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Goal. To establish the influence of the genotype of winter wheat on the presence of Alternaria sp. in the seeds of winter wheat under different growing conditions, for different periods of time, among varieties from different original institutions of Ukrainian and foreign selection. Methods. Field — cultivation of wheat varieties in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine; organizational — collection of seed samples; laboratory — analysis of the mycoflora of winter wheat seeds by biological method on the PGA, determination of Alternaria fungi on the environment of the PCA; analytical and mathematical — analysis of the obtained results and their statistical comparison. Results. The study of the influence of the variety on the isolation of Alternaria fungi for their cultivation in different years for the period from 2011 to 2020 and in different growing conditions proved the existence of a significant difference in their total amount and number of individual species, especially dominant. Differences were noted in the presence of Alternaria sp. inside the seeds grown in two climatic zones (Polissya and Forest-Steppe), on farms and in experimental fields. Three-year observation of the species of these fungi on two varieties from one originator showed their different isolation: both the presence of certain representatives and the number of their isolation. Analysis of 9 and 17 genotypes of wheat of Ukrainian and foreign selection during 2019 and 2020 also showed a different picture of the population of Alternaria fungi. Conclusions. Significant influence of genotype on the selection of Alternaria sp. was installed. Based on several years of studying the population of winter wheat seeds with Alternaria fungi, genotypes with a smaller presence were identified: in 2013—2015 — Gordovyta variety, in 2019—2020 — Emil, Pylypivka. It should be borne in mind that fewer alternative fungi reduce the presence of their mycotoxins, but increase the number of other fungi in the mycoflora, sometimes more dangerous.

Apple rot disease caused by Alternaria sp. is a postharvest disease that is often found when fruit is marketed, transported and stored. The results showed that there were 45 isolates of exophytic microbes and 27 isolates of endophytes. The microbial diversity index of healthy apple exophytes is 1.249, this means that the condition of the commodity structure is quite stable with a medium category and a scale of 3, while the dominance index is 0.896, meaning that there are 10 isolates of the dominating species, namely Lasiodiplodia theobromae. With a evenness index of 0.885. The endophytic microbial diversity index in healthy apples was 2.793, which means the condition of the commodity structure was more stable with a good category and a scale of 4. The Simpson dominance index was 0.739, meaning that there was a dominant species, namely Rhizopus sp. as many as 23 isolates, with a evenness index value of 0.458. The inhibition of exophytic and endophytic microbes against pathogens in vitro showed that the highest inhibition of exophytic microbes was Actinomyces bovis (Actinomycetes), A. niger, Colletotrichum sp., and Rhizopus sp. each of 83.33±00%, while the highest endophyte was shown by L. theobromae at 83.33±00%, followed by the fungus Rhizopus sp. by 80.55±5.89% and the smallest by the fungus A. niger by 78.89±4.19%. In vivo inhibition of exophytic and endophytic microbes against pathogens showed that their effect was very significant in suppressing pathogen growth in fresh fruit. The effect of treatment C (A. niger) was very good in suppressing the growth of pathogens, so that the apples still looked smooth and fresh, different from treatments A (L. theobromae) and K+P (treatment with pathogens)., {"references":["Barnett, H.L. and B.B. Hunter. 1998. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. APS Press. The American Phytopathological Sociey. St Paul, Minnesota.","Endrawati, D. dan E. Kusumaningtyas. 2017. Beberapa fungsi Rhizopus sp. dalam meningkatkan nilai nutrisi bahan pakan. Jurnal Wartazoa 27(2): 081-088 (Indonesian language)","Fendiyanto M.H, and R.D. Satrio. 2020. Identification, aflatoxin content, and antagonistic test of spoilage fungi in bread to Aspergillus niger. Bioteknologi 17: 60-66."]}

