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Ziyad F Al Nufaiei,1,2 Hassan Z Omar,1,2 Raed G Alghamdi,1,2 Saeed D Felemban,1,2 Raid M Al Zhranei,1,2 Maher Alsulami,2,3 Reem H Alluhibi,1,2 Waad A Alsulami,2,4 Majid S Al-Thaqafy,2,4– 6 Emad I Abdelrahman7 1Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Emergency Medical Service, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 4Research Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Infection Prevention and Control, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 6College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 7Albayt Medical General Center, Mecca, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ziyad F Al Nufaiei, Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Jeddah, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 6610, P.O.Box.9515, Jeddah, 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel +966551600060 Ext 46125, Email nufaieiz@ksau-hs.edu.saIntroduction: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that has rapidly spread on a global scale. The entire world has fought tirelessly to combat this disease, which has had a significant impact on humanity. This study examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of undergraduate healthcare students during internship, focusing on the leadership, social, and mental aspects.Methodology: A cross-sectional national survey was conducted among Saudi Arabia’s undergraduate health care students. From August to December of 2021, non-probability convenient sampling was employed in the study. Online-questionnaire was used to administer the three survey dimensions—mental health, social life, and leadership—as well as the demographic profiles. Correlation coefficients were utilized to establish a meaningful connection between the independent variables and the study’s domains. Moreover, the Kruskal–Wallis tests were employed to efficiently compare the medians among the independent groups.Results: Two hundred and forty-one undergraduate healthcare students from a variety of backgrounds participated in this study. Mental health issues such as difficulty relaxing and increased irritability were prominent. From a sociological perspective, the majority of participants expressed a strong desire for more social interaction. Lastly, most participants in the leadership domain revealed satisfaction with their professional relationships. However, 50.7% of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with their incentives.Conclusion: The study concludes that addressing problems in the mental, social, and leadership domains is crucial to enhancing the resilience and overall well-being of undergraduate healthcare students during their internships. Anxiety and stress emerged as the most prevalent factors affecting these students. However, the presence of a positive relationship with their supervisors, as well as the support provided by healthcare organizations, played a vital role in helping them overcome these challenges.Keywords: COVID-19, internship, psychological well-being, stress, mental health, social life, leadership

Maher Alsulami,1– 3 Yasir Almukhlifi,1,2 Adnan Alsulami,1,2 Ziyad F Al Nufaiei,1,2 Abdullah Alruwaili,4,5 Ahmed Alanazy4,5 1College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Educational Leadership Program, School of Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 4College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; 5King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Al-Ahsa, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Maher Alsulami, Department of Emergency Medical Services, College of Applied Medical Sciences- Jeddah King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 6610 P.O.Box.9515, Jeddah, 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel +966,566,244,421 Ext 46,087, Email alsulamim@ksau-hs.edu.saObjective: This study examines the inherent barriers to implementing prehospital ultrasound within the Saudi Red Crescent Authority (SRCA) in Saudi Arabia.Methods: A qualitative study was conducted to explore the perceived barriers, mode of transportation, ultrasound familiarity, and self-efficacy level of relevant stakeholders in implementing the prehospital ultrasound in SRCA. Data was collected via surveys and interviews with 24 SRCA paramedics/EMTs, 4 SRCA station administrators, and two hospital physicians to further examine the inherent barriers of implementing the prehospital ultrasound.Results: Thematic analysis revealed the main barriers were costs of ultrasound equipment, environmental factors affecting image capture, and lack of training in ultrasound skills and interpretation. Administrators and physicians also noted concerns about machine portability and technical maintenance. Stakeholders agreed ultrasound could improve trauma diagnosis if barriers were addressed through extensive training and protocols. In prehospital care setting, the two main modes of transportation are “stay and play”, involving on-scene interventions before transport, and “load and go”, prioritizing rapid transport to the hospital, with the choice depending on various factors. An overwhelming 96% of paramedics/EMTs preferred a ‘stay and play’ approach to stabilize patients before transport, while 75% of administrators preferred ‘load and go’ for rapid transport to hospitals. 62.5% of paramedics were familiar with ultrasound, but only 20.8% had previously used it.Conclusion: This study provides important insights into stakeholder perspectives on the implementation of prehospital ultrasound within the Saudi Red Crescent Authority. The findings can guide efforts to implement appropriate ultrasound use through tailored training programs and enhanced coordination across groups, aimed at improving trauma outcomes.Keywords: prehospital ultrasound, out of hospital ultrasound, Saudi Arabia, paramedics

