Author: "Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC)" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC)"' showing total 30 results

Start Over Author "Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC)"

30 results on '"Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC)"'

1. Les flux d'azote en élevage de ruminants

Author: Peyraud, J. L., Cellier, P., Catherine Donnars, Aarts, F., Fabrice Béline, Christian Bockstaller, Magalie Bourblanc, Luc Delaby, Dourmad, J. Y., Pierre Dupraz, Durand, P., Philippe Faverdin, Fiorelli, J. L., Carl Gaigne, Kuikman, P., Langlais, A., Philippe Le Goffe, Morvan, T., Christian Nicourt, Virginie Parnaudeau, Olivier Rechauchère, Philippe Rochette, Françoise Vertès, Patrick Veysset, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Délégation à l'Expertise scientifique collective, à la Prospective et aux Etudes (UAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), PRI-WUR, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Gestion environnementale et traitement biologique des déchets (UR GERE), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART-LERECO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt (ASTER Mirecourt), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Institut de l'Ouest : Droit et Europe (IODE), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Risques, Travail, Marchés, Etat (RiTME), Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada, Agriculture et agroalimentaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] ( PEGASE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Environnement et Grandes Cultures ( EGC ), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), DEPE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Gestion environnementale et traitement biologique des déchets ( UR GERE ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ), Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires ( SMART ), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation ( SAS ), SAD-ASTER : Unité AgroSystèmes TErritoires Ressource, Alterra [Wageningen] ( ESS-CC ), Centre for Water and Climate, Institut de l'Ouest : Droit et Europe ( IODE ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Risques, Travail, Marchés, Etat ( RiTME ), Délégation à l'Expertise scientifique collective, à la Prospective et aux Etudes ( UAR ), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores ( UMR 1213 Herbivores ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (INA P-G), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), ALTERRA WAGENINGEN NLD, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, and Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Ruminant, Azote, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [ SHS.ENVIR ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, Elevage
Abstract: National audience; Livestock transforms nitrogen from plants into animal products and releases a part of nitrogen in manure which can be recycled as fertilizer. Animal farming development has led to a concentration of production in some regions and consequently a concentration of nitrogen inputs and emissions, causing pollution in water, soil and air. This issue has been dealt with by European policies for 20 years. Nevertheless, what do we know about nitrogen flow dynamics in livestock farming? What are the options and the appropriate scale to reduce nitrogen emissions and impact on the environment without hampering competitiveness of animal productions? In 2010, these issues motivated French Ministries in charge of Agriculture and Ecology to request a collective scientific expert assessment from INRA, on nitrogen flow in livestock farming systems. This paper focuses on the main results concerning ruminant livestok farming; L'élevage transforme l'azote des végétaux en produits animaux et en rejette une partie sous forme de déjections, qui peuvent être utilisées comme engrais. Toutefois le développement des productions animales a conduit dans certains territoires à une concentration des apports et rejets d'azote, et une pollution des eaux, du sol et de l'atmosphère. Cette problématique est traitée depuis une vingtaine d'années par les politiques européennes. Que sait-on aujourd'hui de la dynamique des flux d'azote issus des élevages ? Quelles sont les pistes et les échelles pertinentes d'action pour réduire les émissions et leurs impacts sur l'environnement tout en préservant la compétitivité des productions animales ? Ces questions ont motivé de la part des ministères en charge de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, au printemps 2010, une demande d'expertise scientifique collective auprès de l'INRA pour disposer d'un bilan des connaissances sur les différents flux d'azote associés aux activités d'élevage. Nous relatons ici les éléments majeurs concernant l'élevage des ruminants.
Published: 2012

2. Towards a renewed research agenda in ecotoxicology

Author: Artigas, Joan, Arts, Gertie, Babut, Marc, Caracciolo, Anna Barra, Charles, Sandrine, Chaumot, Arnaud, Combourieu, Bruno, Dahllöf, Ingela, Despréaux, Denis, Ferrari, Benoit, Friberg, Nikolai, Garric, Jeanne, Geffard, Olivier, Gourlay-Francé, Catherine, Hein, Michaela, Hjorth, Morten, Krauss, Martin, De Lange, Hendrika J., Lahr, Joost, Lehtonen, Kari K., Lettieri, Teresa, Liess, Matthias, Lofts, Stephen, Mayer, Philipp, Morin, Soizic, Paschke, Albrecht, Svendsen, Claus, Usseglio-Polatera, Philippe, Van Den Brink, Nico, Vindimian, Eric, Williams, Richard, Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions ( UR MALY ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Alterra [Wageningen] ( ESS-CC ), Centre for Water and Climate, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive ( LBBE ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Institute of Bioscience, Aarhus University [Aarhus], CEMAGREF, Hydrosystèmes et bioprocédés ( UR HBAN ), UFZ-Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ( UFZ ), Centre for Environmental Research, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Rural, Water, and Ecosystem Resources Unit, European Commission [Brussels], UFZ-Department of System Ecotoxicology, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University-Lancaster University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecological Chemistry [Leipzig], NERC - Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Laboratoire Biodiversité et Fonctionnement des Ecosystèmes ( LBFE ), Université Paul Verlaine - Metz ( UPVM ), Services généraux ( SGMO ), Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions (UR MALY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Modélisation et écotoxicologie prédictives, Département biostatistiques et modélisation pour la santé et l'environnement [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Hydrosystèmes et bioprocédés (UR HBAN), Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire Biodiversité et Fonctionnement des Ecosystèmes (LBFE), Université Paul Verlaine - Metz (UPVM), Services généraux (SGMO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés (UR HBAN), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Coping (psychology), MESH: Health, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], invertebrate traits, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, MESH: Risk Assessment, Ecotoxicology, 01 natural sciences, bacterial community, Ecosystem services, MESH : Ecosystem, CE - Molecular Ecology Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Management, MESH: Ecosystem, Wageningen Environmental Research, MESH : Environmental Monitoring, MESH : Risk Assessment, MESH: Models, Theoretical, Risk management, Risk assessment, Research policy, Environmental resource management, Ecotoxicological risk, Stress ecology, General Medicine, Pollution, multiple stressors, Risk analysis (engineering), Health, MESH: Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring, MESH : Health, Biology, CWK - Environmental Risk Assessment, toxicity tests, Humans, intrinsic variability, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Environmental risk assessment, Exposure assessment, MESH : Ecotoxicology, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, MESH: Humans, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], business.industry, MESH : Models, Theoretical, CWC - Environmental Risk Assessment, Stressor, MESH : Humans, risk-assessment, Models, Theoretical, ecological traits, european rivers, effect-directed analysis, 13. Climate action, MESH: Ecotoxicology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, bioavailability
Abstract: New concerns about biodiversity, ecosystem services and human health triggered several new regulations increasing the need for sound ecotoxicological risk assessment. The PEER network aims to share its view on the research issues that this challenges. PEER scientists call for an improved biologically relevant exposure assessment. They promote comprehensive effect assessment at several biological levels. Biological traits should be used for Environmental risk assessment (ERA) as promising tools to better understand relationships between structure and functioning of ecosystems. The use of modern high throughput methods could also enhance the amount of data for a better risk assessment. Improved models coping with multiple stressors or biological levels are necessary to answer for a more scientifically based risk assessment. Those methods must be embedded within life cycle analysis or economical models for efficient regulations. Joint research programmes involving humanities with ecological sciences should be developed for a sound risk management., JRC.H.5-Rural, water and ecosystem resources
Published: 2012

3. Low growth resilience to drought is related to future mortality risk in trees

Author: Frank J. Sterck, Vyacheslav I. Kharuk, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Maria Laura Suarez, Juan Carlos Linares, Dejan Stojanović, Steven Jansen, J. Julio Camarero, Laurel J. Haavik, Tamir Klein, Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda, Harri Mäkinen, Ricardo Villalba, Walter Oberhuber, Lucía DeSoto, Maxime Cailleret, Mariano M. Amoroso, Elisabeth M. R. Robert, Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo, Jeffrey M. Kane, Ana-Maria Hereş, Thomas Kitzberger, Andreas Papadopoulos, Sten Gillner, Tom Levanič, Tuomas Aakala, Christof Bigler, Brigitte Rohner, Koen Kramer, Katarina Čufar, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Fédéral de Recherches sur la Forêt, la Neige et le Paysage (WSL), Institut Fédéral de Recherches [Suisse], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona (CREAF), université de Barcelone, University of Helsinki, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, El Bolsón, Argentina, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Ljubljana, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), USDA Forest Service, Transylvania University of Brasov, Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Humboldt State University (HSU), V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Siberian Federal University (SibFU), Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Weizmann Institute of Science, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Slovenian Forestry Institute, Universidad Pablo de Olavide [Sevilla] (UPO), Natural resources institute Finland, University of Innsbruck, Agricultural University of Athens, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, University of Novi Sad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente [Bariloche] (INIBIOMA-CONICET), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales [Mendoza] (CONICET-IANIGLA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Department of Forest Sciences, Boreal forest dynamics and biodiversity research group, and Forest Ecology and Management
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Economic shortage, drought, 01 natural sciences, Trees, CARBON, Soil, Mortalité des arbres, FORESTS, lcsh:Science, sécheresse, 4112 Forestry, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, iglavci, Climate-change ecology, food and beverages, Vegetation, trees, EMBOLISM, PE&RC, Adaptation, Physiological, Droughts, umiranje, Productivity (ecology), Technologie and Innovatie, Knowledge Technology and Innovation, Kennis, angiosperms, gymnosperms, suša, Climate Change, Science, XYLEM, Climate change, Biology, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, MECHANISMS, LIKELIHOOD, resistance, Magnoliopsida, recovery, Species Specificity, Stress, Physiological, parasitic diseases, Life Science, Résilience des écosystèmes, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Mortality, Resilience (network), udc:630*2:630*11:630*56(045)=111, resilience, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Resistance (ecology), AVAILABILITY, fungi, mehanizmi odpornosti, Water, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, 11831 Plant biology, Survival Analysis, mortality, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, listavci, CLIMATE, Cycadopsida, Résistance à la sécheresse, PATTERNS, lcsh:Q, VEGETATION, Forest ecology, Adaptation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, drevesa, Kennis, Technologie and Innovatie, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Severe droughts have the potential to reduce forest productivity and trigger tree mortality. Most trees face several drought events during their life and therefore resilience to dry conditions may be crucial to long-term survival. We assessed how growth resilience to severe droughts, including its components resistance and recovery, is related to the ability to survive future droughts by using a tree-ring database of surviving and now-dead trees from 118 sites (22 species, >3,500 trees). We found that, across the variety of regions and species sampled, trees that died during water shortages were less resilient to previous non-lethal droughts, relative to coexisting surviving trees of the same species. In angiosperms, drought-related mortality risk is associated with lower resistance (low capacity to reduce impact of the initial drought), while it is related to reduced recovery (low capacity to attain pre-drought growth rates) in gymnosperms. The different resilience strategies in these two taxonomic groups open new avenues to improve our understanding and prediction of drought-induced mortality., Resilience to drought is crucial for tree survival under climate change. Here, DeSoto et al. show that trees that died during drought were less resilient to previous dry events compared to surviving conspecifics, but the resilience strategies differ between angiosperms and gymnosperms.
Published: 2020

