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Background Thyroid hormones (THs) have important effects on many organ systems, including the hippocampus, by modulating gene transcription. Therefore, deviations from the normal reference range of this hormone cause vital changes. However, it is not well understood how these hormones affect the expression of genes involved in the Akt1/Gsk3ß signaling pathway in hippocampus tissue. The study investigated the changes in gene expression in eight genes related to neurodegeneration in the hippocampus tissue of rats with TH disorder (Gsk3ß-mRNA, Cdk5-mRNA, Akt1-mRNA, Mapt-mRNA P35 [Anxa]-mRNA, Capn1-mRNA, Bace1-mRNA, and Psen2-mRNA). Methods Twenty-two male rats were split into three groups as control, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. Propylthiouracil was given in drinking water for 21 days to induce hypothyroidism. L-thyroxine was administered for 21 days to induce hyperthyroidism. The levels of genes in the hippocampus were measured with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. Results While free thyroxine (fT4) levels in blood plasma were found to be lower in the hypothyroidism group than in the control group, fT4 levels in blood plasma were found to be higher in the hyperthyroidism group. The mRNA expression levels of Cdk5, Mapt, P35, Akt1, Psen2, and Bace1 genes evaluated in hippocampus tissue showed significant differences between the groups. Conclusion THs are essential for the expression of certain genes, and these genes need to be expressed within a certain range for the body to function properly. Changes in hormone levels can partially change the expression of Akt1/Gsk3ß-mRNA, which is also associated with learning and memory.

Introduction: Inflammation is one of the factors involved in the occurrence and progression of acute kidney injury (AKI). We evaluated the relationship between preoperative systemic inflammatory markers and early postoperative AKI development in pediatric liver transplantation (LT) patients. Methods: Data from 190 pediatric patients were retrospectively analyzed. The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) levels were calculated. AKI was classified according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes staging. Patients who did not develop AKI in the early postoperative period were classified as group 0, patients with stage 1 AKI were classified as group 1, and patients with stage 2-3 AKI were classified as group 2. The relationship between the inflammatory parameters and AKI was evaluated. Results: AKI developed in 20% of patients, and 16.31% of these patients had severe AKI. The NLR, SII, and PIV values were significantly higher in patients with severe AKI (p

Background: In our research, we examined how the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus of hypothyroid rats afects the mRNA levels of several proteins involved with neurodegeneration, including Gsk3, Cdk5, Akt1, Mapt, P35 (Anxa), Capn1, Bace1, and Psen2. Methods: Wistar-albino rats, consisting of 12 males, were used in the research, and they were separated into 2 groups: control (n=6) and hypothyroidism (n=6). To induce hypothyroidism, propylthiouracil was added to drinking water at a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day. The test stimulus intensity was calculated, basal recordings were acquired, and LTP was induced by administering 100 Hz high-frequency stimulation (HFS) for 1 second with a 5-minute delay when the rats were aged 60 days. The population spike (PS) amplitude and excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slope were measured in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the mRNA levels of neurodegenerative genes were assessed in induced hippocampal tissues after the LTP protocol. The free T4 levels in plasma were measured using a plate reader with the commercial ELISA kit. Results: Following HFS, LTP was solely induced in the EPSP slope and PS amplitude in the control group. The impaired LTP response of the hypothyroidism group was accompanied by an increase in Akt1-mRNA expression and a decrease in Gsk3ß expression, whereas the value genes’ mRNA expression levels did not difer significantly from those of the control group. Conclusion: The hypothyroidism-related LTP impairment could be caused by a reduction in PI3K/AKT signaling. Further investigation of this path is required to elucidate the pathophysiology of impaired synaptic plasticity in hypothyroidism.