Recently, a wide range of symptoms including light yellow lesions gradually turning into brown stripes were noticed on date palm leaves in Iraq. In this context, the aim of this study were to isolate the phytopathogens associated with these symptoms, evaluate their pathogenicity and assess the efficacy of two fungicides (Score and Pentanol) under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Two fungal species (Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp.) were isolated from the symptomatic leaves of date palm. The results of pathogenicity tested proved the ability of Alternaria sp. inoculated separately or in combination with Fusarium sp. to infect the leaves of date palm trees with disease severity index (DSI) values of 67.33% and 65.99%, respectively. The effect of Score (88.76%) and Pentanol (82.91%) against Alternaria sp. was examined by poisoned food technique, which leads a significant increase in mycelial growth inhibition (for 300% of commercial recommended dose of fungicide). Test results indicate that prophylactic spraying of date palm leaves with Score or Pentanol effectively controlled Alternaria sp. with DSI values of 22.65% and 17.87%, respectively. To control Alternaria sp. in field within integrated pest management strategies, chemical control using Score or Pentanol should be taken in consideration.

Background Date palm ((Phoenix doctylifera L.) suffers from several fungal diseases. The endophytic microorganisms present in higher plants generally offer protection to their host plants against invading phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. In the present study, endophytic bacteria associated with date palm leaves were isolated and their in vitro antagonistic potential against fungal pathogens causing leaf spots in date palm was demonstrated. Results Endophytic bacteria were isolated from date palm leaves of 3 different cultivars viz., Nighal, Khalas and Khinaizi and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against leaf spot pathogens of date palm viz., Fusarium solani, Alternaria sp., Nigrospora sp., Thieloviopsis sp., Curvularia subpapendrofii and Tilletiopsis minor using an in vitro dual culture assay. Of the 24 endophytic bacterial strains tested, the endophytes designated B1, B7, B8 and B9 obtained from cv. Nighal showed inhibitory activities (more than 55% mycelial growth inhibition) against F. solani and Alternaria sp. None of the bacterial endophytes inhibited the growth of other fungal pathogens tested. These antagonistic bacterial strains were identified as Pantoea septica on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The hyphae of F. solani and Alternaria sp. exhibited morphological abnormalities such as shrinkage and disintegration when grown in the presence of antagonistic bacterial endophytes. The cell-free culture filtrates of the bacterial endophytes caused inhibition of mycelial growth and induced leakage of electrolytes from the mycelia of F. solani and Alternaria sp. This is the first study that describes inhibition of the date palm pathogens F. solani and Alternaria sp. by P. septica. Conclusion Endophytic Pantoea septica strains isolated from date palm leaves inhibited the mycelial growth of F. solani and Alternaria sp. and induced morphological changes in their mycelia. The culture filtrates of these bacterial strains also inhibited the mycelial growth and caused leakage of electrolytes from the mycelia of F. solani and Alternaria sp. These promising bacterial strains can be exploited as biocontrol agents to control F. solani and Alternaria sp.-induced leaf spot diseases of date palm.

Tandojam is one of the main tomatoes producing city in Pakistan. Several tones of tomatoes are produced in the Tandojam each year. The main objective of the study was to estimate the intensity of tomato post-harvest rot in the vicinity of Tandjam, so curative strategies can be explored. A survey was conducted in the surrounding of Tandojam viz; Tando Allahyar, Sultanabad Vegetable Market, Tandojam city, Tando Qaiser, Bahawal Zaur, and Hyderabad Vegetable Market. A total of 20 tomato growers/farmers, 30 brokers, and 23 small shopkeepers were interviewed based on the proforma developed in the current study. The fruit rot infection among all 20 different fields ranged from 5 to 65% with 31.85% infected fruits by Alternaria. At Sultanabad and Hyderabad vegetable markets infection was ranged from 20 to 60% and 10 to 70%, respectively, with mean percentages 37 and 38.5% infected by Alternaria sp. Infection in small shops was ranged from 16.67 to 60% in Tandojam city and 16.67 to 53.33% in Tando Qaiser. The overall comparison revealed 30 percent infected fruit by Alternaria under field conditions, 36 percent at the vegetable market, and 43 percent at small shops level. Controlling tomato rots is a big challenge as the intensity of this disease is unknown in different regions. This research has significantly contributed to estimating the intensity of this disease.