4. Yield Response of Mediterranean Rangelands under a Changing Climate

Author: Ioannis N. Daliakopoulos, Coen J. Ritsema, Ioanna Panagea, Manolis Grillakis, Ioannis K. Tsanis, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Rudi Hessel, Ángeles G. Mayor, Technical University of Crete [Chania], Department of Civil Engineering [Hamilton ON], McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, Water en Landgebruik, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Soil Science, Climate change, drought, 02 engineering and technology, Development, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Soil, Water and Land Use, Bodem, Effects of global warming, yield response, Environmental Chemistry, Aridity index, Aridity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, Coupled model intercomparison project, WIMEK, Drought, Water and Land Use, fungi, Vegetation, Bodemfysica en Landbeheer, 15. Life on land, Yield response, PE&RC, Bodem, Water en Landgebruik, 020801 environmental engineering, Soil Physics and Land Management, Mediterranean rangelands, climate change, aridity, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, Rangeland
Abstract: Summarization: Understanding the Mediterranean rangelands degradation trends is a key element of mitigating their vulnerability and enhancing their resilience. Climate change and its inherent effects on mean temperature and the precipitation variability can regulate the magnitude, frequency and duration of droughts and aridity with a profound effect on ecosystem productivity. Here we investigate the effects of climate change to project the development of vegetation in the Mediterranean rangelands by (i) estimating the relative Standardized Precipitation Index and a modification of the United Nations Environment Programme Aridity Index to classify climate variability, and (ii) modelling vegetation response to climate using the Food and Agriculture Organisation crop–water production function. Climate model data are obtained from nine general circulation models under Relative Concentration Pathways 2.6 and 8.5 of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. After correcting climate model data for biases, results for two 40-year future study periods are compared with the baseline period 1961–2000 within a domain that includes the European Mediterranean. We show that a gradual but robust increase of aridity and drought frequency is estimated for most of the Mediterranean region, impacting rangeland vegetation yields. Projected drought and aridity disturbances may well represent permanent shifts to a warmer and more frequently dry status. This alternative stability of climatic pressure lies outside the limits of ecosystem resilience and may indicate that in some cases vegetation will either adapt to the new conditions or be succeeded by more water-stress tolerant species. Results raise concerns about the fate of the Mediterranean rangelands and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Παρουσιάστηκε στο: Land Degradation and Development
Published: 2017

5. ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0), a new process-based agro-land surface model : Model description and evaluation over Europe

Author: Benjamin Loubet, Nicolas Vuichard, Eric Ceschia, Christian Bernhofer, Tiphaine Tallec, Nicolas Viovy, Jan Elbers, P. Ciais, Luca Vitale, Martin Wattenbach, Xiuchen Wu, Anne De Ligne, Xuhui Wang, Dominique Ripoche, Christine Moureaux, Eddy Moors, Eric Larmanou, Pierre Cellier, Vincenzo Magliulo, Thomas Grünwald, N. de Noblet-Ducoudré, W.W.P. Jans, P. Di Tommasi, Tanguy Manise, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT Rostock), Universität Rostock-Leibniz Association, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), State Key Laboratory on Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment (SKLEI), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Institute for Agriculture and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest]), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology [Dresden], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Université de Liège, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Agroclim (AGROCLIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz Association-Universität Rostock, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA) - Grenoble, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UE Agroclim (UE AGROCLIM), Earth and Climate, and Amsterdam Global Change Institute
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Energy balance, Eddy covariance, Sensible heat, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latent heat, Temperate climate, Life Science, Leaf area index, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Phenology, Crop yield, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, Climate Resilience, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Klimaatbestendigheid, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; The response of crops to changing climate and atmospheric CO 2 concentration ([CO 2 ]) could have large effects on food production, and impact carbon, water, and energy fluxes, causing feedbacks to the climate. To simulate the response of temperate crops to changing climate and [CO 2 ], which accounts for the specific phenology of crops mediated by management practice, we describe here the development of a process-oriented terrestrial biogeochemical model named ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0), which integrates a generic crop phenology and harvest module, and a very simple pa-rameterization of nitrogen fertilization, into the land surface model (LSM) ORCHIDEEv196, in order to simulate bio-physical and biochemical interactions in croplands, as well as plant productivity and harvested yield. The model is applicable for a range of temperate crops, but is tested here using maize and winter wheat, with the phenological parameteriza-tions of two European varieties originating from the STICS agronomical model. We evaluate the ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0) model against eddy covariance and biometric measurements at seven winter wheat and maize sites in Europe. The specific ecosystem variables used in the evaluation are CO 2 fluxes (net ecosystem exchange, NEE), latent heat, and sensible heat fluxes. Additional measurements of leaf area index (LAI) and aboveground biomass and yield are used as well. Evaluation results revealed that ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0) reproduced the observed timing of crop development stages and the amplitude of the LAI changes. This is in contrast to ORCHIDEEv196 where, by default, crops have the same phenology as grass. A halving of the root mean square error for LAI from 2.38 ± 0.77 to 1.08 ± 0.34 m 2 m −2 was obtained when ORCHIDEEv196 and ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0) were compared across the seven study sites. Improved crop Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 858 X. Wu et al.: ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0), a new process-based agro-land surface model phenology and carbon allocation led to a good match between modeled and observed aboveground biomass (with a normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) of 11.0-54.2 %), crop yield, daily carbon and energy fluxes (with a NRMSE of ∼ 9.0-20.1 and ∼ 9.4-22.3 % for NEE), and sensible and latent heat fluxes. The simulated yields for winter wheat and maize from ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0) showed a good match with the simulated results from STICS for three sites with available crop yield observations, where the average NRMSE was ∼ 8.8 %. The model data misfit for energy fluxes were within the uncertainties of the measurements , which themselves showed an incomplete energy balance closure within the range 80.6-86.3 %. The remaining discrepancies between the modeled and observed LAI and other variables at specific sites were partly attributable to un-realistic representations of management events by the model. ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0) has the ability to capture the spatial gradients of carbon and energy-related variables, such as gross primary productivity, NEE, and sensible and latent heat fluxes across the sites in Europe, which is an important requirement for future spatially explicit simulations. Further improvement of the model, with an explicit parameterization of nutritional dynamics and management, is expected to improve its predictive ability to simulate croplands in an Earth system model.
Published: 2016

6. Matching the phenology of Net Ecosystem Exchange and vegetation indices estimated with MODIS and FLUXNET in-situ observations

Author: Thomas Grünwald, Andrew E. Suyker, Joanna A. Horemans, Frank Veroustraete, Yongshuo H. Fu, Josep Peñuelas, Dario Papale, Jan Elbers, Manuela Balzarolo, Sara Vicca, Anthony L. Nguy-Robertson, Damien Bonal, Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp (UA), School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska [Lincoln], University of Nebraska System-University of Nebraska System, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Peking University [Beijing], Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Universiteit Antwerpen [Antwerpen], Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), and Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Correlation coefficient, Economics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plant functional types (PFT's), 0211 other engineering and technologies, Soil Science, Growing season, Start of net carbon uptake (SGS(NEE)), 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Vegetation indices (VI's), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Laboratorium voor Plantenveredeling, FluxNet, Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), Ecosystem, Computers in Earth Sciences, Biology, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Start of growing season (SGS), Phenology, Physics, Geology, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Climate Resilience, Chemistry, Plant Breeding, Start of net carbon uptake (SGS), 13. Climate action, Klimaatbestendigheid, Start of net carbon uptake (SGSNEE), Environmental science, Scale (map), Engineering sciences. Technology
Abstract: International audience; Shifts in ecosystem phenology play an important role in the definition of inter-annual variability of net ecosystem carbon uptake. A good estimate at the global scale of ecosystem phenology, mainly that of photosynthesis or gross primary productivity (GPP), may be provided by vegetation indices derived from MODIS satellite image data.However, the relationship between the start date of a growing (or greening) season (SGS) when derived from different vegetation indices (VI's), and the starting day of carbon uptake is not well elucidated. Additionally, the validation of existing phenology data with in-situ measurements is largely missing. We have investigated the possibility to use different VI's to predict the starting day of the growing season for 28 FLUXNET sites as well as MODIS data. This analysis included main plant functional types (PFT's).Of all VI's taken into account in this paper, the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) shows the highest correlation coefficient for the relationship between the starting day of the growing season as observed with MODIS and in-situ observations. However, MODIS observations elicit a 20-21 days earlier SGS date compared to in-situ observations. The prediction for the NEE start of the growing season diverges when using different VI's, and seems to depend on the amplitude for carbon and VI and on PFT. The optimal VI for estimation of a SGS date was PFT-specific for example the WRDVI for cropland, but the MODIS NDVI performed best when applied as an estimator for Net Ecosystem Exchange and when considering all PFF's pooled.
Published: 2016

7. Evaluating the performance of land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 on water and energy flux estimation with a single-and multi-layer energy budget scheme

Author: Jan Polcher, Alexander Knohl, James Ryder, Catherine Ottlé, Jan Elbers, Eddy Moors, Jérôme Ogée, Matthew J. McGrath, Timo Vessala, Frank Tiedemann, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Dennis Loustau, Juliane Otto, Philippe Peylin, Thomas Foken, Yiying Chen, Vladislav Bastrikov, Samuel Launiainen, Kim Naudts, Andrew Black, Eva van Gorsel, Vanessa Haverd, Aude Valade, Bernard Heinesch, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Emerald Publishing, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia (UBC), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], BayCEER, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Université de Liège, Jönköping University [Sweden], Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Department of Physical Sciences, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Department of Physics, Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Systems Ecology, Amsterdam Global Change Institute, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], University of Helsinki, Équipe Instrumentation embarquée et systèmes de surveillance intelligents (LAAS-S4M), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes [Toulouse] (LAAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] (INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] (INP)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, PINE FOREST, TIME SCALES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Energy balance, Energy flux, Atmospheric model, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 114 Physical sciences, GLOBAL VEGETATION MODEL, BOREAL FOREST, ORCHIDEE-CAN, energy flux, land surface model, ddc:551, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Life Science, Leaf area index, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Tree canopy, 4112 Forestry, Advection, lcsh:QE1-996.5, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, Energy budget, DECIDUOUS FOREST, lcsh:Geology, Climate Resilience, 13. Climate action, Klimaatbestendigheid, SATELLITE DATA, HEAT-FLUX, PLANT CANOPIES, Environmental science, FOREST CANOPY, CARBON UPTAKE
Abstract: Canopy structure is one of the most important vegetation characteristics for land–atmosphere interactions, as it determines the energy and scalar exchanges between the land surface and the overlying air mass. In this study we evaluated the performance of a newly developed multi-layer energy budget in the ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 land surface model (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – CANopy), which simulates canopy structure and can be coupled to an atmospheric model using an implicit coupling procedure. We aim to provide a set of acceptable parameter values for a range of forest types. Top-canopy and sub-canopy flux observations from eight sites were collected in order to conduct this evaluation. The sites crossed climate zones from temperate to boreal and the vegetation types included deciduous, evergreen broad-leaved and evergreen needle-leaved forest with a maximum leaf area index (LAI; all-sided) ranging from 3.5 to 7.0. The parametrization approach proposed in this study was based on three selected physical processes – namely the diffusion, advection, and turbulent mixing within the canopy. Short-term sub-canopy observations and long-term surface fluxes were used to calibrate the parameters in the sub-canopy radiation, turbulence, and resistance modules with an automatic tuning process. The multi-layer model was found to capture the dynamics of sub-canopy turbulence, temperature, and energy fluxes. The performance of the new multi-layer model was further compared against the existing single-layer model. Although the multi-layer model simulation results showed few or no improvements to both the nighttime energy balance and energy partitioning during winter compared with a single-layer model simulation, the increased model complexity does provide a more detailed description of the canopy micrometeorology of various forest types. The multi-layer model links to potential future environmental and ecological studies such as the assessment of in-canopy species vulnerability to climate change, the climate effects of disturbance intensities and frequencies, and the consequences of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from the terrestrial ecosystem.
Published: 2016

8. Bridging between ecology and ecotoxicology: what are suitable endpoints or response variables to detect effects on plants at different ecological levels?