Ziyad F Al Nufaiei,1– 3 Amr A Bukhari,1– 3 Nawaf A Abalkhail,1– 3 Raif M Melebari,1– 3 Reem Alluhibi,1– 3 Raid M Al Zhranei,1– 3 Fahad Allhadian,1– 3 Faisal A Turkestani,1– 3 Maher Alsulami,2– 4 Khalid M Alshamrani,2,3,5 Emad I Abdelrahman,6 Genevieve P Zipp7 1Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia; 2King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia; 3Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Emergency Medical Services, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia; 6Internal Medicine Department, Albayt Medical General Center, Mecca City, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Interprofessional Health Sciences & Health Administration, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, USACorrespondence: Ziyad F Al Nufaiei, RRT-NPS, CPFT Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia, Email nufaieiz@ksau-hs.edu.saIntroduction: IPE fosters a dynamic learning environment that may promote students’ knowledge, abilities, and collaborative approach towards addressing challenging clinical circumstances. While much has been reported in the literature regarding these diverse IPE learning environments, limited information exists regarding clinical preceptors’ attitude and perceptions of IPE, especially in Saudi Arabia. Given the impact clinical preceptors have on the formation of healthcare students exploring their perceptions, which may impact their actions is imperative.Methodology: The study focused on understanding the attitudes and perceptions of clinical preceptors towards IPE in a healthcare setting in Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted in Saudi Arabia. Data was collected via Email letter of solicitation (LOS) which included a link to the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) survey. The LOS was sent to all the health care programs in Saudi Arabia.Results: The study surveyed 182 clinical preceptors. The findings revealed consistent favorable opinions towards “Teamwork and Collaboration”. The majority of preceptors concurred that learning alongside other students would increase students’ efficiency on healthcare teams and deepen their comprehension of clinical issues. The “Roles and Responsibilities” category, however, obtained lower ranks in general from the preceptors. Not surprising, differences in rankings were greatest between preceptors who had and did not have IPE exposure, there were significant variations in views toward “Teamwork and Collaboration”, “Negative Professional Identity”, and “Roles and Responsibilities”. Preceptors exposed to IPE showed lower median ratings for “Negative Professional Identity” and “Roles and Responsibilities” and better median scores for “Teamwork and Collaboration”.Conclusion: The attitudes and perceptions of preceptors who had experienced IPE were more favorable toward IPE and thus may foster it more effectively in the students they work with. Therefore, ensuring that all preceptors are aware of and have experience with IPE is important as we seek to promote person-centered care.Keywords: interprofessional education, roles and responsibilities, interprofessional communication, teamwork, clinical preceptors, collaboration

Abdullah Alruwaili,1– 4 Ahmed Alanazy,1– 3 Turki M Alanazi,1– 3 Nowaf Alobaidi,1– 3 Ahmad Saleh Almamary,1– 3 Bandar M Faqihi,1– 3 Fahad H Al Enazi,1– 3 Rayan Siraj,5 Yasir Almukhlifi,6,7 Ziyad F Al Nufaiei,6,7 Maher Alsulami6,7 1College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; 2King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; 3Ministry of National Guard- Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; 4School of Health: Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; 5Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia; 6College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 7King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Maher Alsulami, Department of Emergency Medical Services, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Jeddah, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 6610, P.O.Box.9515, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966501596230 Ext 46087, Email alsulamim@ksau-hs.edu.saBackground: This study addresses the critical issue of high-volume emergency calls in hospitals, focusing on the strain caused by frequent caller patients on ambulance services. The aim was to synthesize various management methods for handling high-frequency hospital calls.Methods: The systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and guided by the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies focusing on the management of emergency departments in hospitals, exploring various medical conditions requiring ambulance attention, and reporting on the impact of a high volume of ambulance calls on hospitals. Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from January 1, 2005, to May 1, 2022. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Checklist.Results: Out of 2390 identified citations, 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies, from 12 countries, presented diverse methods categorized into country policy-based management, modeling approaches, and general strategies. Key findings included the effectiveness of risk stratification models and community-based interventions in managing high call frequencies and improving patient care. Our review identified effective strategies such as risk stratification models and community-based interventions, which have shown significant impacts in managing high call frequencies, aligning closely with our objective. These approaches have been pivotal in reducing the burden on emergency services and improving patient care.Conclusion: The study synthesizes effective management methods for high-frequency ambulance calls, including predictive modeling and community interventions. It highlights the need for multi-faceted management strategies in different healthcare settings and underscores the importance of continued research and implementation of these methods to improve emergency service efficiency.Keywords: systematic review, ambulance calls, emergency services

Ziyad F Al Nufaiei,1,2 Abdulghani Alshenkiti,1,2 Faris N Sallam,1,2 Nizar Suhail Badraig,1,2 Raid M Al Zhranei,1,2 Khalid M Alshamrani,1,2 Naif Sannan,1,2 Maher Alsulami,1,2 Majid S Al-Thaqafy,2– 4 Emad Abdelrahman5 1College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Infection Prevention and Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 4College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 5General Medicine, Albayt Medical General Center, Mecca, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ziyad F Al Nufaiei, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Jeddah, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code 6610, PO Box. 9515, Jeddah, 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel +966551600060, Email nufaieiz@ksau-hs.edu.saIntroduction: Influenza remains a significant global public health challenge, causing substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the availability of influenza vaccines, challenges related to vaccine hesitancy and healthcare professionals’ attitudes persist. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the knowledge and opinions of undergraduate healthcare students regarding influenza vaccinations. Therefore, we aimed to assess and compare the knowledge and opinions of undergraduate healthcare students about influenza vaccinations, addressing the existing knowledge gap in this area.Methods: We employed a cross-sectional study design to assess the opinions and knowledge of undergraduate healthcare students in Saudi Arabia regarding influenza vaccination. A total of 137 healthcare programs were invited to participate via filled-out the survey online. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, with descriptive statistics for the demographic profile and Chi-Square and independent t-tests for examining associations and differences in opinions and knowledge, respectively.Results: A total of 429 undergraduate students completed the survey and were included. Significant associations were found between the students’ major and their beliefs regarding the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing influenza (p=0.017) and the inclusion of influenza vaccines in medical practice (p=0.016). The majority of students agreed with seven out of nine knowledge statements, with agreement percentages ranging from 42.9% to 44.8%. When comparing knowledge scores, students majoring in medicine had a significantly higher mean knowledge score (3.91) compared to students studying other medical sciences (3.72) (p=0.019).Conclusion and Recommendations: Our study suggests that a comprehensive approach involving education, awareness initiatives, and policy changes is needed to enhance knowledge about influenza vaccination among Saudi Arabian undergraduate students in Medical School allied medical sciences and medical degree programs. By implementing these strategies, we can promote a positive attitude towards flu vaccination and ultimately increase its uptake.Keywords: influenza vaccination, allied health students, medical students, immunization, knowledge, healthcare professionals

Maher Alsulami Emergency Medical Services Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Maher Alsulami, Email Alsulamim@ksau-hs.edu.saPurpose: Schoolteachers are the main people to provide first aid in cases of health-related emergencies during school hours. In this review, we aimed to synthesize teachers’ knowledge and attitudes about first aid in Saudi schools.Methods: This systematic review was carried out in line with The Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed (via MEDLINE), CINAHL, and the Cochrane databases were searched between January and March 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were (1) published in English, (2) conducted in school-based settings, (3) involved schoolteachers in Saudi Arabia, and (4) investigated first-aid knowledge and practice or assessed the effects of first-aid training interventions. The methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Cross Sectional Studies.Results: A total of 15 studies were considered for this review with a total of 7266 schoolteachers. The majority of the included studies were of good quality. Most studies showed that teachers had inadequate knowledge of health-related emergencies in schools. Fourteen cross-sectional studies and one interventional study related to Saudis schoolteachers’ first-aid knowledge and attitudes were included. Most of the participants had a supportive attitude toward students with health-related issues and were willing to attend first-aid training.Conclusion: As a result of teachers’ inadequate knowledge of first aid, accessible training packages for schoolteachers and administrators should be developed. Further interventional studies that include both male and female teachers, use validated tools, and include wider regions of Saudi Arabia are strongly recommended.Keywords: schoolteachers, trauma, first aid, education, knowledge, attitudes, systematic review

The current work is devoted to introduce a novel thermoelastic heat conduction model where the Moore-Gibson-Thompson (MGT) equation describes the heat equation. The constructed model is characterized by allowing limited velocities of heat wave propagation within the material, consistent with physical phenomena. The Green–Naghdi Type III model is improved by introducing the delay factor into the modified Fourier law. Also, from the presented model, some other models of thermoelasticity can be derived at specific states. Based on the suggested model, an infinite orthotropic material with a cylindrical hole exposed to time-dependent temperature variation was studied. It has also been considered that the coefficient of thermal conductivity varies with temperature, unlike in many other cases where this value is considered constant. The viscoelastic material of the investigated medium was assumed to be of the Kelvin–Voigt type. The Laplace transform method provides general solutions to the studied field variables equations. The effects of viscosity and thermal variability parameters on these fields are discussed and graphically presented. In addition, the numerical results were presented in tables, and a comparison with previous models was made to ensure the accuracy of the results of the proposed model.

Asmaa M El-Kady,1 Fahad M Aldakheel,2 Khaled S Allemailem,3 Ahmad Almatroudi,3 Reem Dbas Alharbi,3 Hamad Al Hamed,4 Muslimah Alsulami,5 Wafa A Alshehri,5 Saeed El-Ashram,6 Eugene Kreys,7 Khalil Mohamed,8 Wafa Abdullah I Al-Megrin,9 Hatem A Elshabrawy10 1Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt; 2Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, 52211, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia; 6Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt; 7Department of Clinical & Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA; 8Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia; 10Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, 77304, USACorrespondence: Asmaa M El-Kady; Hatem A Elshabrawy, Email Asmaa.elkady@med.svu.edu.eg; hatem.elshabrawy@shsu.eduBackground: A good understanding of the possible risk factors for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) severity could help clinicians in identifying patients who need prioritized treatment to prevent disease progression and adverse outcome. In the present study, we aimed to correlate clinical and laboratory characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients to disease outcome in Saudi Arabia.Materials and Methods: The present study included 199 COVID-19 patients admitted to King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia, from April to December 2020. Patients were followed-up until discharge either for recovery or death. Demographic data, clinical data and laboratory results were retrieved from electronic patient records.Results: Critical COVID-19 cases showed higher mean of age and higher prevalence of co-morbid conditions. Fifty-five patients died during the observation period. Risk factors for in hospital death for COVID 19 patients were leukocytosis (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.008– 3.548, p = 0.081), lymphocytopenia (OR 2.152, 95% CI 1.079– 4.295, p = 0.020), neutrophilia (OR 1.839, 95% CI 0.951– 3.55, p = 0.047), thrombocytopenia (OR 2.152, 95% CI 0.852– 5.430, p = 0.085), liver injury (OR 2.689, 95% CI 1.373– 4.944, p = 0.003), acute kidney injury (OR 1.248, 95% CI 0.631– 2.467 p = 0.319), pancreatic injury (OR 1.973, 95% CI 0.939– 4.144, p = 0.056) and high D dimer (OR 2.635, 95% CI 0.747– 9.287, p = 0.091).Conclusion: Clinical and laboratory data of COVID-19 patients may help understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and subsequently improve of the outcome of patients by determination of the associated risk factors and recognition of high risk group who are more liable for complications and in hospital death. The present study put an eye on some parameters (laboratory and clinical) that should be alarming signs that the patient is at high risk bad prognosis.Keywords: clinical, outcomes, prognosis, COVID-19, Saudi Arabia

Marine snails provide an important source of vitamins, proteins, minerals, and essential fatty acids, and their mucus has a therapeutic significance. Parasitic infection of larval trematodes in these snails affects their nutritional value. The present study aimed to screen Nerita polita marine snails for the prevalence of cercarial infections and to evaluate the changes in lipids and some minerals in the infected as well as non-infected ones. Snails were collected randomly from February 2018 to January 2019 from the Red Sea Obhor bay, Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The amount of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids in the Digestive Gland Gonad Complex (DGG), hemolymph, and Snail Conditioned Water (SCW) of non-infected and infected Nerita polita snail was estimated using a spectrophotometer. Minerals content such as Ca, Zn, Pb, Na, Mn, Mg, K, Fe, Cu, and Cd, in the DGG and shell in the infected and non-infected snails were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). Two types of cercariae were detected, ocellate furcocercus cercaria (Trichobilharzia regent) and xiphidiocercaria (Litorina saxatilis VII). The study showed that there is a fl uctuation in the concentration of lipids and minerals between increase and decrease in DGG, hemolymph, shell, and SCW in infected snails. The nutritive value of the snails is affected with infection through the decrease of some lipids and minerals in infected snails. Further qualitative studies are needed.

This paper presents the impact of thermophoretic particle deposition in the flow of a hybrid nanofluid (Fe3O4-Go/H2O) over a moving thin needle in the presence of a convective boundary condition. The set of non-linear partial differential equations is transformed into ordinary differential equations with the implementation of suitable transformations. Further, the numerical evaluation is carried out by employing the RKF-45 method along with the shooting procedure via the aid of Maple 17 software. It should be noted that the approval of the results shows a good correlation with the existing results. The obtained graphs mainly explain the fundamental characteristics and impacts of different constraints on hybrid nanofluid and mano nanofluid. The main outcomes bring out that enhancement of thermophoretic parameter increases the concentration field and increase in Biot number increases thermal efficiency. Also, the velocity and concentration profiles of hybrid nanofluid reduce with the increment of the magnetic parameter. But the thermal profile of hybrid nanofluid exhibits contrasting behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a theoretical model of a Quantum Otto Cycle (QOC) that utilizes a working fluid spin‐chain‐star model. The system consists of a central atom interacting with multiple Heisenberg spin chains. Employing unitary transformations, the spin‐chain‐star system is transformed into a spin‐star model. The work done and heat transferred for three distinct working fluid configurations: the X$X$, XX$XX$, and XYZ$XYZ$ cases are discussed. The efficiency of the heat engine is examined, and a comparative study between the efficiencies of the three configurations is presented. The study assumes two interaction scenarios for the central atom: either with a single chain (resulting in a two‐qubit system after transformation) or with three Heisenberg chains. The results demonstrate that increasing the ratio between the central atom's frequency in the hot bath and the cold bath leads to an enhancement in positive work performed for the X$X$ and XX$XX$ cases. In the XYZ$XYZ$ case, the magnitude of this enhancement exhibits a dependence on the system's temperature. The QOC employing the X$X$ configuration working fluid exhibits superior efficiency compared to the other two configurations. Moreover, increasing the central atom's relative frequency improves efficiency for all three cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate forecasting of thermal processes is one of the primary concerns of those working in the area of heat transfer as well as those in the energy research community. The present investigation makes use of a simplified mathematical model as an illustration in order to investigate the properties of heat transport under the lack of local thermal equilibrium conditions. The LTNE model results in two distinct primary thermal gradients, one for the fluid phase and another for the solid phase. The non‐Newtonian fluid flow containing Ti6Al4V and AA7075 nanoparticles with a base fluid sodium alginate over a stretching sheet in a porous media with magnetic effect is studied here. The shooting approach is used to transform the resultant equations of boundary value problems into initial value problems, which are subsequently solved