A preliminary study was undertaken to screen the post-harvest diseases associated with some common rabi vegetables in the Jorhat districts of Assam, India. The infected vegetables were collected from a few local markets (Rajoi tiniali market, Unnayan market, Chowk Bazar sabji market) of Jorhat District of Assam. Isolation, purification, identification, and maintenance of the pathogenic isolates were carried out following standard protocol. The isolated fungal and bacterial pathogens were identified based on cultural and morphological characters. Pathogenicity tests of the isolated pathogens in different vegeatables confirmed association of Alternaria sp. in tomato, Cladosporium sp. in cauliflower, Erwinia sp. in capsicum, Geotrichum sp. in carrot, Sclerotinia sp. in pea and bean) and Phomopsis sp. in brinjal.

Bawang merah merupakan salah satu komoditas penting yang banyak dikonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia. Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya bawang merah yaitu adanya serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hama penyakit pada tanaman bawang merah dan tindakan pengendalian yang dilakukan oleh petani di Brebes, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tiga desa dengan masing-masing empat lahan bawang merah. Pengamatan intensitas serangan hama dan kejadian serta intensitas penyakit dilakukan setiap minggu selama 1 bulan. Informasi mengenai cara pengendalian OPT diperoleh melalui wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hama yang menyerang pertanaman bawang merah yaitu ulat bawang Spodoptera spp., sedangkan penyakit yang ditemukan yaitu mati pucuk Phytophthora sp. dan bercak ungu Alternaria sp.. Serangan hama ulat bawang dan penyakit mati pucuk mengalami peningkatan seiir i ng dengan bertambahnya umur tanaman. Pengendalian OPT yang dilakukan oleh petani yaitu pemasangan light trap dan aplikasi pestisida.

Relevance. Research is devoted to increasing the horizontal, polygenic resistance of table carrots of the Surazhevskaya variety to Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. infections. The aim of the research was to conduct sequential (at different stages of development) and multiple (over several reproductive generations) individual selections of table carrot plants resistant to a complex of pathogens using traditional phytopathological methods.Methods. The research was carried out in 2011–2019 in the Department of breeding and seed production in the laboratory of root crops and onions of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing — Branch of the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. The source material for research was a variety of carrots in the Surazhevskaya dining room, obtained in 2006 from the Flakke variety type. Assessment for resistance to Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. it was performed in the field, on two artificial infectious sites and in the laboratory in accordance with the methods. The correspondence (significance of differences) between the compared series (families) in the frequency distribution of the corresponding average scores of disease manifestations was assessed using the χ 2 criterion.Results. With each subsequent selection cycle, not only did the number of relatively resistant plants increase, but the average score of the lesion also decreased. As a result of four consecutive selection cycles at different stages of ontogenesis and in three nurseries with natural and artificial infection, the selection population changed in terms of resistance to Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. It is advisable to assess susceptibility to pathogenic flora in parallel on the natural and infectious backgrounds. Field assessment and selection of carrot plants should be carried out at different periods of the two-year development cycle, as well as during the storage of Queen root crops.

Alternarin A (1), a rearranged drimane meroterpenoid characterized by a thioglycerate moiety, was isolated together with two known analogues from the coral-associated fungi Alternaria sp. ZH-15. Its structure was determined based on spectroscopic analysis, modified Mosher's method, and TDDFT/ECD calculations. In a primary cultured cortical neuronal network, compound 1 effectively inhibited the activity of spontaneous synchronous Ca2+ oscillations and 4-aminopyridine induced epileptic discharges in the low micromolar concentration range.