Author: Gross, Elisabeth Maria, Arts, Gertie, GROSS, Elisabeth, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], and SETAC.org
Subjects: [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, [SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2017

9. An indicator framework for assessing ecosystem services in support of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020

Author: Jan Verboven, Fernando Santos-Martín, Jan Erik Petersen, Francesca Somma, Katarzyna Biala, Tord Snäll, Jon Moen, Evangelia G. Drakou, Carlo Lavalle, Camino Liquete, Bruna Grizzetti, Jesús San-Miguel-Ayanz, Chiara Piroddi, Peter Kristensen, Nihat Zal, Henrique M. Pereira, Kremena Gocheva, Cristina Marta-Pedroso, Eva Royo Gelabert, Sophie Condé, Christine Estreguil, Dania Abdul Malak, Patrick Degeorges, Anne Teller, Annemarie Bastrup-Birk, Marta Pérez-Soba, José I. Barredo, Vytautas Naruševičius, Maria Luisa Paracchini, Andrus Meiner, Jan Bengtsson, Markus Erhard, Christel Fiorina, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey, Ana I. Lillebø, Benis N. Egoh, Joachim Maes, Bálint Czúcz, Ana R. Cardoso, Grazia Zulian, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), European Commission - DG Research and Innovation, European Environment Agency (EEA), Ministère de l'écologie, du développement durable et de l'énergie, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universidade de Aveiro, Universidad de Málaga [Málaga] = University of Málaga [Málaga], Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Umeå University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer (AMURE), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Earth Observation and Environmental Informatics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geography, Planning and Development, Biodiversity, EU biodiversity strategy, CICES, Indicators, MAES, Natural capital, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Aardobservatie en omgevingsinformatica, Regional planning, Ecosystem, European Union, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, business.industry, Biodiversity strategy, Corporate governance, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, Miljövetenskap, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecosystem valuation, EU Biodiversity strategy, Conceptual framework, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, EU, business, Environmental Sciences, Natural Capital
Abstract: Maes, Joachim... et al.-- 10 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.023, In the EU, the mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services, abbreviated to MAES, is seen as a key action for the advancement of biodiversity objectives, and also to inform the development and implementation of related policies on water, climate, agriculture, forest, marine and regional planning. In this study, we present the development of an analytical framework which ensures that consistent approaches are used throughout the EU. It is framed by a broad set of key policy questions and structured around a conceptual framework that links human societies and their well-being with the environment. Next, this framework is tested through four thematic pilot studies, including stakeholders and experts working at different scales and governance levels, which contributed indicators to assess the state of ecosystem services. Indicators were scored according to different criteria and assorted per ecosystem type and ecosystem services using the common international classification of ecosystem services (CICES) as typology. We concluded that there is potential to develop a first EU wide ecosystem assessment on the basis of existing data if they are combined in a creative way. However, substantial data gaps remain to be filled before a fully integrated and complete ecosystem assessment can be carried out, Balint Czúcz was supported by the Bolyai Grant of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences under grant number BO/00138/12/8
Published: 2016

10. Simulating the net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its components over winter wheat cultivation sites across a large climate gradient in Europe using the ORCHIDEE-STICS generic model

Author: Eric Ceschia, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin Wattenbach, Xiuchen Wu, Philippe Ciais, Longhui Li, W.W.P. Jans, Nicolas Viovy, Benjamin Loubet, Christian Bernhofer, Thomas Grünwald, Carmen Emmel, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA) - Grenoble, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest]), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology [Dresden], Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT Rostock), Leibniz Association-Universität Rostock, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Institute of Agricultural Sciences [Zürich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University (BNU), Capital Normal University [Beijing], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: Carbon dioxide fluxes, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Correlation coefficient, Winter wheat, Global terrestrial ecosystem model, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Hydrology (agriculture), Ecosystem, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Primary production, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Climate Resilience, 13. Climate action, Klimaatbestendigheid, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Terrestrial ecosystem, Ecosystem respiration, Croplands, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: International audience; Over the last decade, efforts have been carried on to develop and evaluate versions of global terrestrial ecosystem models (GTEM) in which crop specificities are represented. The goal of this study is to evaluate the ability of the ORCHIDEE-STICS (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic EcosystEms—Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) GTEM in simulating the observed seasonal variations and annual budgets of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP) and total ecosystem respiration (TER) fluxes over seven wheat sites spanning a large climate gradient in Europe. Overall, the seasonal variations of GPP are well represented by the model, with 5 sites out of 7 exhibiting a correlation coefficient (R) value higher than 0.9 and a normalized standard deviation (NSTD) between 0.8 and 1.2. In comparison, the model performances for catching the seasonal variations of TER are lower, especially in terms of NSTD. Regarding the annual budgets, mean simulated deviations averaged over all sites do not exceed 10% and 15% of the observed annual mean budget, for GPP and TER, respectively. For NEE, the model capacity at estimating annual budgets is low, its mean deviation corresponding to ∼35% of the observed mean value. This clearly shows that more accurate model estimates of GPP and especially TER are required for estimating NEE annual budgets. In this respect, past land-use and land-management changes are probably the most crucial processes to add, for getting soil carbon disequilibrium and more accurate NEE annual budgets. From a sensitivity analysis of the modelled fluxes to three management practices (plant variety, sowing date and fertilization intensity), we found that the fertilization is the most sensitive practice impacting the model performances of any flux, both in terms of seasonal variations and annual budgets.
Published: 2016

11. Comment on 'Critical wind speed at which trees break'

Author: Hans Christof Spatz, Stephen J. Mitchell, Barry Gardiner, Eric Badel, Pauline Défossez, Meriem Fournier, Axel Albrecht, Frank W. Telewski, Thiéry Constant, Yves Brunet, John Moore, Vivien Bonnesoeur, Bruno Moulia, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Karl J. Niklas, Sylvain Dupont, Emmanuel de Langre, Bruce C. Nicoll, Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg (FVA), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant - Clermont Auvergne (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Ecole Polytechnique, Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, University of British Columbia (UBC), Scion, Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Cornell University, Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Michigan State University System, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Cornell University [New York], and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Empirical data, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Population, Approx, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, modelling, 03 medical and health sciences, Tree (descriptive set theory), vitesse du vent, ComputerApplications_MISCELLANEOUS, Life Science, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Forest and Landscape Ecology, education, biomécanique de l'arbre, Vegetatie, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Mathematics, modélisation, Discrete mathematics, education.field_of_study, Vegetation, Assertion, 15. Life on land, 030104 developmental biology, Physics::Space Physics, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Algorithm, wind speed, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Virot et al. [E. Virot et al., Phys. Rev. E 93, 023001 (2016)] assert that the critical wind speed at which \ensuremath{\geqslant}50% of all trees in a population break is \ensuremath{\approx}42 m/s, regardless of tree characteristics. We show that empirical data do not support this assertion, and that the assumptions underlying the theory used by Virot et al. are inconsistent with the biomechanics of trees.
Published: 2016

12. Reconstruction and attribution of the carbon sink of European forests between 1950 and 2000

Author: Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Philippe Ciais, Guerric Le Maire, Valentin Bellassen, Nicolas Viovy, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), ANR-06-PADD-0002,AUTREMENT,Aménager l'Utilisation des Terres et des Ressources de l'Environnement en Modélisant les Ecosystèmes aNTropiques(2006), European Project: 242564,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2009-StG,DOFOCO(2010), European Project: 244122,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2009-1,GHG EUROPE(2010), European Project: 242316,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2009-1,CARBONES(2010), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Alterra, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], DOFOCO (242564), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, CO fertilization, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Stockage, forest management, CE - Forest Ecosystems, Age structure, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Carbon sink, land-use change, Âge, carbon sink, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, NBP, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Wageningen Environmental Research, General Environmental Science, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Global and Planetary Change, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Forest management, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, scenario model, sequestration, fluxes, Europe, nitrogen deposition, séquestration du carbone, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, climate-change, co2, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Modèle mathématique, management, forêt tempérée, Carbone, Wood demand, F40 - Écologie végétale, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, age structure, CO$_2$ fertilization, 010603 evolutionary biology, Environmental Chemistry, wood demand, Ecosystem, Nitrogen cycle, CO2 fertilization, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Changement climatique, Hydrology, geography, biomass, Primary production, balance, 15. Life on land, NEP, Environmental science, Dioxyde de carbone
Abstract: European forests are an important carbon sink; however, the relative contributions to this sink of climate, atmospheric CO 2 concentration ([CO 2]), nitrogen deposition and forest management are under debate. We attributed the European carbon sink in forests using ORCHIDEE-FM, a process-based vegetation model that differs from earlier versions of ORCHIDEE by its explicit representation of stand growth and idealized forest management. The model was applied on a grid across Europe to simulate changes in the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of forests with and without changes in climate, [CO 2] and age structure, the three drivers represented in ORCHIDEE-FM. The model simulates carbon stocks and volume increment that are comparable - root mean square error of 2 m 3 ha -1 yr -1 and 1.7 kg C m -2 respectively - with inventory-derived estimates at country level for 20 European countries. Our simulations estimate a mean European forest NEP of 175 ± 52 g C m -2 yr -1 in the 1990s. The model simulation that is most consistent with inventory records provides an upwards trend of forest NEP of 1 ± 0.5 g C m -2 yr -2 between 1950 and 2000 across the EU 25. Furthermore, the method used for reconstructing past age structure was found to dominate its contribution to temporal trends in NEP. The potentially large fertilizing effect of nitrogen deposition cannot be told apart, as the model does not explicitly simulate the nitrogen cycle. Among the three drivers that were considered in this study, the fertilizing effect of increasing [CO 2] explains about 61% of the simulated trend, against 26% to changes in climate and 13% only to changes in forest age structure. The major role of [CO 2] at the continental scale is due to its homogeneous impact on net primary productivity (NPP). At the local scale, however, changes in climate and forest age structure often dominate trends in NEP by affecting NPP and heterotrophic respiration.
Published: 2011