In the present study, emotional intelligence and academic listening skill levels of pre-service teachers and the correlations between these variables were determined. Furthermore, the emotional intelligence levels and academic listening competencies of pre-service teachers were also investigated based on the variables of gender, department, and the preference of the department of study. The study group included 361 freshmen pre-service teachers attending the Faculty of Education and the study was conducted with survey method, a quantitative research method. The study data were collected with the "Academic Listening Skill Competency Scale" and "Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale". In the study, the regression analysis was conducted to determine the causality between emotional intelligence scores and academic listening skill scores revealed significant findings. The study findings demonstrated that "Total Emotional Intelligence" scores of the students reflected above average emotional intelligence levels. It was determined that the academic listening skill competency scores of the pre-service teachers were above average in both scale sub-dimensions and the total scale score. The results of regression analysis showed that the causality between Total Emotional Intelligence and Total Academic Listening Skills was significant.

Tevhid risâleleri, Allah’ın varlığı, birliği, tek ve eşsiz oluşunu anlatmayı gaye edinen eserlerden olup dinî literatürde önemli bir yere sahiptir. İslâm ilim geleneğinde özellikle kelam ve tasavvuf alanında pek çok tevhid risâlesi yazılmıştır. Bunlardan biri de tasavvuf edebiyatı alanında örnek teşkil edebilecek, Şeyh Ahmed İlâhî’nin yazdığı Risâle-i Tevhidiyye adlı eserdir. Kaynaklarda aslen Buharalı olduğu belirtilen Ahmed İlâhî, Anadolu’ya Fatih Sultan Mehmed döneminde geldiği (15. yüzyıl), önce Bursa’da Yoğurtlu Baba Dergâhı civarında bir cami ve dergâh yaptırdığı daha sonra Fatih Sultan Mehmet’le görüşmek için İstanbul’a gittiği bilinmektedir. İstanbul’da Ayasofya Camii’nde vahdet-i vücûdla ilgili vaazı ile dikkatleri üzerine toplayan Molla İlâhî, geçen zaman diliminde Fatih’in isteği üzerine bazı tasavvuf eserlerini tercüme ve şerh etmiştir. Makaleye konu olan Risâle-i Tevhidiyye, Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in talebi üzerine yazılan eserlerden biridir. Bu çalışmada, Risâle-i Tevhidiyye’nin Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi Kemal Edip Koleksiyonu, numara 56, 305b-306b varaklarında yer alan, bilinen tek nüshası ele alınmaktadır. Risalenin mihverini Farsça bir beyit oluşturmaktadır. Tevhidle ilgili bu beyit, âyetlerden iktibasla izah edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle müellifin kısa biyografisine ve eserlerine yer verilmektedir. Ardından Risâle-i Tevhidiyye, günümüz Türkçesine çevrilmektedir. Eserin fiziksel özellikleri; şekil ve muhteva bakımından değerlendirilmek suretiyle, eserde yer alan sembolik ve veciz ifadeler, tasavvufî ve edebî anlamlar literatürdeki muhtelif kaynaklardan istifa edilmek suretiyle genişletilmiştir. Ayrıca araştırmanın ek kısmında, Risâle-i Tevhidiyye’nin tıpkıbasımına, risâle sonunda bulunan şiirlere ve tercümesine yer verilmiştir. Öte yandan Ahmed İlâhî'nin de eserlerinde çağdaşı Abdullah-ı İlâhî gibi “Molla İlâhî” mahlasını taşıması, bazı eserlerinin Abdullah-ı İlâhî'ye atfedilmesine neden olmuştur. Bu yüzden isim benzerliğinden dolayı gerek yaşam öyküsü gerekse eserlerin aidiyeti noktasında ortaya çıkabilecek muhtemel karışıklığa dikkat edilmelidir. Tüm bu hususları göz önüne aldığımızda, bu makalenin, biyografisi ve eserleri hakkında son derece az ve sınırlı bilgi bulunan Ahmed İlâhî ve onun tevhid yaklaşımı hakkındaki mevcut boşlukların en azından bir kısmını dolduracağına inanıyoruz.