Highlights • Isolation and characterization of five polyketides 1–5 from the marine endophytic Alternaria sp. LV52 derived from Cystoseira tamariscifolia. • The chemical structures of compounds 1–5 were identified by extensive 1D, 2D NMR, and HR mass measurements, and by comparison with literature data. • Isolation and taxonomic characterization of the producing fungus is intensively reported on the bases of morphological and genotypic analysis. • The antimicrobial of the produced extract and derived compounds were examined against a panel of test organisms. • Compounds 2 and 4 are potentially cytotoxic against human non-small cell lung (A549) and prostate (PC3) cancer cell lines., We report the isolation and characterization of five polyketides [alternariol (1), alternariol-9-methyl ether (2), altertoxin I (3), altertoxin II (4) and tenuazonic acid (5)] from the marine endophytic Alternaria sp. LV52 derived from Cystoseira tamariscifolia, collected from the Red Sea at Nabq-Bay, Egypt. The chemical structures of compounds 1–5 were identified by extensive 1D, 2D NMR, and HR mass measurements. Isolation and phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the producing fungus is reported. The antimicrobial activity of the produced extract and derived compounds was examined against a panel of test organisms. In addition, an in vitro cytotoxic activity of 1–5 was performed against diverse cancer cell lines: HEPG2, HELA, A549 and PC3, revealing that compounds 2 and 4 are potentially cytotoxic against A549 and PC3 with EC50 of 0.73 µg/ml (2.69 µM) and 0.17 µg/ml (0.64 µM) for 2, and 0.40 µg/ml (1.15 µM) and 0.12 µg/ml (0.33 µM) for 4, respectively.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual herb with medicinal, edible and economical values. To reach a yield potential, among other things, seed high germination percentage and seed vigor are required. The aim of the study was to discover the most efficient biopreparations with a beneficial effect on basil seed vigor, germination and seed health. Testing was conducted with two plant protection products, permitted in organic production ('Exstrasol F', Polyversum'), and three herbal preparations (fermented valerian extract, fermented extract of yarrow, and fermented LAB mix). Seed germination testing followed the standard procedure suggested by the Rule book on seed quality control, while seed health was examined by the filter paper method. The seeds were treated with 15 ml of bio-product solution, while the same amount of distilled water was used as a control. The experiment was conducted in three replications, and the seeds were observed on the 4th and 14th day following the treatment. The seed germination was increased in all treatments, in comparison to control. The treatments with fermented extract of yarrow had the highest effect on seed vigor. Based on the symptoms, the presence of Alternaria sp. was confirmed on the seed surface. Compared to control, the infection of seeds was reduced in all treatments, but the fermented extract of yarrow had the highest effect on disease reduction.