13. Effect of soil sample preservation, compared to the effect of other environmental variables, on bacterial and eukaryotic diversity

Author: Vesela A. Tzeneva, Peter Kuikman, Natalia Naumova, Jan Dolfing, Hauke Smidt, Joana Falcão Salles, Willem M. de Vos, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], European Union (EU)European Community (EC)BACREX-project QLK3-2000-01678 Netherlands GovernmentSBRAS Integration 24, and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: land-use history, Bacillus, dna, Microbiologie, Soil pH, Bacillus benzoevorans-relatives, Biomass, Wageningen Environmental Research, DGGE, genes, microorganisms, Soil Microbiology, Netherlands, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, Soil bacteria, Community structure, Soil classification, Biodiversity, General Medicine, Vegetation, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Soil type, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, gradient gel-electrophoresis, Eukarya, community structure, Soil microbiology, DNA, Bacterial, Soil test, Biology, Soil sample preservation, complex mixtures, Microbiology, Specimen Handling, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, crop, Alterra - Centrum Bodem, Fertilizers, Molecular Biology, Ecosystem, VLAG, 030304 developmental biology, WIMEK, Biointeracties and Plant Health, 030306 microbiology, Soil Science Centre, Genes, rRNA, 15. Life on land, DNA Fingerprinting, United Kingdom, Agronomy, microbial diversity, Soil water, identification, PRI Biointeractions en Plantgezondheid
Abstract: Archived soil samples are a valuable source for retrospective ecological studies, and their recent analysis using molecular ecological approaches has drawn significant attention within the scientific community. However, the possibility of addressing ecological questions regarding detectable microbiota in dried and extensively stored soils has not yet been fully evaluated. To achieve this, soil samples collected from two long-term grassland experiments in the United Kingdom and The Netherlands were subjected to air-drying at 40-42 degrees C and stored at room temperature. Total bacterial, Bacillus benzoevorans-related and eukaryotic communities associated with these samples were analyzed by DGGE-fingerprinting of PCR-amplified ribosomal RNA gene fragments. Changes in microbial community structure due to drying and storage were evaluated by multivariate analysis in relation to changes caused by other environmental conditions, such as soil pH, type of fertilizer and vegetation. Soil drying and storage affected the detectable community structure, but did not materially impair our capacity to identify the effect of soil parameters studied in long-term grassland experiments. Although, in some cases, the amplitude of the influence of a given parameter changed due to sample preservation, analyses revealed that pH, fertilization and soil type significantly influenced microbial community structure in the analyzed samples.
Published: 2009

14. Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe’s terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance

Author: Sebastiaan Luyssaert, John H. C. Gash, Christian Rödenbeck, Jean-François Soussana, Philippe Bousquet, Annette Freibauer, Ivan A. Janssens, Pete Smith, John Grace, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Giuseppe Etiope, Ingeborg Levin, B. Thiruchittampalam, Philippe Peylin, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Martin Wattenbach, Wouter Peters, Z. Poussi, Jens Nieschulze, P. Ciais, A. J. Dolman, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin Heimann, Riccardo Valentini, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), College of Forestry [Corvallis], Oregon State University (OSU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), inconnu, Inconnu, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], University of Tuscia, Laboratoire d'Analyse, Topologie, Probabilités (LATP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Meteorology and Air Quality Department [Wageningen] (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Department of Forest Resources and Environment, School of Biological Sciences [Aberdeen], University of Aberdeen, Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], European Forest Institute = Institut Européen de la Forêt = Euroopan metsäinstituutti (EFI), Institute of Hydrology, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche d'Agronomie (UA), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institut, Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Aberdeen], Heidelberg University, University of Stuttgart, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), VU University Amsterdam, Tuscia University, Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), and 0 Pre-GFZ, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Atmospheric carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide equivalent, 550 - Earth sciences, Soil science, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, atmospheric methane, carbon budget, Environmental protection, 11. Sustainability, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Wageningen Environmental Research, Carbon credit, sink, Biology, soils, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, WIMEK, Carbon offset, emissions, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, fluxes, Centrum Ecosystemen, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Greenhouse gas, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, co2, Kyoto Protocol, ecosystems
Abstract: Climate change negotiations aim to reduce net greenhouse-gas emissions by encouraging direct reductions of emissions and crediting countries for their terrestrial greenhouse-gas sinks. Ecosystem carbon dioxide uptake has offset nearly 10% of Europe's fossil fuel emissions, but not all of this may be creditable under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol. Although this treaty recognizes the importance of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, scientific research has largely focused on carbon dioxide. Here we review recent estimates of European carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes between 2000 and 2005, using both top-down estimates based on atmospheric observations and bottom-up estimates derived from ground-based measurements. Both methods yield similar fluxes of greenhouse gases, suggesting that methane emissions from feedstock and nitrous oxide emissions from arable agriculture are fully compensated for by the carbon dioxide sink provided by forests and grasslands. As a result, the balance for all greenhouse gases across Europe's terrestrial biosphere is near neutral, despite carbon sequestration in forests and grasslands. The trend towards more intensive agriculture and logging is likely to make Europe's land surface a significant source of greenhouse gases. The development of land management policies which aim to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions should be a priority. © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Published: 2009

15. Carbon accumulation in European forests

Author: Alessandro Cescatti, Philippe Ciais, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Annette Freibauer, Jari Liski, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, G. Le-Maire, Riccardo Valentini, Sönke Zaehle, Shilong Piao, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Olivier Bouriaud, Systems Ecology, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], College of Urban and Environmental Sciences [Beijing], Peking University [Beijing], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Forest Res & Management Inst ICAS, Partenaires INRAE, Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Carbon sequestration, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, boreal forests, Wageningen Environmental Research, Photosynthèse, Silviculture, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, database, SDG 15 - Life on Land, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Agroforestry, Taiga, Inventaire forestier, Carbon sink, dynamics, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, séquestration du carbone, Biofuel, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, ecosystems, forêt tempérée, temperate, Sylviculture, 010603 evolutionary biology, Bioenergy, Forest ecology, land-use, Ecosystem, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, climate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, E10 - Économie et politique agricoles, biomass, turnover, 15. Life on land, Centrum Ecosystemen, K10 - Production forestière, 13. Climate action, pinus-cembra, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Politique forestière, Dioxyde de carbone
Abstract: European forests are intensively exploited for wood products, yet they also form a sink for carbon. European forest inventories, available for the past 50 years, can be combined with timber harvest statistics to assess changes in this carbon sink. Analysis of these data sets between 1950 and 2000 from the EU-15 countries excluding Luxembourg, plus Norway and Switzerland, reveals that there is a tight relationship between increases in forest biomass and forest ecosystem productivity but timber harvests grew more slowly. Encouragingly, the environmental conditions in combination with the type of silviculture that has been developed over the past 50 years can efficiently sequester carbon on timescales of decades, while maintaining forests that meet the demand for wood. However, a return to using wood as biofuel and hence shorter rotations in forestry could cancel out the benefits of carbon storage over the past five decades. European forests are intensively exploited for wood products, yet they are also a potential sink for carbon. European forest inventories combined with timber harvest statistics from sixteen European countries show that between 1950 and 2000 forest biomass increased faster than the amount of timber harvests. Silviculture, which has developed over the past 50 years, can efficiently sequester carbon on timescales of decades, while maintaining forests that meet the demand for wood.
Published: 2008

16. Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010

Author: Matthew J. McGrath, Daniel McInerney, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, F. Pasztor, Juliane Otto, Kim Naudts, Matthias Bürgi, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Urs Gimmi, Patrick Meyfroidt, Yiying Chen, Jed O. Kaplan, Aude Valade, James Ryder, Karl-Heinz Erb, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [FNRS], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Swiss Federal Research Institute, Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt [Klagenfurt, Austria], Coillte Teoranta, Climate Service Center [Hambourg] (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Systems Ecology, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Population, Forest management, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Forest ecology, ddc:551, Life Science, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Forest farming, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Vegetatie, Earth-Surface Processes, SDG 15 - Life on Land, ddc:910, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, education.field_of_study, 0303 health sciences, Forest inventory, Vegetation, Land use, Agroforestry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Environmental science, Secondary forest, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, lcsh:Ecology, Temperate rainforest
Abstract: European forest use for fuel, timber and food dates back to pre-Roman times. Century-scale ecological processes and their legacy effects require accounting for forest management when studying today's forest carbon sink. Forest management reconstructions that are used to drive land surface models are one way to quantify the impact of both historical and today's large scale application of forest management on today's forest-related carbon sink and surface climate. In this study we reconstruct European forest management from 1600 to 2010 making use of diverse approaches, data sources and assumptions. Between 1600 and 1828, a demand-supply approach was used in which wood supply was reconstructed based on estimates of historical annual wood increment and land cover reconstructions. For the same period demand estimates accounted for the fuelwood needed in households, wood used in food processing, charcoal used in metal smelting and salt production, timber for construction and population estimates. Comparing estimated demand and supply resulted in a spatially explicit reconstruction of the share of forests under coppice, high stand management and forest left unmanaged. For the reconstruction between 1829 and 2010 a supply-driven back-casting method was used. The method used age reconstructions from the years 1950 to 2010 as its starting point. Our reconstruction reproduces the most important changes in forest management between 1600 and 2010: (1) an increase of 593 000 km2 in conifers at the expense of deciduous forest (decreasing by 538 000 km2), (2) a 612 000 km2 decrease in unmanaged forest, (3) a 152 000 km2 decrease in coppice management, (4) a 818 000 km2 increase in high stand management, and (5) the rise and fall of litter raking which at its peak in 1853 removed 50 Tg dry litter per year.
Published: 2015

