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Root-knot nematode (RKN) (Meloidogyne incognita) is a major plant parasitic nematode that severely damages crops, leading to significant yield losses and substantial economic impact globally. This study aims to investigate an environmentally sustainable biological strategy for mitigating parasitic populations of the root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Specifically, the research focuses on assessing the nematicidal efficacy of Acalypha indica against M. incognita mortality and second-stage juveniles’ (J2) hatching under controlled in vitro conditions. A. indica leaf aqueous extract was applied at varying concentrations (250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm) to J2s and egg masses of M. incognita. Notably, at 1000 ppm, a significant increase in J2 mortality and hatching inhibition was observed, while 250 ppm concentration showed the least favorable outcome; with mortality rates ranging from 22–82%. Chemical analysis via gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) identified Benzoic acid, Cyclooctasiloxane, and 3-Isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris (trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane as predominant compounds. The nematicidal activity of A. indica leaf extract was further validated through in silico molecular docking, revealing that benzoic acid, Cyclooctasiloxane, and 3-Isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris (trimethylsiloxy) tetrasiloxane bind to the ODR 3 protein of M. incognita with binding energies of −15.72, −8.91, and −7.35 kJ/mol, respectively. These findings hold promise for environmentally benign root-knot nematode management, contributing to improved soil health.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a predominant form of mastitis wherein major visible signs of disease are absent. The present study aimed to determine acute phase proteins (APPs) like ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and microalbumin (Malb) in 135 composite milk and serum samples of healthy (n = 25) and SCM (n = 110) cows. As bovine mastitis is an inflammatory disease, the present study also aimed at finding novel anti-inflammatory compounds from natural sources by repurposing approach using computational studies. The findings of the present study revealed substantial elevation (p < 0.001) in milk SCC and an increase in ferritin, CRP, and Malb (p < 0.001) in milk and sera of the SCM group as compared to healthy animals. Receiver operating characteristics of milk SCC, milk, and serum APPs unraveled statistically substantial alteration (p < 0.001). Further, SCC was correlated with milk APPs ferritin (r = 0.26 **, p < 0.002), CRP (r = 0.19 *, p < 0.02), and Malb (r = 0.21 *, p < 0.01). Additionally, milk SCC was correlated with serum ferritin (r = 0.28 **, p < 0.001), CRP (r = 0.16, p > 0.05), and Malb (r = 0.16, p > 0.05). The findings of molecular docking revealed that Chaetoglobosin U was the most effective molecule that showed the highest binding affinity (kcal/mol) of −10.1 and −8.5 against ferritin and albumin. The present study concluded that the estimation of cow-side tests, SCC, and APPs in milk/serum is suitable to detect SCM and screening herd community. Furthermore, Chaetoglobosin U could be developed as a promising anti-inflammatory inhibitor; however, further studies are required to validate these findings.

The advent of nanotechnology has been instrumental in the development of new drugs with novel targets. Recently, metallic nanoparticles have emerged as potential candidates to combat the threat of drug-resistant infections. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are one of the dreadful complications of diabetes mellitus due to the colonization of numerous drug-resistant pathogenic microbes leading to biofilm formation. Biofilms are difficult to treat due to limited penetration and non-specificity of drugs. Therefore, in the current investigation, SnO2 nanoparticles were biosynthesized using Artemisia vulgaris (AvTO-NPs) as a stabilizing agent and were characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Furthermore, the efficacy of AvTO-NPs against biofilms and virulence factors of drug-resistant Candida albicans strains isolated from DFUs was assessed. AvTO-NPs displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1 mg/mL to 2 mg/mL against four strains of C. albicans. AvTO-NPs significantly inhibited biofilm formation by 54.8%–87%, germ tube formation by 72%–90%, cell surface hydrophobicity by 68.2%–82.8%, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by 69%–86.3% in the test strains at respective 1/2xMIC. Biosynthesized NPs were effective in disrupting established mature biofilms of test strains significantly. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the AvTO-NPs-treated C. albicans could be the possible cause of cell death leading to biofilm inhibition. The useful insights of the present study could be exploited in the current line of treatment to mitigate the threat of biofilm-related persistent DFUs and expedite wound healing.

BackgroundBacteriophage therapy is becoming part of mainstream Western medicine since antibiotics of clinical use tend to fail. It involves applying lytic bacteriophages that self-replicate and induce cell lysis, thus killing their hosts. Nevertheless, bacterial killing promotes the selection of resistant clones which sometimes may exhibit a decrease in bacterial virulence or antibiotic resistance.MethodsIn this work, we studied the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lytic phage φDCL-PA6 and its variant φDCL-PA6α. Additionally, we characterized and evaluated the production of virulence factors and the virulence in a Galleria mellonella model of resistant mutants against each phage for PA14 and two clinical strains.ResultsPhage φDCL-PA6α differs from the original by only two amino acids: one in the baseplate wedge subunit and another in the tail fiber protein. According to genomic data and cross-resistance experiments, these changes may promote the change of the phage receptor from the O-antigen to the core lipopolysaccharide. Interestingly, the host range of the two phages differs as determined against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strains PA14 and PAO1 and against nine multidrug-resistant isolates from ventilator associated pneumonia.ConclusionsWe show as well that phage resistance impacts virulence factor production. Specifically, phage resistance led to decreased biofilm formation, swarming, and type III secretion; therefore, the virulence towards Galleria mellonella was dramatically attenuated. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance decreased for one clinical strain. Our study highlights important potential advantages of phage therapy’s evolutionary impact that may be exploited to generate robust therapy schemes.

AbstractThe paper presents a CFD investigation of the effect of the inlet and outlet angles on the flow performance of the ferrolfuidic magnetic mircropump. The methodology employed is based on treating the overall flow path in the inlet or outlet chambers as a series connected network, and calculating the pressure loss in the inlet and outlet at various angles by subtracting the total pressure loss in the flow path from the known pressure losses in the other items in the path. CFD simulations employed in this study include first-order and second-order momentum schemes as well as simple and couple momentum schemes. The simulation shows that a gentler inlet and outlet angles reduce the inlet and outlet pressure loss coefficients, leading to a significant drop in the torque and power needed to drive the pump, and a significant improvement in its mechanical efficiency. For a pump with typical geometric and operating conditions, reducing the inlet angle from 90° to 0° causes the inlet pressure loss coefficient to drop by 80%, while a similar reduction in the outlet angle would drop the outlet pressure loss coefficient by almost 50%. This leads to a 5.4% rise in the mechanical efficiency of the pump. Further, an increased pressure loss coefficient at sharp inlet and outlet angles compromises pump’s applicability to higher pressure application as it causes the loss of magnetic coupling between the external drivers and the driven pistons.

Introduction: Worldwide, the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer in the male population is Bladder cancer (BC), while it drops to eleventh when both genders are considered. Radical cystectomy is the surgical treatment of choice for patients with all muscle-invasive and some nonmuscle invasive BCs. An orthotopic continent diversion (neobladder) is preferred whenever possible to achieve a better postoperative quality of life. We attempt to study the functional outcomes of intracorporeal neobladder (ICNB) versus extracorporeal neobladder (ECNB) (ICNB vs. ECNB). Materials and Methods: Forty patients who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy with neobladder in our institute during the period of March 2016–March 2018 were included in the study. An orthotopic neobladder (Studer method) was created in all our patients. Our main outcomes of interest were peak flow rates, residual urine, attainment of continence, and Pdet at qmax of the neobladder. Results: The mean age of patients in our study group was 54 ± 6 years. The mean body mass index was 23 ± 2 kg/m2. The mean follow-up period was 24 ± 5 months. Twenty patients underwent ICNB and 20 patients underwent ECNB. The urodynamic assessment was done 1-year postprocedure. The same parameters applied to an intact bladder are used, and results analyzed by comparing it with other studies. Common in the initial postoperative period was incontinence which reduced substantially over time. After 1-year, 75% of patients did not require pads in the daytime, and a meager,