Academic writing intends to enunciate research findings in a certain discipline within the scientific world. The contents of the Turkish Language II course, offered in the spring semesters of the teacher training programs in education faculties, are based on academic writing skills education. The present study aims to determine the effects of Edmodo assisted academic writing education on student achievement. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest and post-test control group was used for the quantitative part of the present study, which employed a mixed research design. In the qualitative part, student opinions on Edmodo assisted education were retreived via a semistructured interview form. The study group consisted of 108 students, 54 in the experimental and 54 in the control group, who were enrolled in the spring semester of the 2018-2019 academic year in the Guidance and Psychological Counseling Program of a state university. The quantitative data was analyzed via SPSS and descriptive analysis was used to interpret qualitative data. The findings of the quantitative analysis indicated that the experimental group had higher academic writing achievement compared to the control group. The qualitative findings also revealed that students considered Edmodo assisted academic writing education useful.

1945-1990 arası milliyetçilik çalışmaları içerisinde değerlendirilen modernist milliyetçilik, sömürge sonrası bağımsızlığını ilan eden devletlerde modernleşmenin etkisiyle ortaya çıkmakta ve milletlerin ‘verili’ olmadığını vurgulamaktadır. Milleti inşa edilmiş bir sosyal olgu olarak ele alan modernist milliyetçiler, millet kurma sürecini geleneksel toplumdan modern topluma geçişte bir ara dönem olarak ele alıp, milliyetçiliği işlevselleştirmektedir. Buradan hareketle çalışmada modern, seküler, Batı yanlısı milliyetçiliğe dayanan birinci dalga Fars milliyetçiliği, modernist milliyetçilik kapsamında ele alınmakta ve I.Pehlevi (1925-1941) dönemi değerlendirilerek analiz edilmeye çalışılmaktadır.

Aim:Imbalances in plasma thyroid hormone levels cause changes in synaptic response, resulting in impairments in learning and memory. It is not well understood how the excess of these hormones (T3 and T4 hormones), which modulate gene transcription, affects gene expression after high-frequency stimulation (HFS). Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to investigate the transcriptional changes accompanying long-term potentiation (LTP) in genes related to neurodegeneration in rats with hyperthyroidism.Materials and Methods: 12 male Wistar-albino rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into two groups as control and hyperthyroidism groups. To induce hyperthyroidism, L-tyroxine was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 400 μg/kg/day for 21 days, starting on the 39th day. To investigate LTP, when rats were 60-day-old, LTP was induced by giving HFS at 100 Hz for 1 second at 5-minute intervals after 15 minutes of basal recording to the perforating pathway and the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slope and population spike (PS) amplitude were recorded in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. The mRNA levels of genes related to neurodegeneration in stimulated hippocampus were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method.Results:After HFS, LTP was induced in the control group at the EPSP slope, while LTP was not induced in the hyperthyroid group. However, LTP was induced at the PS amplitude in both groups. In hyperthyroid rats, Gsk3β, P35(Anxa) Calpn1 and Bace1, Psen2-mRNA levels were not significantly different compared to the control group, while Akt1, Cdk5 and Mapt-mRNA levels were found to be increased significantly compared to the control group (p

The objective of the present study is to reveal the effect of the activity-based oral presentation course on the speech anxiety of Guidance and Psychological Counselling Department students. In the quantitative study conducted with a single group pre-test-post-test model, the data were collected with 'Speech Anxiety Scale for Pre-Service Teachers.' Based on the analysis conducted on the sub-dimensions of the above-mentioned scale, it was determined that students' post-test psychological state scores (x-bar = 3.976) were higher than pre-test psychological state scores (x-bar = 3.527), post-test physiological symptoms scores (x-bar = 4.034) were higher than pre-test physiological symptoms scores (x-bar = 3.791), post-test anxiety scores (x-bar = 3.744) were higher than pre-test anxiety scores (x-bar = 3.323) and post-test speech anxiety scores (x-bar = 3.957) were higher than pre-test speech anxiety scores (x-bar = 3.569). Based on this determination, several recommendations were made for the oral expression course.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of Facebook use on writing achievement, writing attitude, writing anxiety and writing self-efficacy of the students in the written expression course. In the study, pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design with study and control groups was used. The experimental group included 96 students attending Psychological Counseling and Guidance Department in the Faculty of Education in a state university located in western Turkey during 2017-2018 academic year fall semester. In the study, the written expression course was instructed with written homework assignments in the control group and by sharing the written assignments on Facebook in the experimental group. The study findings demonstrated that Facebook use produced better results in terms of writing achievements and attitudes when compared to the conventional method, however the impact was not significant in terms of writing self-efficacy and writing anxiety.