17. Stratégies pour le développement urbain durable et liens entre l'urbain et le rural

Author: Kjell Svenne Bernhard Nilsson, Thomas Alexander Sick Nielsen, Carmen Aalbers, Simon Bell, Baptiste Boitier, Jean Pierre Chery, Christian Fertner, Miroslaw Groschowski, Dagmar Haase, Wolfgang Loibl, Stephan Pauleit, Marina Pintar, Annette Piorr, Joe Ravetz, Mika Ristimäki, Mark Rounsevell, Ivan Tosics, Judith Westerink, Ingo Zasada, Nordregio, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], University of Edinburgh, Ecole doctorale Erasme, Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), IT University of Copenhagen, Polish Academy of Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Austrian Institute of Technology [Vienna] (AIT), Technische Universität München [München] (TUM), University of Ljubljana, Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF), Leibniz Association, University of Manchester [Manchester], Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Metropolitan Research Institute, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: ESPACE PERIURBAIN, Landgebruiksplanning, farmland, Urban planning, Land Use Planning, periurban space, Life Science, population density, Natuur en samenleving, SDG 15 - Life on Land, PLANIFICATION, Public Administration and Policy, Nature and society, SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities, GOUVERNANCE, DENSITE DE POPULATION, governance, TERRE AGRICOLE, Land use and management, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Bestuurskunde, peri-urbanisation, urban sprawl, urban growth management, regional planning, compact city, green infrastructure, planning
Abstract: International audience; An important driving force behind urban expansion is the growth of the urban population. But for Europe, this is not a sufficient explanation. The major trend is that European cities have become much less compact. Since the mid-1950s European cities have expanded on average by 78%, whereas the population has grown by only 33%. In the PLUREL project - an integrated project within the EU's 6th Research Framework Programme - more than 100 researchers from 15 countries analysed the impacts of urban land consumption at a pan-European level and, through six European and one Chinese case studies, identified how land use conflicts and the pressure towards peri-urban areas can be strategically managed in different development and regulatory contexts. To summarise, the following strategies were identified as important steps towards more sustainable urban-rural futures: (i) better coordination of transport, land use and open space planning; (ii) urban containment and densification - development of a green compact city; (iii) preservation of blue and green infrastructure; and (iv) preservation of agricultural land and the promotion of local production. The need also remains to strengthen governance at the regional level while at the pan-European level there is clearly a need for more policy attention to be given to urban-rural linkages.
Published: 2014

18. Forest summer albedo is sensitive to species and thinning: how should we account for this in Earth system models?

Author: Alexander Knohl, Daniel Berveiller, M. Mund, A. Kuusk, B. Pinty, Juliane Otto, Gernot Geppert, Eddy Moors, Nicolas Delpierre, André Granier, F. M. Bréon, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, B. Longdoz, W.W.P. Jans, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tartu Observatory, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), FWO-Vlaanderen, COST ES0805 TERRABITES, CNRS-INSU, European Project: 242564,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2009-StG,DOFOCO(2010), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Otto, Juliane, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Earth and Climate, and Systems Ecology
Subjects: Canopy, stands, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Forest management, lcsh:Life, Climate change, leaf-area index, boreal forest, reflectance models, canopy reflectance, carbon-cycle, climate, radiation, simulations, variability, how should we account for this in Earth system models? [Forest summer albedo, species, thinning], lcsh:QH540-549.5, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Leaf area index, Vegetatie, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Forest floor, Vegetation, Thinning, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 15. Life on land, Albedo, Climate Resilience, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Klimaatbestendigheid, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Climate model, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: Although forest management is one of the instruments proposed to mitigate climate change, the relationship between forest management and canopy albedo has been ignored so far by climate models. Here we develop an approach that could be implemented in Earth system models. A stand-level forest gap model is combined with a canopy radiation transfer model and satellite-derived model parameters to quantify the effects of forest thinning on summertime canopy albedo. This approach reveals which parameter has the largest affect on summer canopy albedo: we examined the effects of three forest species (pine, beech, oak) and four thinning strategies with a constant forest floor albedo (light to intense thinning regimes) and five different solar zenith angles at five different sites (40° N 9° E–60° N 9° E). During stand establishment, summertime canopy albedo is driven by tree species. In the later stages of stand development, the effect of tree species on summertime canopy albedo decreases in favour of an increasing influence of forest thinning. These trends continue until the end of the rotation, where thinning explains up to 50% of the variance in near-infrared albedo and up to 70% of the variance in visible canopy albedo. The absolute summertime canopy albedo of all species ranges from 0.03 to 0.06 (visible) and 0.20 to 0.28 (near-infrared); thus the albedo needs to be parameterised at species level. In addition, Earth system models need to account for forest management in such a way that structural changes in the canopy are described by changes in leaf area index and crown volume (maximum change of 0.02 visible and 0.05 near-infrared albedo) and that the expression of albedo depends on the solar zenith angle (maximum change of 0.02 visible and 0.05 near-infrared albedo). Earth system models taking into account these parameters would not only be able to examine the spatial effects of forest management but also the total effects of forest management on climate.
Published: 2014

19. Strategies for sustainable urban development and urban-rural linkages

Author: Nilsson, K., Sick Nielsen, T., Aalbers, C., Bell, S., Boitier, B., Chery, J.P., Fertner, C., Groschowski, M., Haase, D., Loibl, W., Pauleit, S., Pintar, M., Piorr, A., Ravetz, J., Ristimäki, M., Rounsevell, M., Tosics, I., Westerink, J., Zasada, I., Nordregio, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], University of Edinburgh, Ecole doctorale Erasme, Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), IT University of Copenhagen, Polish Academy of Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Austrian Institute of Technology [Vienna] (AIT), Technische Universität München [München] (TUM), University of Ljubljana, Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF), Leibniz Association, University of Manchester [Manchester], Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Metropolitan Research Institute, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), and Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)
Subjects: PLANIFICATION, ESPACE PERIURBAIN, governance, TERRE AGRICOLE, periurban space, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, farmland, planning, population density, GOUVERNANCE, DENSITE DE POPULATION
Abstract: International audience; An important driving force behind urban expansion is the growth of the urban population. But for Europe, this is not a sufficient explanation. The major trend is that European cities have become much less compact. Since the mid-1950s European cities have expanded on average by 78%, whereas the population has grown by only 33%. In the PLUREL project - an integrated project within the EU's 6th Research Framework Programme - more than 100 researchers from 15 countries analysed the impacts of urban land consumption at a pan-European level and, through six European and one Chinese case studies, identified how land use conflicts and the pressure towards peri-urban areas can be strategically managed in different development and regulatory contexts. To summarise, the following strategies were identified as important steps towards more sustainable urban-rural futures: (i) better coordination of transport, land use and open space planning; (ii) urban containment and densification - development of a green compact city; (iii) preservation of blue and green infrastructure; and (iv) preservation of agricultural land and the promotion of local production. The need also remains to strengthen governance at the regional level while at the pan-European level there is clearly a need for more policy attention to be given to urban-rural linkages.
Published: 2014

20. Mechanisms of water supply and vegetation demand govern the seasonality and magnitude of evapotranspiration in Amazonia and Cerrado

Author: Hans Verbeeck, David W. Galbraith, Gonzalo Miguez-Macho, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, Ben Poulter, Zong-Liang Yang, Ian Baker, Scott R. Saleska, Mingjie Shi, Lindsey E. Gulden, Bart Kruijt, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Xubin Zeng, Bart van den Hurk, Naomi M. Levine, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Kazuhito Ichii, Phillippe Ciais, Luis Gustavo Gonçalves de Gonçalves, A. K. Sahoo, Xiaodan Guan, Bruno Paraluppi Cestaro, Joshua B. Fisher, Atul K. Jain, Alessandro Araújo, Jordan Borak, Michel Nobre Muza, Koichi Sakaguchi, Hewlley Maria Acioli Imbuzeiro, Débora Regina Roberti, Kevin Schaefer, M. Altaf Arain, Antonio O. Manzi, Celso von Randow, Marcos Heil Costa, University of Arizona, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Edinburgh, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Chiba University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, University of Southern California (USC), Montana State University (MSU), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California, Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, University of California (UC), and Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP)
Subjects: Biosphere model, Atmospheric Science, Stomatal conductance, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, environment simulator jules, 0207 environmental engineering, Eddy covariance, 02 engineering and technology, climate model, 01 natural sciences, Earth System Science, Hydrology (agriculture), Evapotranspiration, Dry season, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Water-use efficiency, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, AMAZÔNIA, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, regional evapotranspiration, biosphere model, Forestry, boundary-layer, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, land-surface scheme, Climate Resilience, atmosphere interactions, 13. Climate action, Klimaatbestendigheid, stomatal conductance, model description, carbon-cycle feedbacks, Environmental science, Leerstoelgroep Aardsysteemkunde, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Evapotranspiration (E) in the Amazon connects forest function and regional climate via its role in precipitation recycling However, the mechanisms regulating water supply to vegetation and its demand for water remain poorly understood, especially during periods of seasonal water deficits In this study, we address two main questions: First, how do mechanisms of water supply (indicated by rooting depth and groundwater) and vegetation water demand (indicated by stomatal conductance and intrinsic water use efficiency) control evapotranspiration (E) along broad gradients of climate and vegetation from equatorial Amazonia to Cerrado, and second, how do these inferred mechanisms of supply and demand compare to those employed by a suite of ecosystem models? We used a network of eddy covariance towers in Brazil coupled with ancillary measurements to address these questions With respect to the magnitude and seasonality of E, models have much improved in equatorial tropical forests by eliminating most dry season water limitation, diverge in performance in transitional forests where seasonal water deficits are greater, and mostly capture the observed seasonal depressions in E at Cerrado However, many models depended universally on either deep roots or groundwater to mitigate dry season water deficits, the relative importance of which we found does not vary as a simple function of climate or vegetation In addition, canopy stomatal conductance (gs) regulates dry season vegetation demand for water at all except the wettest sites even as the seasonal cycle of E follows that of net radiation In contrast, some models simulated no seasonality in gs, even while matching the observed seasonal cycle of E. We suggest that canopy dynamics mediated by leaf phenology may play a significant role in such seasonality, a process poorly represented in models Model bias in gs and E, in turn, was related to biases arising from the simulated light response (gross primary productivity, GPP) or the intrinsic water use efficiency of photosynthesis (iWUE). We identified deficiencies in models which would not otherwise be apparent based on a simple comparison of simulated and observed rates of E. While some deficiencies can be remedied by parameter tuning, in most models they highlight the need for continued process development of belowground hydrology and in particular, the biological processes of root dynamics and leaf phenology, which via their controls on E, mediate vegetation-climate feedbacks in the tropics. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Published: 2014