Resumen Introducción.Fusariumsp yAlternariasp son hongos fitopatógenos que causan serios problemas en cultivos y en el sector agrícola, situación que genera pérdidas económicas importantes. Además, debido a la producción de micotoxinas representan una amenaza para la salud de los consumidores y para las plantas. Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad antifúngica del extracto etanólico de hojas de borraja (Borago officinalis)sobreFusariumsp yAlternariasp. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó la identificación cualitativa y cuantitativa de los metabolitos secundarios presentes en el extracto etanólico deB. officinalis, posteriormente,FusariumspyAlternariasp. fueron secuenciadas por estudios moleculares mediante la amplificación de la región ITS (espaciador transcribible interno) del ADN ribosomal y finalmente, se evaluó la actividad antifúngica del extracto sobre las cepas previamente reconocidas mediante la prueba de crecimiento radial por técnica de difusión en agar. Resultados. El extracto etanólico de las hojas deB. officinaliscontiene alcaloides, flavonoides, fenoles, polifenoles y saponinas, de los cuales los polifenoles y los flavonoides presentan una concentración de 19,08±0,01 miligramos equivalentes de ácido gálico (EAG) por gramo de extracto y 28,12±0,06 miligramos equivalentes de catequina (Qe) por gramo de extracto, respectivamente. La secuenciación de los aislamientos evaluados mostró una alta similitud (>98%) con varias especies de Fusarium sp yAlternariasp, mientras que los ensayos de actividad antifúngica del extracto mostraron actividad fungistática por parte deB. officinalisal ser 16 mg.l-1el tratamiento más efectivo para ambos aislamientos evaluados con un porcentaje de inhibición de 90,3±0,9% paraAlternariasp y 86,6±2,2% paraFusariumsp, dondeAlternariasp presentó mayor susceptibilidad frente al extracto de las hojas deB. officinalis. Conclusión. Los resultados de esta investigación proporcionan uno de los primeros reportes de la actividad antifúngica deBorago officinalissobreFusariumsp yAlternariasp. Abstract Introduction.Fusariumsp andAlternariasp are phytopathogenic fungi that cause serious problems in crops and in the agricultural sector, situation that generates significant economic losses. In addition, due to the production of mycotoxins, they pose a threat to the health of consumers and plants. Objective. To evaluate the antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of borraja leaves (Borago officinalis) onFusariumsp andAlternariasp. Materials and methods. Qualitative and quantitative identification of the secondary metabolites present in the ethanolic extract ofB. officinaliswas carried out, later,Fusariumsp andAlternariasp were sequenced by molecular studies by amplifying the ITS (internal transcribable spacer) region of ribosomal DNA and finally, antifungal activity of the extract on previously recognized strains was evaluated by means of radial growth test using agar diffusion technique. Results. Ethanolic extract ofB. officinalisleaves contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, polyphenols and saponins, of which polyphenols and flavonoids have a concentration of 19.08±0.01 milligrams equivalent of gallic acid (EAG) per gram of extract and 28.12±0.06 milligrams equivalent of catechin (Qe) per gram of extract, respectively. Molecular sequencing of the evaluated isolates showed a high similarity (> 98%) with several species ofFusariumsp andAlternaria sp, while antifungal activity tests of the extract showed fungistatic activity byB. officinalis, with 16 mg.l-1being the most effective treatment for both isolates evaluated with an inhibition percentage of 90.3±0.9% forAlternariasp and 86.6±2.2% forFusariumsp, whereAlternariasp presented greater susceptibility to the extract ofB. officinalisleaves. Conclusion. The results of this investigation provide one of the first reports of the antifungal activity ofBorago officinalisonFusariumsp andAlternariasp.

To advance our understanding of the molecular biochemistry of fungi which impact cultural heritage in libraries, museums and archives we investigated the diagnostic capacity of Raman spectroscopy to identify the composition of colored chromophores of fungi on paper. In this study we explored the diagnostic capacity of resonant Raman to distinguish chromophores in fungal filaments stimulated to grow on paper under high humidity with a focus on characterizing chromophores of Alternaria group species. To facilitate molecular analysis, we conducted quantum chemistry calculations of representative metabolites having optical absorption in the ultraviolet–visible spectral range. Comparing theory and experiment we show that fonsecin, erythroglaucin and aurasperone type chromophores occur in mature hyphal filaments with β-carotene dominant in yeast depositions on paper surfaces. Resonant Raman of mature filaments suggests a further contribution of carotenes longer than β-carotene to the spectral signature. Using microscopic resolution, we distinguish rich sets of Raman signatures that we assign to lignin, flavoglaucin, riboflavin, cycloleucomelon(e) and asperyellone molecular components in the spatial regions where filaments initiate from yeast depositions. In such regions, where filament microstructures stimulate development of a mature three-dimensional scaffold, the diversity of Raman resonances confirms a rich biochemistry of the developing structures. The library of computed optical and spectroscopic responses of characteristic fungal chromophores and metabolites presented here is essential for understanding the effect of fungi on a wide range of objects made from paper including books, prints, drawings, watercolors, engravings and even sculptures as well as designing next generation materials based on fungal hyphal mats.