BACKGROUND: Thrombosis is simply the inappropriate activation of clotting factors that occurs in veins. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common medical problem in hospitalized patients that might progress into serious lethal complications. Provoked VTE is associated with well-known risk factors, while unprovoked VTE remains idiopathic. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the anatomical sites, clinical characteristics, and factors associated with recurrence of the thrombotic event within 5 years. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), which included 351 hospitalized patients consecutively. We included all Saudi adults diagnosed with initial VTE in 2006–2017 at KAMC. Patients with incomplete medical charts were excluded. The data collected from electronic charts were analyzed using SAS-9.4. RESULTS: Among the 351 participants, 52% were female and two-thirds (62.4%) exceeded the normal body mass index. Provoked VTE (53.5%) was slightly more prevalent than unprovoked VTE (46.4%), but unprovoked VTE was more frequent in populations with recurrent VTE at 19.1%. The most common VTE sites were the left lower limb (38.5%) followed by right lower limb (20.5%) then bilateral lower limbs (12.2%). Only pulmonary embolisms (

Ever increasing spread of drug resistance among bacterial pathogens have rendered the current antibiotic therapy ineffective. Drug-resistant urinary tract infections caused by Gram negative bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Serratia marcescens are considered more severe and life threatening because of strong biofilm dependent growth characteristics among majority of them. Moreover, most uropathogens coordinate their complex virulence responses via a highly structured network of cell to cell communication known as Quorum sensing (QS). Phytochemicals/bioactive extracts obtained from established ethnomedicinal plants have previously been demonstrated as effective anti-QS agent against numerous pathogenic bacteria including uropathogens. Myrtus communis (L.) (Myrtaceae) is one such plant of immense ethnomedicinal importance and has been used in traditional medicine. In the present investigation, methanolic extract of Myrtus communis (MCME) demonstrated 65% inhibition in the QS regulated violacein production in C. violaceum without affecting the growth of the bacteria. Further, the MCME interfered significantly with QS controlled virulence production in P. aeruginosa (elastase, protease, pyocyanin and chitinase) and S. marcescens (prodigiosin and protease). The leaf extract exhibited 16–74%, 31–84%, 12–66% and 19–71% inhibition of biofilm biomass of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, A. baumannii and S. marcescens respectively at the increasing concentration corresponding to MIC/16-MIC/2. GC–MS analysis revealed Linalool as one of the major bioactive compounds present in the MCME. Further, in vitro assays demonstrated QS and biofilm inhibition by sub-MICs of linalool. In silico docking and simulation studies showed that the possible mechanisms responsible for the interference of QS were AHL synthesis inhibition, antagonization of QS-regulatory proteins, and blocking of the receptor proteins. Thus, from the obtained results it is envisaged that M. communis and its bioactive compound linalool may have medicinal implications and could prove as effective therapeutic agent in combating the threat of biofilm based persistent infections caused by uropathogenic bacteria.

Aztreonam is a Gram-negative bacteria-targeting synthetic monobactam antibiotic. Human serum albumin (HSA) plays an important role in the transference of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and fatty acids, along with other compounds, determining their biodistribution and physiological fate. Using several biophysical and in silico approaches, we studied the interaction of aztreonam with HSA under physiological environments in this study. Results confirm the formation of HSA-aztreonam complex where aztreonam showed moderate affinity towards HSA. A static mode of quenching was confirmed from the steady state fluorescence data. FRET findings also showed that there was a significant feasibility of energy transfer between HSA and aztreonam. Site marker displacement experimental conclusion suggested the binding site of aztreonam was the sub-domain IB of HSA. Circular dichroic spectroscopic analysis suggested that aztreonam interaction decreases the α-helical content of HSA. Changes in microenvironment were studied through synchronous fluorescence data. According to molecular docking results, the HSA-aztreonam complex is mostly maintained by non-covalent forces, with a binding energy of 7.7 kcal mol−1. The presence of a hydrogen bond, van der Waal interaction, and pi-anion interaction in the binding process, as well as conformational changes in HSA after binding with aztreonam, are all confirmed by molecular dynamic simulation.

There is grave necessity to counter the menace of drug-resistant biofilms of pathogens using nanomaterials. Moreover, we need to produce nanoparticles (NPs) using inexpensive clean biological approaches that demonstrate broad-spectrum inhibition of microbial biofilms and cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell lines. In the current research work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs were fabricated through an environmentally friendly green process using the root extract of Withania somnifera as the stabilizing and reducing agent to examine its antibiofilm and anticancer potential. Further, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron micrograph (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used for determining the crystallinity, functional groups involved, shape, size, thermal behavior, surface area, and porosity measurement, respectively, of the synthesized TiO2 NPs. Antimicrobial potential of the TiO2 NPs was determined by evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Candida albicans. Furthermore, at levels below the MIC (0.5 × MIC), TiO2 NPs demonstrated significant inhibition of biofilm formation (43–71%) and mature biofilms (24–64%) in all test pathogens. Cell death due to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could be responsible for the impaired biofilm production in TiO2 NP–treated pathogens. The synthesized NPs induced considerable reduction in the viability of HepG2 in vitro and could prove effective in controlling liver cancer. In summary, the green synthesized TiO2 NPs demonstrate multifarious biological properties and could be used as an anti-infective agent to treat biofilm-based infections and cancer.

The current study aimed to screen the preliminary phytochemicals in the leaf extract of the medicinal plant Simarouba glauca and to analyze its potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer properties. The phytochemical profile of the methanol extract was analyzed, and bioactive compounds were identified using chromatography, FTIR and GCMS. Antimicrobial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were determined against 14 bacterial and 6 fungal strains. Moreover, the synergistic effect of a plant extract with commercially available antibiotics was also evaluated using the checkerboard method. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed exclusive activity against S. aureus and profound activity against E. coli and S. marcescens. Upon comparing breakpoints, methanolic extract demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity with a MIC value of 3.2 mg/mL against the test pathogens. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated potential antioxidant activity; methanol extract had higher antioxidant potential compared to the ethanol extract. The major proactive bioactive compound with maximum antioxidant capacity was observed to be terpenoids. The methanol extract of S. glauca showed significant cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 16.12 µg/mL. The overall results of our work provide significant evidence for the usage of methanolic extract of S. glauca as an efficient ethnomedicinal agent and a potential candidate for relieving many human ailments.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has been a favorite surgical approach for the treatment of adrenal masses. The use of robotic-assisted surgery is the latest development for minimally invasive surgical management of adrenal masses. Here, we describe a rare case of ACC in a 51-year-old male patient who presented with pain in the lumbar region, and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical adrenalectomy was successfully performed transperitoneally with the assistance of the da Vinci robotic system. We also discuss the summary of clinical features of ACC. Robot-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy is safe, is easier with lesser blood loss, and is comfortable to the patient due to its low complication rates. The patient improved after tumor removal.

Leiomyomas are benign mesenchymal tumour originating from muscle cell. Renal leiomyomas an unusual primary renal tumour of the kidneys originating from smooth muscle cell. Here, authors describe a rare case of renal leiomyoma in a 46-year-old female patient who presented with recurrent haematuria and flank pain. Authors report their first experience in robot-assisted nephronsparing surgery for renal leiomyoma. Easier resection and suturing was a potential advantage of this approach. The patient improved after tumour removal and the prognosis is excellent without recurrence after six months postsurgically. Authors also discuss the summary of clinical features of renal leiomyomas.

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts as capping and reducing agents for the biomedical applications has received considerable attention. Moreover, emergence and spread of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens has become a major health concern and lookout for novel alternative effective drugs has gained momentum. In current study, we synthesized gold nanoparticles using the seed extract of Trachyspermum ammi (TA-AuNPs), assessed its efficacy against drug resistant biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Serratia marcescens, and evaluated its anticancer potential against HepG2 cancer cell lines. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of gold nanoparticles was carried out and characterization was done using UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Most nanoparticles were observed as spherical and spheroidal with few anisotropies with an average crystalline size of 16.63 nm. Synthesized TA-AuNPs demonstrated significant biofilm inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes (73%) as well as S. marcescens (81%). Exopolysaccharide (EPS), motility, and CSH, key elements that facilitate the formation and maintenance of biofilm were also inhibited significantly at the tested sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Further, TA-AuNPs effectively obliterated preformed mature biofilms of S. marcescens and L. monocytogenes by 64% and 58%, respectively. Induction of intracellular ROS production in TA-AuNPs treated bacterial cells could be the plausible mechanism for the reduced biofilm formation in test pathogens. Administration of TA-AuNPs resulted in the arrest of cellular proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. TA-AuNPs decrease the intracellular GSH in HepG2 cancer cell lines, cells become more prone to ROS generation, hence induce apoptosis. Thus, this work proposes a new eco-friendly and rapid approach for fabricating NPs which can be exploited for multifarious biomedical applications.

Objective: This study aims to demonstrate a novel laparoscopic technique of tapering megaureter without disrupting the blood supply and disconnecting the ureter. Materials and Methods: Eight cases of primary obstructive megaureter in the age group of 14–22 years underwent laparoscopic extravesical ureteric reimplantation between August 2011 and July 2015 using our novel technique. Five patients had obstruction on left side and three on right side. Follow-up ultrasonography at 1 month and 3 months, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) at 3 months and intravenous urogram (IVU) at 6 months was obtained to assess the development of reflux and to look for adequate drainage of the obstructive ureter. Results: Average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 18.5 years. Mean operating time was 95 min. Mean blood loss of 20 ml. VCUG done after 3 months showed no reflux in all cases. IVU done after six months showed no obstruction and complete drainage of dye. Conclusion: Our technique of tapering obstructed megaureter over a preplaced ureteral dilator is time saving and also helps in preserving blood supply to lower ureter. As a result, ureteric anastomotic stricture rate is very low. It is easily reproducible in the open as well as by robotic.

Image-level structural recognition is an important problem for many applications of computer vision such as autonomous vehicle control, scene understanding, and 3D TV. A novel method, using image features extracted by exploiting predefined templates, each associated with individual classifier, is proposed. The template that reflects the symmetric structure consisting of a number of components represents a stage—a rough structure of an image geometry. The following image features are used: a histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) features showing the overall object shape, colors representing scene information, the parameters of the Weibull distribution features, reflecting relations between image statistics and scene structure, and local binary pattern (LBP) and entropy (E) values representing texture and scene depth information. Each of the individual classifiers learns a discriminative model and their outcomes are fused together using sum rule for recognizing the global structure of an image. The proposed method achieves an 86.25% recognition accuracy on the stage dataset and a 92.58% recognition rate on the 15-scene dataset, both of which are significantly higher than the other state-of-the-art methods.

Kocuria kristinae is a Gram positive non pathogenic bacterium belonging to the family of micrococcacae. It may cause opportunistic infections in patients with indwelling devices and severe underlying diseases. Indwelling double J ureteral stent is commonly used in urological practice and bacterial colonisation in the ureteral stent plays an important role in the pathogenesis of stent associated infection. Here, we report a rare case of bacteraemia by Kocuria kristinae. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The isolate were found to be multidrug resistant. Regular surveillance of drug resistance is of utmost importance to minimise the spread of infections.

Renal cancer with lymph nodal mass on the investigation is clinically suggestive of an advanced tumor. Small renal cancers are not commonly associated with lymph nodal metastasis. Association of renal cell carcinoma with renal tuberculosis (TB) in the same kidney is also rare. We report here a case of small renal cancer with multiple hilar and paraaortic lymph nodes who underwent radical nephrectomy, and histopathology report showed renal and lymph nodal TB too.

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common disease accounting for 30% of our OPD cases and about 25% of our surgery cases. Various treatment options are now available for more efficient care and early return to work. We wanted to determine the safety and feasibility of day care monopolar transurethral resection of prostate (m-TURP), by admitting the patients on the day of surgery and discharging the patient without catheter on the same day. We also compared the morbidity associated with conventional TURP where in the catheter is removed after 24-48 h of surgery and day care TURP where in the catheter is removed on the day of surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 patients who fulfilled the criteria were included in the study which was conducted between November 2008 and December 2010. A total of 60 patients were assigned for day care and 60 for conventional monopolar TURP. There was no significant difference in age, prostatic volume or IPSS score. Day care patients were admitted on day of surgery and discharged the same day after the removal of catheter. Results: Both the groups were comparable in outcome. Stricture rate was less with day care TURP. Mean catheterization time was similar to laser TURP. Conclusion: Monopolar TURP is still the gold standard of care for BPH. If cases are selected properly and surgery performed diligently it remains the option of choice for small and medium sized glands and patients can be back to routine work early.

Laparoscopic pyeloplasty is viable standard minimally invasive alternative to open pyeloplasty for the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Intrathoracic bleeding is an extremely rare complication after laparoscopic urological surgery, but it should be suspected and promptly diagnosed in case of worsening hemodynamic status and respiratory parameters during the intra or post-operative course. We report a case of hemothorax complicating an otherwise uneventful LP in an 18-year-old girl.

We construct a model to investigate HIV/AIDS dynamics in real cases and study its mathematical analysis. The study examines the qualitative outcomes and confirms the local and global asymptotic stability of both the endemic equilibrium and the disease-free equilibrium. The model's criteria for exhibiting both local and global asymptotically stable behavior are examined. We compute the endemic equilibria and obtain the existence of a unique positive endemic equilibrium. The data is fitted to the model using the idea of nonlinear least-squares fitting. Accurate parameter values are achieved by fitting the data to the model using a 95% confidence interval. The basic reproduction number is computed using parameters that have been fitted or estimated. Sensitivity analysis is performed to discover the influential parameters that impact the reproduction number and the eradication of the disease. The results show that implementing preventive measures can reduce HIV/AIDS cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study we have discussed around sixteen different animal models used worldwide for the scientific research and new drug discovery. The main aim of the using experimental animal models in drug discovery is to establish and provide evidence for non-clinical 'proof-of-concept' for the safety, efficacy, and target of interest for specific drug molecules. Experimental preparations developed in one species for the purpose of studying phenomena occurring in another species. The use of experimental animal models serves to better understand the origins, pathology, and the overall nature of comparable diseases of humans being. Similarly, animal models perform duties for in the development of safe and effective treatments and cures of such diseases and/or associated symptoms. Experimental animal models for drug discovery and development have played a major role in the characterization of the pathophysiology of diseases and associated mechanisms of injury, drug target identification, and evaluation of novel therapeutic agents for toxicity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics activity. Through animal model researchers can perform experiments that would be impractical or ethically prohibited with humans. There are various animal models used for screening of uncountable therapeutic activities, in this review our main focus is animal models used for peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcer is one of the worldwide diseases where 10% of adults are affected by peptic ulcer once in their lifetime. The antiulcer models for drug development against gastric and duodenal ulcer studies are limited in number that has hindered the progress of targeted therapy in this field. Therefore, it is necessary to review the literature on experimental animal models that are used to screen agents with potential antigastric ulcer activity and describe their biochemical basis in order to facilitate their use in the development of new preventive and curative antiulcer drugs. There are many models used to induce ulcer such as pylorus ligation or it can be chemically induced by ethanol, NSAIDs (e.g. indomethacin) or many more. In this review paper, current in-vivo animal models of ulcers and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their induction, their drawbacks, as well as the challenges associated with their use have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]