21. Disentangling biodiversity and climatic determinants of wood production

Author: Antoni Trasobares, Jordi Vayreda, Montserrat Vilà, Wojciech Grodzki, Jonas Fridman, Josephine Haase, Amparo Carrillo-Gavilán, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Harald Bugmann, Georges Kunstler, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Forest Management in Mountain Regions, Forest Research Institute, Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], MONTES (CSD2008-00040), European Project: 226299,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2008-2B,BACCARA(2009), Estación Biológica de Doñana, Estacion Biologica de Donana, Department of Environmental Sciences, and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biodiversity, lcsh:Medicine, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Trees, Global Change Ecology, Forest and Landscape Ecology, species richness, lcsh:Science, Conservation Science, Multidisciplinary, Wood production, Ecology, Agriculture, Forestry, Plants, Terrestrial Environments, Wood, Europe, Community Ecology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, plantations, Research Article, metaanalysis, Ecological Metrics, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Ecological Risk, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Models, Biological, Species Specificity, current knowledge, Forest ecology, ecosystem function, Ecosystem, Terrestrial Ecology, Community Structure, Vegetatie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, complementarity, Forest inventory, Vegetation, lcsh:R, Species diversity, Species Diversity, forest diversity, 15. Life on land, populations, sensitivity, mortality, Species Interactions, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, Species richness, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Ecological Environments
Abstract: Background: Despite empirical support for an increase in ecosystem productivity with species diversity in synthetic systems, there is ample evidence that this relationship is dependent on environmental characteristics, especially in structurally more complex natural systems. Empirical support for this relationship in forests is urgently needed, as these ecosystems play an important role in carbon sequestration. Methodology/Principal Findings: We tested whether tree wood production is positively related to tree species richness while controlling for climatic factors, by analyzing 55265 forest inventory plots in 11 forest types across five European countries. On average, wood production was 24% higher in mixed than in monospecific forests. Taken alone, wood production was enhanced with increasing tree species richness in almost all forest types. In some forests, wood production was also greater with increasing numbers of tree types. Structural Equation Modeling indicated that the increase in wood production with tree species richness was largely mediated by a positive association between stand basal area and tree species richness. Mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation affected wood production and species richness directly. However, the direction and magnitude of the influence of climatic variables on wood production and species richness was not consistent, and vary dependent on forest type. Conclusions: Our analysis is the first to find a local scale positive relationship between tree species richness and tree wood production occurring across a continent. Our results strongly support incorporating the role of biodiversity in management and policy plans for forest carbon sequestration. © 2013 Vilà et al.
Published: 2013

22. Why would plant species become extinct locally if growing conditions improve?

Author: Wilfried Thuiller, Koen Kramer, Thomas Hickler, Rienk-Jan Bijlsma, Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, global environmental-change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Species distribution, Adaptation, Biological, 01 natural sciences, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, geographic distributions, Forest and Landscape Ecology, media_common, Ecology, vegetation dynamics, Temperature, Vegetation, Mini-Review, Plants, Plant functional type, Europe, Phylogeography, ddc:580, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, climate-change, range, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, biogeographical models, Seasons, ecosystems, Conservation of Natural Resources, productivity, Climate Change, media_common.quotation_subject, growth, Climate change, Growing season, Environment, Biology, Extinction, Biological, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, Competition (biology), Ecosystem, climate, Molecular Biology, Vegetatie, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Demography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, model, Cell Biology, 15. Life on land, plant species, 13. Climate action, responses, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Developmental Biology
Abstract: International audience; Two assumptions underlie current models of the geographical ranges of perennial plant species: 1. current ranges are in equilibrium with the prevailing climate, and 2. changes are attributable to changes in macroclimatic factors, including tolerance of winter cold, the duration of the growing season, and water stress during the growing season, rather than to biotic interactions. These assumptions allow model parameters to be estimated from current species ranges. Deterioration of growing conditions due to climate change, e.g. more severe drought, will cause local extinction. However, for many plant species, the predicted climate change of higher minimum temperatures and longer growing seasons means, improved growing conditions. Biogeographical models may under some circumstances predict that a species will become locally extinct, despite improved growing conditions, because they are based on an assumption of equilibrium and this forces the species range to match the species-specific macroclimatic thresholds. We argue that such model predictions should be rejected unless there is evidence either that competition influences the position of the range margins or that a certain physiological mechanism associated with the apparent improvement in growing conditions negatively affects the species performance. We illustrate how a process-based vegetation model can be used to ascertain whether such a physiological cause exists. To avoid potential modelling errors of this type, we propose a method that constrains the scenario predictions of the envelope models by changing the geographical distribution of the dominant plant functional type. Consistent modelling results are very important for evaluating how changes in species areas affect local functional trait diversity and hence ecosystem functioning and resilience, and for inferring the implications for conservation management in the face of climate change.
Published: 2012

23. What eddy-covariance measurements tell us about prior land flux errors in CO2-flux inversion schemes

Author: Chevallier, Frédéric, Wang, Tao, Ciais, Philippe, Maignan, Fabienne, Bocquet, Marc, Arain, M. Altaf, Cescatti, Alessandro, Chen, Jiquan, Dolman, A. Johannes, Law, Beverly E., Margolis, Hank A., Montagnani, Leonardo, Moors, Eddy J., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Environnement Atmosphérique (CEREA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Coupling environmental data and simulation models for software integration (Clime), Inria Paris-Rocquencourt, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), School of Geography and earth sciences, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Climate Change Unit [Ispra], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC)-European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Science (LEES), University of Toledo, Department of Hydrology and Geo-Environmental Sciences [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), College of Forestry [Corvallis], Oregon State University (OSU), Centre d'Etude de la Forêt (Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Servizi Forestali, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Agenzia per l'Ambiente, Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], The authors thank the participants of the Transcom session about prior errors that was held on 20 September 2009 in Jena, Germany, for fruitful discussions. The study was co-funded by the European Commission under the EU Seventh Research Framework Programme (grant agreement 212196, COCOS) and by the French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (grant agreement ANR-08-SYSC-014, MSDAG). The authors would like to thank N. Viovy (LSCE) who provided the gap-filling tools for the local atmospheric variables, F. Marabelle and his team at LSCE for computational support, Gil Bohrer (Ohio State University) and two anonymous reviewers for their stimulating comments on the text. This work used eddy covariance data acquired by the FLUXNET community and in particular by the following networks: AmeriFlux (U.S. Department of Energy, Biological and Environmental Research, Terrestrial Carbon Program (DE-FG02-04ER63917 and DE-FG02-04ER63911)), AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, ChinaFlux, FLUXNET–Canada Research Network/Canadian Carbon Program (supported by CFCAS, NSERC, BIOCAP, Environment Canada, and NRCan), GreenGrass, KoFlux, LBA, NECC, OzFlux, TCOS–Siberia, and the USCCC. We acknowledge the financial support to the eddy covariance data harmonization provided by CarboEuropeIP, FAO–GTOS–TCO, iLEAPS, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, the National Science Foundation, the University of Tuscia, Université Laval, Environment Canada, and the U.S. Department of Energy, and the database development and technical support from Berkeley Water Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Microsoft Research eScience, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Virginia., ANR-08-SYSC-0014,MSDAG,Assimilation de données multiéchelles en géophysique(2008), Earth and Climate, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Amsterdam Global Change Institute, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract: International audience; To guide the future development of CO2-atmospheric inversion modeling systems, we analyzed the errors arising from prior information about terrestrial ecosystem fluxes. We compared the surface fluxes calculated by a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model with daily averages of CO2 flux measurements at 156 sites across the world in the FLUXNET network. At the daily scale, the standard deviation of the model-data fit was 2.5 gC*m−2*d−1; temporal autocorrelations were significant at the weekly scale (>0.3 for lags less than four weeks), while spatial correlations were confined to within the first few hundred kilometers (
Published: 2012

24. Importance of crop varieties and management practices: evaluation of a process-based model for simulating CO2 and H2O fluxes at five European maize (Zea mays L.) sites

Author: Li, L., Vuichard, N., Viovy, N., Ciais, P., Wang, T., Ceschia, E., Jans, W.W.P., Wattenbach, M., Beziat, P., Gruenwald, T., Lehuger, S., Bernhofer, C., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alterra Wageningen Univ and Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands, affiliation inconnue, Biological Sciences, Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Hydrol and Meteorol, Dept Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), AgroParisTech, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: generic model, nitrogen balances, maïs, couvert végétal, net ecosystem exchange, water-vapor, lcsh:Life, évapotranspiration, MODELE STICS, MODELE ORCHIDEE, fertilisation, zea mays, primary productivity, dioxyde de carbone, lcsh:QH540-549.5, wheat, CWK - Earth System Science and Climate Change, grande culture, Wageningen Environmental Research, pratique culturale, modélisation, carbon-dioxide exchange, eddy covariance technique, variété, carbon, lcsh:QE1-996.5, simulation, CWC - Earth System Science and Climate Change, rain-fed maize, lcsh:Geology, flux, lcsh:QH501-531, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, micrométéorologie, [SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, lcsh:Ecology, agricultural soils, europe
Abstract: This paper is a modelling study of crop management impacts on carbon and water fluxes at a range of European sites. The model is a crop growth model (STICS) coupled with a process-based land surface model (ORCHIDEE). The data are online eddy-covariance observations of CO2 and H2O fluxes at five European maize cultivation sites. The results show that the ORCHIDEE-STICS model explains up to 75 % of the observed daily net CO2 ecosystem exchange (NEE) variance, and up to 79 % of the latent heat flux (LE) variance at five sites. The model is better able to reproduce gross primary production (GPP) variations than terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) variations. We conclude that structural deficiencies in the model parameterizations of leaf area index (LAI) and TER are the main sources of error in simulating CO2 and H2O fluxes. A number of sensitivity tests, with variable crop variety, nitrogen fertilization, irrigation, and planting date, indicate that any of these management factors is able to change NEE by more than 15 %, but that the response of NEE to management parameters is highly site-dependent. Changes in management parameters are found to impact not only the daily values of NEE and LE, but also the cumulative yearly values. In addition, LE is shown to be less sensitive to management parameters than NEE. Multi-site model evaluations, coupled with sensitivity analysis to management parameters, thus provide important information about model errors, which helps to improve the simulation of CO2 and H2O fluxes across European croplands.
Published: 2011

25. Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity

Author: Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Leonardo Montagnani, Rodrigo Vargas, David Y. Hollinger, Mirco Migliavacca, Philippe Ciais, Bernard Longdoz, Nobuko Saigusa, Nadine Gobron, Mark A. Friedl, T. Andy Black, Enrico Tomelleri, Andrew D. Richardson, Eddy Moors, J. William Munger, Werner L. Kutsch, Nicolas Delbart, Shilong Piao, Andrej Varlagin, Markus Reichstein, Corinna Rebmann, Systems Ecology, Earth and Climate, Harvard University, University of British Columbia (UBC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Boston University [Boston] (BU), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Harvard University [Cambridge], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Berkeley], and University of California-University of California
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Growing season length, sub-alpine forest, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Trees, temporal variation, FluxNet, CWK - Earth System Science and Climate Change, Wageningen Environmental Research, Photosynthesis, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, terrestrial ecosystems, Articles, deciduous forest, Carbon cycle, Productivity (ecology), Phenology, climate-change, Terrestrial ecosystem, Seasons, Ecosystem respiration, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Canada, interannual variability, Climate Change, Eddy covariance, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, Statistics, Nonparametric, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Forest ecology, growing-season length, Ecosystem, boreal forest, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, WIMEK, Interannual variation, Primary production, co2 exchange, 15. Life on land, CWC - Earth System Science and Climate Change, carbon sequestration, 13. Climate action, Primary productivity, Environmental science, Physical geography
Abstract: International audience; We use eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) from 21 FLUXNET sites (153 site-years of data) to investigate relationships between phenology and productivity (in terms of both NEP and gross ecosystem photosynthesis, GEP) in temperate and boreal forests. Results are used to evaluate the plausibility of four different conceptual models. Phenological indicators were derived from the eddy covariance time series, and from remote sensing and models. We examine spatial patterns (across sites) and temporal patterns (across years); an important conclusion is that it is likely that neither of these accurately represents how productivity will respond to future phenological shifts resulting from ongoing climate change. In spring and autumn, increased GEP resulting from an 'extra' day tends to be offset by concurrent, but smaller, increases in ecosystem respiration, and thus the effect on NEP is still positive. Spring productivity anomalies appear to have carry-over effects that translate to productivity anomalies in the following autumn, but it is not clear that these result directly from phenological anomalies. Finally, the productivity of evergreen needleleaf forests is less sensitive to phenology than is productivity of deciduous broadleaf forests. This has implications for how climate change may drive shifts in competition within mixed-species stands.
Published: 2010