Fungal diseases pose a major threat to ornamental plants, with an increasing percentage of pathogen-driven host losses. In ornamental plants, management of the majority of fungal diseases primarily depends upon chemical control methods that are often non-specific. Host basal resistance, which is deficient in many ornamental plants, plays a key role in combating diseases. Despite their economic importance, conventional and molecular breeding approaches in ornamental plants to facilitate disease resistance are lagging, and this is predominantly due to their complex genomes, limited availability of gene pools, and degree of heterozygosity. Although genetic engineering in ornamental plants offers feasible methods to overcome the intrinsic barriers of classical breeding, achievements have mainly been reported only in regard to the modification of floral attributes in ornamentals. The unavailability of transformation protocols and candidate gene resources for several ornamental crops presents an obstacle for tackling the functional studies on disease resistance. Recently, multiomics technologies, in combination with genome editing tools, have provided shortcuts to examine the molecular and genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying fungal disease resistance, ultimately leading to the subsequent advances in the development of novel cultivars with desired fungal disease-resistant traits, in ornamental crops. Although fungal diseases constitute the majority of ornamental plant diseases, a comprehensive overview of this highly important fungal disease resistance seems to be insufficient in the field of ornamental horticulture. Hence, in this review, we highlight the representative mechanisms of the fungal infection-related resistance to pathogens in plants, with a focus on ornamental crops. Recent progress in molecular breeding, genetic engineering strategies, and RNAi technologies, such as HIGS and SIGS for the enhancement of fungal disease resistance in various important ornamental crops, is also described.

A new chromene derivative, alternapyran (1), along with three known compounds (2–4), was isolated from the Alternaria sp. ZG22 obtained from a Dasymaschalon rostratum collected from the Hainan. The structure of the new compound 1 was elucidated by NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Compounds 2 and 3 showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity against four terrestrial pathogenic bacteria.

Two new cephalochromin derivatives, prenylcephalochromin A (1), prenylcephalochromin B (2), along with cephalochromin (3) were isolated from the Alternaria sp. ZG22 obtained from a Dasymaschalon rostratum collected from the Hainan. The structures of two new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-3 showed ��-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Six novel aromatic polyketide dimers, bialternacins A-F (1-6), were isolated from a plant endophytic Alternaria sp. The structures of compounds 1-6 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism analysis. Compounds 1, 2, 5, and 6 were characterized as four pairs of racemic mixtures. Compound (+)-5 was demonstrated to show acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 15.5 μM. A putative biosynthetic pathway for these compounds was proposed.

Graphical abstract, Six new polyketone metabolites, compounds (1–6) and seven known polyketone compounds (7–13) were isolated from Rhodiola tibetica endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. The structural elucidation of five new polyketone metabolites were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic including 2D NMR and HRMS and spectrometric analysis. Inhibition rate evaluation revealed that compounds 1(EC50 = 0.02 mM), 3(EC50 = 0.3 mM), 6(EC50 = 0.07 mM), 8(EC50 = 0.1 mM) and 9(EC50 = 0.04 mM) had inhibitory effect on the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Las semillas de pinos durante su almacenamiento pueden presentar hongos que deterioran su calidad. El objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en identificar los géneros fúngicos que se asocian a las semillas de Pinus montezumae y P. greggii en dos humedades relativas (HR). Se les almacenó a 60 y 80 % de HR a 5 °C. Los muestreos se hicieron durante 180 días. Se evaluó el contenido de humedad de semilla (HS), las semillas libres de hongos (SLH); y se identificaron los géneros de los hongos (GH) por la morfología de sus colonias. En HS y SLH se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente al azar y se hizo una comparación de medias. Todas las fuentes de variación fueron significativas. La HS media por especie fue de 9.59 y de 12.37 %; la SLH de 64.52 y 69.28 % para P. greggii y P. montezumae, respectivamente. En la semilla de P. greggii almacenada a 60 HR, la HS fue de 7.97 %, con 66.19 % en SLH y a 80 HR, de 11.21 % y 62.85 % en SLH. Para P. montezumae a 60 HR, la HS fue de 10.21 % y de 71.42 % en SLH; a 80 HR, la HS fue de 14.53 % y 67.14 % en SLH. Los GH identificados que promueven el deterioro de las semillas fueron: Alternaria sp, que en P. greggii a 60 HR no se observó; Penicillium sp incrementó y predominó a partir de los 120 días; Fusarium sp. fue constante; de forma esporádica se presentaron Aspergillus sp y Rizhopus sp.

Gotove ili fresh-cut salate su svježi proizvodi od voća i povrća čija je potrošnja u stalnom porastu zbog visokih nutritivnih vrijednosti i jednostavnost i pripreme. Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi prisutnost patogenih mikroorganizama, uzročnika kvarenja gotovih salata i parazita u gotovim salatama s različitim rokom trajanja kao i provjeriti sastav mikrobne populacije. Salate su sakupljene tijekom svibnja i srpnja 2020. godine s maloprodajnih lokacija na području grada Osijeka. Nakon ispiranja i sedimentacije, mikrobiološka i parazitska ispravnost je provjerena klasičnim mikrobiološkim metodama. Uzorci su bili kontaminirani bakterijama porodice Enterobacteriaceae te kvascima i plijesnima. Dijelu uzoraka iz mjeseca svibnja istekao je rok trajanja, ali broj bakterija, kvasaca i plijesni nije bio veći nego u uzorcima ispravnog roka trajanja. U salatama nije pronađena niti jedna parazitska vrsta. Veći broj spora roda Alternaria sp. zabilježen je u svibnju te u cjelovitim salatama i salatama pripremljenim od jedne vrste povrća. Ready to eat or fresh-cut salads are fresh fruit and vegetable products whose consumption tend to increase due to high nutritional value and simplicity of preparation. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, spoilage causative agents of fresh-cut salads, and parasites in ready to eat salads with different shelf life, as well as to check the composition of microbial populations. Salads were collected during May and July 2020 from retail locations in the city area of Osijek. After washing and sedimentation, microbiological and parasitic safety of samples was checked by classical microbiological methods. The samples were contaminated with bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family and yeasts and molds. The higher number of bacteria, yeasts and molds was detected in the samples from May with a regular expiration date compared to those salads that crossed the shelf life. Parasitic species were not found in the salads. Salads made of one type of vegetable and uncut salads as well sampels from May, contained more spores of Alternaria sp.

Six marine-derived fungi (Alternaria sp. D11, Alternaria sp. D21, Cadophora sp. D43, Cadophora luteo-olivacea D51, Phoma sp. K2BR, Phoma sp. K21) were isolated from the Cakalburnu Lagoon, Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea in Turkey. An effective method has been developed for marine-derived fungi isolation and laccase production of the fungi has been studied. This method consisted of immersing a sterile solid substrate containing lignin into the aquatic system under aseptic conditions and removing at the end of 10 days, isolation for laccase producing fungi of marine origin. The decolorization potential of the isolate Alternaria sp. D21 with the highest laccase activity was investigated for dyes containing azo, anthraquinone, triarylmethane and heterocyclic chemical classes. The decolorization rates were determined as 98% for Methyl orange, 93% for Acid green 3, 78% for Methylene blue, 71% for Remazol Brilliant Blue, 58% for Crystal violet, and 53% for Congo red after 144 h at 100 mg/L concentration of dyes. The ability of the marine-derived fungi to remove dyes of different chemical classes is also promising for waste containing mixtures of various pollutants. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [2017-FEN-037]; Ege University Scientific Research Projects Unit, Turkey, This work was supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. Project Number: 2017-FEN-037. We would like to thank Ege University Scientific Research Projects Unit, Turkey for financial support.

There is no List of permitted plant protection products that can be used in medicinal and aromatic plant production. The effects of two biofungicides, from the List of permitted plant protection products used in organic production, on the seed quality and health of medicinal plant Foeniculum vulgare L. cv. 'Vojvođanski' were examined. The aim was to find products of plant permitted in organic production with beneficial effect on fennel seeds. Seed germination testing was done according to the Rule book on seed quality control, while the seed health was examined by the filter paper method. The treatment of the seed was done with solutions of biofungicides 'Extrasol F' and 'Polyversum'. The solutions of 'Extrasol F' were applied in concentrations of 0.20 ml/kg and 0.40 ml/kg, while the solutions of 'Polyversum' were applied in concentrations of 0.50 g/kg and 1 g/kg. Distilled water solely was used in the control. Seed examinations were done after 14 days. The results showed that biofungicides in the recommended concentrations of 0.20 ml/kg and 0.50 g/kg, had an effect of 73.3% and 64.7%, respectively, on germination, while in the concentrations of 0.40 ml/kg and 1 g/kg, the seed germination was lower by 5.7% and 1.7% than the control. Based on the symptoms of necrosis, dark mycelia and abundant sporulation observed on the seed surface, the fungus identified was Alternaria sp.