Language instruction is conducted by utilizing the data provided by contemporary educational sciences and based on the fact that learning is both a cognitive and affective process. Instruction of reading skills, one of the four basic language skills in Turkish as a foreign language instruction, is a complex process that range from the introduction of sounds to the reading comprehension process. During this education, in addition to cognitive training of learners, reading anxiety, which is considered as an affective dimension of reading, can also be considered as a factor that affect the reading process. The present study was conducted with the interview technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods. A focus group interview was conducted with six Turkish instructors as a foreign language and eight students learning Turkish as a foreign language using the developed semi-structured interview form. In the study, the sources of reading anxiety in learning Turkish as a foreign language were determined as "tonal attributes and pronunciation," "language levels (Course levels A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2)," "the fact that Turkish is an agglutinative language," "properties of reading texts," "unknown words" "unknown topics," "culture" and "fear of making mistakes."

The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of the activity-based oral expression course on the speech self-efficacy of psychological counseling and guidance students. The study group included 80 freshmen students in the Psychological Counseling and Guidance Department in the Faculty of Education of a university located in western Turkey. Quantitative data were collected with the "Speech Self-Efficacy Scale" developed by Katranci and Melanlioglu (2013). Qualitative data were obtained with the descriptive and content analysis of student views. It was found that the difference between the group averages obtained with the paired group t-test that was conducted on the measurement variable of the mean student speech self-efficacy scores was statistically significant (t (158) = -3.335; p = 0.001 <0.05). The posttest speech self-efficacy scores (x-bar = 96.025) were higher than the pretest speech self-efficacy scores (x-bar = 89.213). Based on the qualitative research the results of the present research demonstrated that students considered the activity-based oral expression course beneficial for all sources of self-efficacy beliefs, including direct experiences, indirect experiences, verbal persuasion and emotional state.

The aim of the present study is to examine the writing disposition of convicts and prisoners in Silivri Penal Institution Compound who study at Open Education Secondary School based on various variables. In the present study, "Writing Disposition Scale" that includes 21 5-point Likert type items, developed by Piazza and Siebert (2008) and adapted to Turkish by Iseri and Ünal (2010), was used as the data collection tool. To conduct the study in survey model, approval of the Ministry of Justice General Directorate of Penal Institutions and Detention Houses Office of Adult Education was obtained and the scale was applied to a total of 350 students who were inmates at Silivri Penal Institutions nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and Silivri Open Penal Institution. The data collected in the study, namely the writing dispositions of convicts and prisoners who attend Distant Education Secondary School, were analyzed with SPSS 22 software based on the variables of the type of offense, marital status, age, and the penal institution of the prisoner. Based on the findings of the present study, it was determined that there was no significant correlation between the students' writing disposition and marital status based on passion and continuity dimensions, and that the level of confidence of single individuals was higher than married individuals based on the dimension of confidence. There was no significant correlation between the writing disposition of the students and their age, penitentiary institution, and type of offense.

Genome-scale network reconstructions have helped uncover the molecular basis of metabolism. Here we present Recon3D, a computational resource that includes three-dimensional (3D) metabolite and protein structure data and enables integrated analyses of metabolic functions in humans. We use Recon3D to functionally characterize mutations associated with disease, and identify metabolic response signatures that are caused by exposure to certain drugs. Recon3D represents the most comprehensive human metabolic network model to date, accounting for 3,288 open reading frames (representing 17% of functionally annotated human genes), 13,543 metabolic reactions involving 4,140 unique metabolites, and 12,890 protein structures. These data provide a unique resource for investigating molecular mechanisms of human metabolism. Recon3D is available at http://vmh.life.

In this study, we administrated dynamic geometry activities which provide students opportunities to explore and estimate geometric figures to connect measurement estimation with geometry. The aim of the study is to investigate effects of using dynamic geometry activities on eighth graders' achievement levels and estimation performances in triangles. The study was designed a quantitative research design. A pretest-posttest experimental study was employed to investigate using dynamic geometry activities on eighth grade students' achievement level and estimation performance in triangles. Participants were 63 eighth graders. The participants' ages vary between 13 and 14 years. Since the school is a public school, it contains students at nearly every socio-economic level. Experimental group consists of 32 students and comparison group consists of 31 students. Dynamic geometry supported instruction and traditional instruction methods were used in experimental and comparison groups, respectively. The results revealed that teaching triangles with instruction supported by dynamic geometry activities increased eighth graders' performance in triangles. In addition, the instruction supported by dynamic geometry activities had significant effects on eighth graders' estimation performances in triangles. Using dynamic geometry activities provides students experiences about conceptual bases of the relations in triangles. Therefore, students who take a dynamic geometry instruction make better estimations than those who did not take.

In this study, the pulsating flow of a non-Newtonian fluid and heat transfer in a pipe with uniform heat flux at its wall is examined analytically. The flow is assumed to be both hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed. The perturbation method based on the series expansion is used in the analysis. The periodic change and period-averaged values of the friction factor and Nusselt number as well as velocity and temperature profiles are obtained at varying values of dimensionless frequency and amplitude for shear-thinning, Newtonian and shear-thickening fluids. It is shown that the frequency is effective on the friction factor for a specific range of the dimensionless frequency. For some specific cases, excellent agreements are obtained with the literature. It is disclosed that the dimensionless frequency, the amplitude and the power-law index are interactively effective on the friction and heat transfer.

BackgroundAn automated virtual reality cognitive therapy (gameChange) has demonstrated its effectiveness to treat agoraphobia in patients with psychosis, especially for high or severe anxious avoidance. Its economic value to the health care system is not yet established. ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to estimate the potential economic value of gameChange for the UK National Health Service (NHS) and establish the maximum cost-effective price per patient. MethodsUsing data from a randomized controlled trial with 346 patients with psychosis (ISRCTN17308399), we estimated differences in health-related quality of life, health and social care costs, and wider societal costs for patients receiving virtual reality therapy in addition to treatment as usual compared with treatment as usual alone. The maximum cost-effective prices of gameChange were calculated based on UK cost-effectiveness thresholds. The sensitivity of the results to analytical assumptions was tested. ResultsPatients allocated to gameChange reported higher quality-adjusted life years (0.008 QALYs, 95% CI –0.010 to 0.026) and lower NHS and social care costs (–£105, 95% CI –£1135 to £924) compared with treatment as usual (£1=US $1.28); however, these differences were not statistically significant. gameChange was estimated to be worth up to £341 per patient from an NHS and social care (NHS and personal social services) perspective or £1967 per patient from a wider societal perspective. In patients with high or severe anxious avoidance, maximum cost-effective prices rose to £877 and £3073 per patient from an NHS and personal social services perspective and societal perspective, respectively. ConclusionsgameChange is a promising, cost-effective intervention for the UK NHS and is particularly valuable for patients with high or severe anxious avoidance. This presents an opportunity to expand cost-effective psychological treatment coverage for a population with significant health needs. Trial RegistrationISRCTN Registry ISRCTN17308399; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN17308399 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031606

Background: Thyroid hormones (THs) have important effects on many organ systems, including the hippocampus, by modulating gene transcription. Therefore, deviations from the normal reference range of this hormone cause vital changes. However, it is not well understood how these hormones affect the expression of genes involved in the Akt1/Gsk3ß signaling pathway in hippocampus tissue. The study investigated the changes in gene expression in eight genes related to neurodegeneration in the hippocampus tissue of rats with TH disorder (Gsk3ß-mRNA, Cdk5-mRNA, Akt1-mRNA, Mapt-mRNA P35 [Anxa]-mRNA, Capn1-mRNA, Bace1-mRNA, and Psen2-mRNA). Methods: Twenty-two male rats were split into three groups as control, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. Propylthiouracil was given in drinking water for 21 days to induce hypothyroidism. L-thyroxine was administered for 21 days to induce hyperthyroidism. The levels of genes in the hippocampus were measured with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. Results: While free thyroxine (fT4) levels in blood plasma were found to be lower in the hypothyroidism group than in the control group, fT4 levels in blood plasma were found to be higher in the hyperthyroidism group. The mRNA expression levels of Cdk5, Mapt, P35, Akt1, Psen2, and Bace1 genes evaluated in hippocampus tissue showed significant differences between the groups. Conclusion: THs are essential for the expression of certain genes, and these genes need to be expressed within a certain range for the body to function properly. Changes in hormone levels can partially change the expression of Akt1/Gsk3ß-mRNA, which is also associated with learning and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: QT interval is generally related to the increased risk of polymorphic ventricular tachycardias and ventricular arrythmias. Intubation and laryngoscopy might change in cardiac repolarization and an increase in QT interval length. Video laryngoscopes provide better laryngeal view, higher intubation success, and better correct positioning on double-lumen tube (DLT) intubation. We aimed to compare McGRATH MAC 5 video laryngoscope to direct Macintosh laryngoscope and their effects on Tp-e interval, QTc and Tp-e/QTc ration in those patients requiring intubation having DLT. Materials and Methods: The randomly controlled prospective work is carried out on 94 patients, scheduled for thoracic surgery, aged between 18-65. After anaesthetic induction and before tracheal intubation, all patients airway were evaluated Cormack and Lehane in using a Macintosh laryngoscope and patients having Cormack and Lehane grade-1 or -2a views included in study. The patients who are intubated with video laryngoscope (Mc-GRATH MAC) are allocated into Group V and intubated with direct Macintosh Laryngoscope was allocated into Group L. The primary aim was compared between the two devices on Tp-e interval, QTc and Tp-e/QTc ratio with ECG recordings. The secondary goal was assessment of hemodynamic status and intubation conditions. Results: In Group V, QTc interval, Tp-e intreval and Tp-e/QTc ratio was lower in a significant way than Group L. There has not been a significant difference in terms of hemodynamic assessment among those two groups at all measurement periods. Cormack-Lehane scores, intubation times, DLT types and sizes were similar between two groups. Conclusion: McGRATH MAC video laryngoscope decreased Tp-e interval, QTc and Tp-e/QTc ratio compared to direct Maintosh laryngoscope. Hemodynamic response and intubation parameters are seen as similar to each other in both of the present groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sleep disturbances are a common complaint of anxiety patients and constitute a hallmark feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Emerging evidence suggests that poor sleep is not only a secondary symptom of anxiety- and trauma-related disorders but represents a risk factor in their development, for example by interfering with emotional memory processing. Fear extinction is a critical mechanism for the attenuation of fearful and traumatic memories and multiple studies suggest that healthy sleep is crucial for the formation of extinction memories. However, fear extinction is often impaired in anxiety- and trauma-related disorders—an endophenotype that is perfectly modelled in the 129S1/SvImJ inbred mouse strain. To investigate whether these mice exhibit altered sleep at baseline that could predispose them towards maladaptive fear processing, we compared their circadian sleep/wake patterns to those of typically extinction-competent C57BL/6 mice. We found significant differences regarding diurnal distribution of sleep and wakefulness, but also sleep architecture, spectral features and sleep spindle events. With regard to sleep disturbances reported by anxiety- and PTSD patients, our findings strengthen the 129S1/SvImJ mouse models’ face validity and highlight it as a platform to investigate novel, sleep-focused diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Whether the identified alterations causally contribute to its pathological anxiety/PTSD-like phenotype will, however, have to be addressed in future studies.

The Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB, http://rcsb.org), the US data center for the global PDB archive, makes PDB data freely available to all users, from structural biologists to computational biologists and beyond. New tools and resources have been added to the RCSB PDB web portal in support of a 'Structural View of Biology.' Recent developments have improved the User experience, including the high-speed NGL Viewer that provides 3D molecular visualization in any web browser, improved support for data file download and enhanced organization of website pages for query, reporting and individual structure exploration. Structure validation information is now visible for all archival entries. PDB data have been integrated with external biological resources, including chromosomal position within the human genome; protein modifications; and metabolic pathways. PDB-101 educational materials have been reorganized into a searchable website and expanded to include new features such as the Geis Digital Archive.