26. Mesoscale modelling of the CO2 interactions between the surface and the atmosphere applied to the April 2007 CERES field experiment

Author: Sarrat, C., Noilhan, J., Lacarrere, P., Ceschia, E., Ciais, P., Dolman, A. J., Elbers, J. A., Christoph Gerbig, Gioli, B., Lauvaux, T., Miglietta, F., Neininger, B., Ramonet, M., Vellinga, O., Bonnefond, J. M., Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Istituto di Biometeorologia [Firenze] (IBIMET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), MetAir AG, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences
Subjects: cycle du carbone, analyse de données, Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, concentration, Meteorology and Air Quality, koolstofcyclus, lcsh:Life, simulation models, hapex-mobilhy, atmosferische grenslaag, meteorological observations, dioxyde de carbone, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, couche limite atmosphérique, lcsh:QH540-549.5, carbon cycle, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Alterra - Centre for Water and Climate, Wageningen Environmental Research, meteorologische waarnemingen, Milieux et Changements globaux, indice foliaire, relation sol-atmosphère, modèle MESO-NH, mesures aéroportées, database, modélisation, atmospheric boundary-layer, WIMEK, lcsh:QE1-996.5, resolution, carbon dioxide, regional-scale, simulation, simulatiemodellen, parameterization, fluxes, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, kooldioxide, lcsh:Ecology, strategy, Alterra - Centrum Water en Klimaat, concentratie
Abstract: This paper describes a numerical interpretation of the April 2007, CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) campaign, devoted to the study of the CO2 cycle at the regional scale. Four consecutive clear sky days with intensive observations of CO2 concentration, fluxes at the surface and in the boundary layer have been simulated with the Meso-NH mesoscale model, coupled to ISBA-A-gs land surface model. The main result of this paper is to show how aircraft observations of CO2 concentration have been used to identify surface model errors and to calibrate the CO2 driving component of the surface model. In fact, the comparisons between modelled and observed CO2 concentrations within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) allow to calibrate and correct not only the parameterization of respired CO2 fluxes by the ecosystem but also the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the dominating land cover. After this calibration, the paper describes systematic comparisons of the model outputs with numerous data collected during the CERES campaign, in April 2007. For instance, the originality of this paper is the spatial integration of the comparisons. In fact, the aircraft observations of CO2 concentration and fluxes and energy fluxes are used for the model validation from the local This paper describes a numerical interpretation of the April 2007, CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) campaign, devoted to the study of the CO2 cycle at the regional scale. Four consecutive clear sky days with intensive observations of CO2 concentration, fluxes at the surface and in the boundary layer have been simulated with the Meso-NH mesoscale model, coupled to ISBA-A-gs land surface model. The main result of this paper is to show how aircraft observations of CO2 concentration have been used to identify surface model errors and to calibrate the CO2 driving component of the surface model. In fact, the comparisons between modelled and observed CO2 concentrations within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) allow to calibrate and correct not only the parameterization of respired CO2 fluxes by the ecosystem but also the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the dominating land cover. After this calibration, the paper describes systematic comparisons of the model outputs with numerous data collected during the CERES campaign, in April 2007. For instance, the originality of this paper is the spatial integration of the comparisons. In fact, the aircraft observations of CO2 concentration and fluxes and energy fluxes are used for the model validation from the local This paper describes a numerical interpretation of the April 2007, CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) campaign, devoted to the study of the CO2 cycle at the regional scale. Four consecutive clear sky days with intensive observations of CO2 concentration, fluxes at the surface and in the boundary layer have been simulated with the Meso-NH mesoscale model, coupled to ISBA-A-gs land surface model. The main result of this paper is to show how aircraft observations of CO2 concentration have been used to identify surface model errors and to calibrate the CO2 driving component of the surface model. In fact, the comparisons between modelled and observed CO2 concentrations within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) allow to calibrate and correct not only the parameterization of respired CO2 fluxes by the ecosystem but also the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the dominating land cover. After this calibration, the paper describes systematic comparisons of the model outputs with numerous data collected during the CERES campaign, in April 2007. For instance, the originality of this paper is the spatial integration of the comparisons. In fact, the aircraft observations of CO2 concentration and fluxes and energy fluxes are used for the model validation from the local to the regional scale. As a conclusion, the CO2 budgeting approach from the mesoscale model shows that the winter croplands are assimilating more CO2 than the pine forest, at this stage of the year and this case study.
Published: 2009

27. Integrated assessment of agricultural systems: a component - based framework for the European Union (Seamless)

Author: Frank Ewert, Martin K. van Ittersum, Irina V. Bezlepkina, G. Flichman, J.J.F. Wien, Marcello Donatelli, Andrea Emilio Rizzoli, Lennart Olsson, Tamme van der Wal, Jacques Wery, Johanna Alkan Olsson, Thomas Heckelei, Erling Andersen, Joost Wolf, Floor Brouwer, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Bonn, Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS), Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University = Kongelige Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole (KVL ), LEI Wageningen UR, Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali (ISCI), Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali, Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM), Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] (SUPSI), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), and The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
Subjects: MARCHE MONDIAL, INDICATEUR SOCIAL, Process management, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, EXPLOITATION AGRICOLE, law.invention, INDICATEUR ENVIRONNEMENTAL, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, law, Market analysis, 11. Sustainability, Economics, MODELE BIOECONOMIQUE, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, Environmental resource management, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Centre Geo-information, PE&RC, Variety (cybernetics), Plant Production Systems, SOCIAL INDICATORS, environment, management, policy, LEI NAT HULPB - Milieu, INDICATEUR ECONOMIQUE, Alterra - Centrum Geo-informatie, water, Bedrijfseconomie, Linkage (mechanical), ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR, PLANTE, 12. Responsible consumption, INDICATOR OF SUSTAINABILITY, BIOECONOMIC MODEL, FARMS, Business Economics, LEI NAT HULPB - Milieu, Natuur en Landschap, INDICATEUR DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE, land-use, media_common.cataloged_instance, PLANTS, European union, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Sustainable development, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, WORLD MARKET, model, business.industry, Impact assessment, [SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, cropping systems, Natuur en Landschap, SYSTEME DE PRODUCTION, FARMING SYSTEM, MGS, 13. Climate action, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, tools, Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Animal Science and Zoology, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Environmental indicator
Abstract: Agricultural systems continuously evolve and are forced to change as a result of a range of global and local driving forces. Agricultural technologies and agricultural, environmental and rural development policies are increasingly designed to contribute to the sustainability of agricultural systems and to enhance contributions of agricultural systems to sustainable development at large. The effectiveness and efficiency of such policies and technological developments in realizing desired contributions could be greatly enhanced if the quality of their ex-ante assessments were improved. Four key challenges and requirements to make research tools more useful for integrated assessment in the European Union were defined in interactions between scientists and the European Commission (EC), i.e., overcoming the gap between micro–macro level analysis, the bias in integrated assessments towards either economic or environmental issues, the poor re-use of models and hindrances in technical linkage of models. Tools for integrated assessment must have multi-scale capabilities and preferably be generic and flexible such that they can deal with a broad variety of policy questions. At the same time, to be useful for scientists, the framework must facilitate state-of-the-art science both on aspects of the agricultural systems and on integration. This paper presents the rationale, design and illustration of a component-based framework for agricultural systems (SEAMLESS Integrated Framework) to assess, ex-ante, agricultural and agri-environmental policies and technologies across a range of scales, from field–farm to region and European Union, as well as some global interactions. We have opted for a framework to link individual model and data components and a software infrastructure that allows a flexible (re-)use and linkage of components. The paper outlines the software infrastructure, indicators and model and data components. The illustrative example assesses effects of a trade liberalisation proposal on EU’s agriculture and indicates how SEAMLESS addresses the four identified challenges for integrated assessment tools, i.e., linking micro and macro analysis, assessing economic, environmental, social and institutional indicators, (re-)using standalone model components for field, farm and market analysis and their conceptual and technical linkage.
Published: 2008

28. CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database

Author: Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Eero Nikinmaa, Richard Harding, Philippe Ciais, Carlos A. Sierra, Timo Vesala, Gabriel Pita, S. L. Piao, T. Laurila, Pasi Kolari, Andrew D. Richardson, G. Le Maire, Paul J. Hanson, Scott V. Ollinger, Guenther Seufert, Lisa Wingate, Ivan A. Janssens, Timothy J. Griffis, Achim Grelle, J. W. Munger, Bruce D. Cook, Olivier Roupsard, David Y. Hollinger, Kenneth J. Davis, Dario Papale, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Christian Bernhofer, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, Marc Aubinet, Damien Bonal, Thomas Grünwald, Markus Reichstein, Corinna Rebmann, Denis Loustau, Gabriele Guidolotti, I. Inglima, Laurent Misson, Lucy R. Hutyra, Fredrik Lagergren, Ernst Detlef Schulze, J. Mateus, Werner L. Kutsch, Martin Jung, Leonardo Montagnani, Anders Lindroth, María José Sanz, A. Granier, Jianwu Tang, Mirco Migliavacca, Giorgio Matteucci, Eddy Moors, John Moncrieff, Yadvinder Malhi, Beverly E. Law, John Grace, Marie-Louise Smith, Birgit Gielen, Kevin Black, Michael L. Goulden, Christian Beer, Riccardo Valentini, A. J. Dolman, Nobuko Saigusa, Bart Kruijt, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Ions Lasers (CIRIL), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering, University of Canberra, Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Forest Environment and Resources, University of Tuscia, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China, affiliation inconnue, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CNR-ISAFOM, School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford [Oxford], AgroBio Tech GxABT, Univ Liege Gembloux Agrobio Tech, Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Hydrol and Meteorol, Dept Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, University of New Orleans, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Ecology, Uppsala, Uppsala University, Department soil, water & climate, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Department of Computer Science [Dresden], Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), NE Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington [Seattle], Forest Ecology and Management [Helsinki], Department of Forest Sciences [Helsinki], Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki-Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Earth System Science-Climate Change, Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), College of Forestry, Oregon State University (OSU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Unité de Recherches Forestières, Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, Imperial College London, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Servizi Forestali, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Agenzia per l'Ambiente, Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Cambridge, USA] (EPS), Harvard University [Cambridge], Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française (ATILF), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Fonctionnement et pilotage des écosystèmes de plantations (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 80 Ecosystèmes de plantations), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Science and Environment, Department of Physical Sciences [Helsinki], University of Helsinki, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology [Tharandt], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Unité de recherches forestières (BORDX PIERR UR ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Fonctionnement et pilotage des écosystèmes de plantations (UPR Ecosystèmes de plantations), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], University of Oxford, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Harvard University, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, and Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, F40 - Écologie végétale, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biome, Atmospheric carbon cycle, Carbon sequestration, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals, carbon cycle, Forest ecology, SDG 13 - Climate Action, forest ecosystems, global database, gross primary productivity, net ecosystem productivity, net primary productivity, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Database, Primary production, 15. Life on land, C30 - Documentation et information, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, Ecosystem ecology, computer, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 2.1 Pg of atmospheric carbon annually. A large amount of the terrestrial sink is realized by forests. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding the fate of this carbon over both short and long timescales. Relevant data to address these uncertainties are being collected at many sites around the world, but syntheses of these data are still sparse. To facilitate future synthesis activities, we have assembled a comprehensive global database for forest ecosystems, which includes carbon budget variables (fluxes and stocks), ecosystem traits (e.g. leaf area index, age), as well as ancillary site information such as management regime, climate, and soil characteristics. This publicly available database can be used to quantify global, regional or biome-specific carbon budgets; to re-examine established relationships; to test emerging hypotheses about ecosystem functioning [e.g. a constant net ecosystem production (NEP) to gross primary production (GPP) ratio]; and as benchmarks for model evaluations. In this paper, we present the first analysis of this database. We discuss the climatic influences on GPP, net primary production (NPP) and NEP and present the CO2 balances for boreal, temperate, and tropical forest biomes based on micrometeorological, ecophysiological, and biometric flux and inventory estimates. Globally, GPP of forests benefited from higher temperatures and precipitation whereas NPP saturated above either a threshold of 1500 mm precipitation or a mean annual temperature of 10 degrees C. The global pattern in NEP was insensitive to climate and is hypothesized to be mainly determined by nonclimatic conditions such as successional stage, management, site history, and site disturbance. In all biomes, closing the CO2 balance required the introduction of substantial biome-specific closure terms. Nonclosure was taken as an indication that respiratory processes, advection, and non-CO2 carbon fluxes are not presently being adequately accounted for.
Published: 2007

29. Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models

Author: Thomas E. Lovejoy, Hans ter Steege, Casimiro Mendoza, Paul R. Moorcroft, Patrick Meir, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Leandro Valle Ferreira, José Luís Camargo, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Niro Higuchi, Raquel Thomas, David W. Galbraith, Gabriela Lopez Gonzalez, Bart Kruijt, Ted R. Feldpausch, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Timothy J. Killeen, Eric Arets, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Marielos Peña-Claros, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Philippe Ciais, Manuel Gloor, Matthieu Guimberteau, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Damien Bonal, Agustín Rudas, Euridice Honorio, Anja Rammig, Juan Carlos Licona, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Gerardo Aymard, Oliver L. Phillips, Emilio Vilanova, Bia Marimon, Carlos A. Quesada, Lourens Poorter, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, John Terborgh, Anthony Di Fiore, Hannes De Deurwaerder, Jérôme Chave, Jocely Barroso, Guido Pardo, Vincent A. Vos, Marisol Toledo, Christopher Baraloto, Juliana Stropp, Álvaro Cogollo, Roel J. W. Brienen, Darley C.L. Matos, Michelle O. Johnson, Yadvinder Malhi, Ke Zhang, Kirsten Thonicke, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Abel Monteagudo, Luzmila Arroyo, Adriana Prieto, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Timothy R. Baker, Hans Verbeeck, Gilvan Sampaio, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, William F. Laurance, René G. A. Boot, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Sophie Fauset, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Celso von Randow, Rodolfo Vasquez, School of Geography [Leeds], University of Leeds, Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Missouri Botanical Garden, Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division [Los Alamos], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Research School of Biology, Australian National University (ANU), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology [Cambridge] (OEB), Harvard University [Cambridge], Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS), Fundación Con-Vida, Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno, Programa Cienclas Agro & Mar, UNELLEZ Guanare, Herbario Universitario PORT, Department of Biological Sciences [Miami], Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Tropenbos International (TBI), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program [Madre de Dios], Centro de Geociencias, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Dpt of Anthropology [Austin], University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), World Wide Fund (WWF), Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS), James Cook University (JCU), Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), Environmental Science and Policy Department and the Department of Public and International Affairs, George Mason University [Fairfax], Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford [Oxford], Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Amazonía, Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University [Durham], Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia [Bogotà] (UNAL), Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Museu Universitário, Institute of Biological Sciences, Medical and Health, Universidade Paranaense, Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], School of Geography [Nottingham], University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, regional Norte Amazónico, 282664, AMAZALERT Raising the alert about critical feedbacks between climate and long-term land use change in the Amazon, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, ERC, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Urgency, Consortium and Standard Grant 'AMAZONICA' NE/F005806/1, Consortium and Standard Grant 'TROBIT' NE/D005590/1, Consortium and Standard Grant 'Niche Evolution of South American Trees' NE/I028122/1, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico of Brazil (CNPq), project Programa de Pesquisas Ecologicas de Longa Duracao PELD-403725/2012-7, Helmholtz Alliance 'Remote Sensing and Earth System Dynamics', EU FP7 project 'ROBIN' 283093, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs KB-14-003-030, US DOE (BER) NGEE-Tropics project, ERC Advanced Grant, Royal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award, ARC FT110100457, NERC NE/J011002/1, Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship, European Project: 283080,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,GEOCARBON(2011), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA [Belém, Brazil] (UFPA), University of Oxford, Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Florida International University (FIU), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), and Universidad de los Andes [Bogota]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES, TREE MORTALITY, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Tropic Climate, Aboveground Biomass, Trees, Ecosystem model, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Primary Research Article, Biomass, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), CLIMATE-CHANGE, Ecology, Vegetation, Net Primary Production, Dynamic global vegetation model, PE&RC, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Tree, tropical forest, productivity, DROUGHT SENSITIVITY, dynamic global vegetation model, Stem, 010603 evolutionary biology, Carbon Cycle, forest plots, TROPICAL RAIN-FORESTS, Amazonia, allometry, Environmental Chemistry, Tropical Forest, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Forest, Mortality, Vegetatie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Allometry, Tropical Climate, WIMEK, Forest Ecosystem, EARTH SYSTEM, carbon, Theoretical Model, Primary production, 15. Life on land, South America, Models, Theoretical, Primary Research Articles, CARBON BALANCE, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, WOOD PRODUCTIVITY, Climate Resilience, 13. Climate action, Klimaatbestendigheid, Growth, Development And Aging, Earth and Environmental Sciences, WATER-BALANCE, Spatial ecology, Environmental science, cavelab, Spatial variability, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, ECOSYSTEM MODEL
Abstract: Understanding the processes that determine above-ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influences AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs. © 2016 The Authors. Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

30. An integrated and modular model for simulating and evaluating how canopy architecture can help reduce fungicide applications

Author: Christian Fournier, Christophe Pradal, Mariem Abichou, Bruno Andrieu, Marie-Odile Bancal, Carole Bedos, Pierre Benoit, Camille Chambon, Romain Chapuis, Cotteux, E., Laure Mamy, Neil Paveley, Valérie Pot, Sébastien Saint-Jean, Carole Sinfort, Claire Richard, Alexandra ter Halle, Eric van den Berg, Anne Sophie Walker, Corinne Robert, Écophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress environnementaux (LEPSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Modeling plant morphogenesis at different scales, from genes to phenotype (VIRTUAL PLANTS), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Information – Technologies – Analyse Environnementale – Procédés Agricoles (UMR ITAP), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Plant Disease Management (ADAS), ADAS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Risto Sievänen and Eero Nikinmaa and Christophe Godin and Anna Lintunen and Pekka Nygren, Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Sigma CLERMONT (Sigma CLERMONT)
Subjects: Pesticide, architecture, Wheat, Septoria, disease escape, simulation, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]INSPIREISBN 978-951-651-408-9; International audience; An integrated model coupling architectural canopy development, disease dynamics, pesticide application, pesticide decay and effect of pesticide on disease dynamics has been developed. It allows simulation of the dynamics of epidemics overall a growth season, together with the evaluation of impacts on environment, yield reduction and erosion of pesticide efficiency. This tool allows for a multi-criteria evaluation of different fungicide applications strategies and for designing new strategies that reduce pesticide applications by increasing natural resistance linked to canopy architecture.

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources

Refine your results

30 results on '"Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC)"'

1. Les flux d'azote en élevage de ruminants

2. Towards a renewed research agenda in ecotoxicology

3. Low growth resilience to drought is related to future mortality risk in trees

4. Yield Response of Mediterranean Rangelands under a Changing Climate

5. ORCHIDEE-CROP (v0), a new process-based agro-land surface model : Model description and evaluation over Europe

6. Matching the phenology of Net Ecosystem Exchange and vegetation indices estimated with MODIS and FLUXNET in-situ observations

7. Evaluating the performance of land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 on water and energy flux estimation with a single-and multi-layer energy budget scheme

8. Bridging between ecology and ecotoxicology: what are suitable endpoints or response variables to detect effects on plants at different ecological levels?

9. An indicator framework for assessing ecosystem services in support of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020

10. Simulating the net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its components over winter wheat cultivation sites across a large climate gradient in Europe using the ORCHIDEE-STICS generic model

11. Comment on 'Critical wind speed at which trees break'

12. Reconstruction and attribution of the carbon sink of European forests between 1950 and 2000

13. Effect of soil sample preservation, compared to the effect of other environmental variables, on bacterial and eukaryotic diversity

14. Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe’s terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance

15. Carbon accumulation in European forests

16. Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010

17. Stratégies pour le développement urbain durable et liens entre l'urbain et le rural

18. Forest summer albedo is sensitive to species and thinning: how should we account for this in Earth system models?

19. Strategies for sustainable urban development and urban-rural linkages

20. Mechanisms of water supply and vegetation demand govern the seasonality and magnitude of evapotranspiration in Amazonia and Cerrado

21. Disentangling biodiversity and climatic determinants of wood production

22. Why would plant species become extinct locally if growing conditions improve?

23. What eddy-covariance measurements tell us about prior land flux errors in CO2-flux inversion schemes

24. Importance of crop varieties and management practices: evaluation of a process-based model for simulating CO2 and H2O fluxes at five European maize (Zea mays L.) sites

25. Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity

26. Mesoscale modelling of the CO2 interactions between the surface and the atmosphere applied to the April 2007 CERES field experiment

27. Integrated assessment of agricultural systems: a component - based framework for the European Union (Seamless)

28. CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database

29. Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models

30. An integrated and modular model for simulating and evaluating how canopy architecture can help reduce fungicide applications

Catalog

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Journal

Database

Publisher

30 results on '"Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC)"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources