery of monomeric Amphotericin B (AmB), i.e. deaggregated AmB, has been a major tactic in the reduction of renal toxicity at a membrane level, taking advantage of the selectivity of monomeric AmB for binding ergosterol over cholesterol., Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) and renal toxicity of monomeric AmB in rats following a multiple dose regimen., Method: AmB existed primarily in a monomeric state in poly(ethylene glycol)- block -poly(N-hexyl stearate L-aspartamide) (PEG- b -PHSA) micelles (mAmB) at 2:1 ratio (mol:mol), whereas AmB as its standard formulation, Fungizone ® , was highly self-aggregated based on absorption spectroscopy., Results: After single intravenous injection, mAmB significantly (p < 0.001) increased the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) and reduced the volume of distribution (V d ) and total systemic clearance (CL) relative to Fungizone ® . After daily intravenous injections at dose of 1.0 mg/kg for 7 days, PK parameters of mAmB and Fungizone ® were similar to day 1. The treatment of Fungizone ® also significantly (p < 0.05) increased levels of urinary enzymes, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) by 3.1- and 3.0 fold, respectively, whereas levels of NAG and KIM-1 were unchanged for mAmB, consistent with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of excised kidneys., Conclusion: In summary, mAmB has less renal toxicity than AmB as Fungizone ® in rats after a multiple dose regimen, validating the aggregation state hypothesis of AmB in vivo ., Competing Interests: The author(s) confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.