Seed health testing aims to ensure a healthy crop and to prevent the spread of plant diseases. The need to study and apply both essential oils and plant extracts against seed diseases is growing and becoming more important. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herbaceous, aromatic, spicy and medicinal plant from the Apiaceae family, known for its seeds with a characteristic and pleasant odour. In human medicine, coriander is a part of various medicines for the treatment of digestive organs. Phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria are the most common and significant causes of coriander seed disease. The aim of this study was to assess coriander seed health and investigate the possibility of seed disinfection using peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil. The health of the seeds was examined by the filter paper laboratory standard method. Different concentrations (1, 2, 5 and 10%) of peppermint essential oil were used for seed disinfection. The composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The results of seed health analysis showed the presence of a fungus after seven days of incubation in a humid chamber at room temperature. The fungus was identified as Alternaria sp. (sect. Alternaria) based on the symptoms and macroscopic and microscopic features of the fungus (on seed and potato dextrose agar). Immersion treatment of infected seed in peppermint essential oil reduced the presence of Alternaria sp. on coriander seeds. The highest disease inhibition, 69,33%, namely 58,93% without the influence of the emulsifier, was shown by oil solution of 5%. Stagnation in inhibition was observed with a further increase in oil concentration. The results of this study show the possibility of disinfecting coriander seeds with peppermint essential oil to reduce infection with Alternaria sp.

El cultivo de Ilex paraguariensis es importante en el norte de Argentina, principalmente en la provincia de Misiones. En los últimos años se ha observado la presencia de diferentes síntomas de enfermedades causadas por hongos de los cuales no se conoce agente causal, epidemiología y daño económico. En este estudio, se aislaron hongos de hojas de yerba mate que presentaban síntomas visibles de lesiones foliares. Cinco aislados (Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Phoma y Pilidium) fueron seleccionados por sus características micro y macromorfológicas. Estos hongos fueron identificados utilizando un microscopio óptico y claves morfológicas. Se realizaron ensayos de patogenicidad en hojas y en plantas de un año de yerba mate. Los resultados mostraron que Colletotrichum sp. LBM 183 y Phoma sp. LBM 207 son patógenos de hoja de yerba mate capaces de desarrollarse en el tejido. Mientras que Alternaria sp. LBM 186 y Pilidium sp. LBM 208 fueron capaces de enfermar la planta ingresando por la raíz de yerba mate., The cultivation of Ilex paraguariensis is important in northern Argentina, mainly in Misiones province. The presence of different symptoms of diseases caused by fungi has recently been observed. Neither the causative agents nor the epidemiological or economic damages have been identified yet. In this study, fungi were isolated from yerba mate leaves that showed visible symptoms of foliar lesions. Five isolated samples: Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Phoma and Pilidium; which were selected because of both, their micro and macro morphological characteristics. These fungi were identified by using an optical microscope together with morphological keys. Pathogenicity tests were carried out on yerba mate leaves and on one-year-old plants. The results showed that Colletotrichum sp. LBM 183 and Phoma sp. LBM 207 are pathogens typical of the yerba mate leaves capable of developing within the plant tissue, while Alternaria sp. LBM 186 and Pilidium sp. LBM 208 were able to sicken the plant by entering into the yerba mate root., Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales

Two new meroterpenoids, tricycloalternarenes X and Y, together with one known meroterpenoid, tricycloalternarene I, were isolated from the fungus Alternaria sp. JJY-32. The structures including absolute configurations were established by the comprehensive spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectral analyses, and biosynthesis consideration. Tricycloalternarene X showed cytotoxicity against the HL-60 and HO8910 cells with IC50 values of 7.54 and 20.32 μm.