using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg 45 process. The impact of pertinent parameters on the involved fields have been discussed graphically. Results reveal that the increase in porosity and magnetic parameters value decreases velocity and increases thermal performance. An upsurge in inter‐phase heat transfer parameter increases the heat transport rate of solid phase but, decreases the liquid phase heat transport rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explores a three-dimensional swirling flow of titania–ethylene glycol-based nanofluid over a stretchable cylinder with torsional motion. The heat transfer process is explored subject to heat source/sink. Here, titania–ethylene glycol–water-based nanofluid is used. The Maxwell–Bruggeman models for thermal conductivity and modified Krieger–Dougherty models for viscosity are employed to scrutinize the impact of nanoparticle aggregation. A mathematical model based on partial differential equations (PDEs) is developed to solve the flow problem. Following that, a similarity transformation is performed to reduce the equations to ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are then solved using the finite element method. It has been proven that nanoparticle aggregation significantly increases the temperature field. The results reveal that the rise in Reynolds number improves the heat transport rate, whereas an increase in the heat source/sink parameter value declines the heat transport rate. Swirling flows are commonly found in many industrial processes such as combustion, mixing, and fluidized bed reactors. Studying the behavior of nanofluids in these flows can lead to the development of more efficient and effective industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at finding the linear theory for the onset of ferromagnetic convective flow in a heterogeneous Brinkman porous layer with uniformly distributed internal heat source in the presence of vertical magnetic field. The resulting critical values are obtained numerically using the Galerkin technique for isothermal/insulated rigid-ferromagnetic boundaries for different forms of vertical heterogeneity permeability function F (z). The results converge for six terms in the Galerkin expansion. The effect of types of F (z) and N s is found to either delay or speedup the flow of the ferrofluids. The stability of the system for the model F 4 is more stable and least stable for the model F 1 in the presence of N s . For different forms of F (z) , the results show that the critical Rayleigh number increases with increasing D a , while decreases with increasing R m and M 3 . The values of a c increase with R m , but they decrease with increasing M 3 and D a. Besides, isothermal boundaries are found to be more stabilizing when compared to insulated boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Majed H Wakid,1,2 Muslimah N Alsulami,3 Mohamed Farid,4 Walaa A El Kholy5 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 2Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 4Sciences Academy of Experimental Researches, Special Scientific Foundation, Mansoura, Egypt; 5Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Majed H Wakid, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80324, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia, Tel +9662-6952000 ext. 25264, Email mwakid@kau.edu.saBackground: Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii that infects humans and many types of mammals and birds.Objective: To investigate the effect of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and Phoenix dactylifera (Pd) extracts loaded on SeNPs as a new agent to combat chronic T. gondii infections in murine model as an alternative method to standard Spiramycin drug therapy.Methods: A total of 64 female mice were randomly divided into eight groups: GI: Normal control, GII: Positive control, GIII: infected and treated with Spiramycin, GIV: infected and treated with SeNPs, GV: infected and treated with aqueous extract of Pd, GVI: infected and treated with methanolic extract of Pd, GVII: infected and treated with aqueous extract of Pd loaded on SeNPs, GVIII: infected and treated with methanolic extract of Pd loaded on SeNPs. Date palm (P. dactylifera) fruits were identified and collected from the farms of Saudi Arabia. Preparation and characterization of SeNPs were done. The parasitological, histopathological examinations and biochemical changes were evaluated in all groups.Results: Parasitological results showed significant differences in GVII in comparison to GII while GVIII showed significant differences in comparison to GII and GIII. The histopathological section of the cerebral cortex showed obvious alterations in the infected compared with untreated control groups. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of P. dactylifera loaded on SeNPs treatment showed improvement that indicated by few perivascular cuffing with few inflammatory cell infiltrations. Few granule cells with mild intracellular vacuolation and edema few deformed neurons with deep pyknotic nuclei. Microglia cells expression of Iba-1 and inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and INF-γ) in serum of all groups was higher in GII and lowest in GVIII followed by GVII.Conclusion: SeNPs and P. dactylifera extracts loaded on SeNPs could be a potent agent to combat T. gondii infections.Plain Language Summary: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite, causing toxoplasmosis, has a sexual life cycle, which takes place in the small intestine of cats, and an asexual cycle that takes place in warmed animals and humans. It is a neurotropic obligate intracellular parasite. The pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine are the preferred treatment for toxoplasmosis. Recent studies have indicated adverse side effects such as osteoporosis and teratogenic effects, mostly in immunocompromised individuals. The authors hypothesized there is an urgent need to discover new natural products or biosynthetic agents with fewer side effects and higher efficacy. Dates are rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, fatty acids, and amino acids and play a key role in the neutralization of free radicals, which inhibits the onset and progression of several disorders. As selenium is essential for both innate and adaptive immune responses against bacterial and parasite infections. Moreover, nanoparticles have a large surface-volume ratio and numerous biological benefits such as their convenient entry into the cell compared to other particles. So, the authors reported that selenium nanoparticles and palm dates extracts loaded on them could be a potent agent to combat Toxoplasma infections and verifications were performed in the study.Keywords: Phoenix dactylifera, selenium, nanoparticles, Toxoplasma gondii, spiramycin

Muslimah N Alsulami,1 Khalil Mohamed,2 Majed H Wakid,3,4 Rewaida Abdel-Gaber,5 Ashraf G Timsah,6,7 Wafa Abdullah I Al-Megrin,8 Adil Khan,9 Walaa A Elkholy,10 Khaled AA Abdelaal,11 Hatem A Elshabrawy,12 Asmaa M El-Kady13 1Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 4Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University, New Damietta City, Egypt; 8Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan; 10Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 11EPCRS Excellence Center, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, 33516, Egypt; 12Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, 77304, USA; 13Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, EgyptCorrespondence: Hatem A Elshabrawy; Khaled AA Abdelaal, Tel +201283557774, Fax +20473109524, Email hatem.elshabrawy@shsu.edu; khaled.elhaies@gmail.comIntroduction: World Health Organization (WHO) considers Fascioliasis as a neglected tropical disease that requires global efforts for disease control. Data from the genetic characterization of Fasciola population shed light on the spread of infections among animals which could help in the development of effective parasite control. The aim of the present work was to genetically characterize Fasciola adult worms isolated from sheep in Saudi Arabia by sequence analysis of ITS-1 region.Methods: A total of 12,653 slaughtered sheep in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia were examined for the presence of Fasciola spp. adult worms. The ITS-1 region of all parasites was amplified and sequenced.Results: Overall, 12 variants DNA sequences were obtained. The variance of isolates ranged from 0.00771 to 0.34405. BLAST search showed that all obtained sequences were Fasciola hepatica and had > 99.3% similarity with F. hepatica isolates from Spain and USA (from different hosts other than sheep). Phylogenetic analysis showed that Fasciola isolates were closely related to isolates from different countries.Discussion: The current study showed that F. hepatica was the only spp. isolated from sheep in Jeddah. Further studies from different localities in Saudi Arabia are needed to help in the development of disease control.Keywords: genetic diversity, characterization, Fasciola hepatica, parasitic diseases, sheep

Muslimah N Alsulami,1 Majed H Wakid,2 Mohammed Al-matary,3 Rewaida Abdel-Gaber,4 Wafa Abdullah I Al-Megrin,5 Areej O Bakhraibah,1 Abdullah D Alanazi,6 Hatem A Elshabrawy,7 Asmaa M El-Kady8 1Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21493, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, 11911, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, 77304, USA; 8Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, EgyptCorrespondence: Asmaa M El-Kady; Hatem A Elshabrawy, Email Asmaa.elkady@med.svu.edu.eg; hatem.elshabrawy@shsu.eduBackground: In Saudi Arabia, more than US$ 0.2 million annual losses are caused by liver condemnations due to fascioliasis. Data obtained from the genetic characterization of Fasciola population sheds light on parasite transmission which could eventually help in development of effective parasite control measures. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of Fasciola spp. isolated from cattle in Saudi Arabia by sequence analyses of COI gene.Materials and Methods: A total of 325 cows slaughtered at the central municipal abattoir in Jeddah city, Jeddah Province, Saudi Arabia were examined for fascioliasis in the period from 1st of June to 1st of July 2020. DNA was extracted from adult Fasciola worms and used for PCR and DNA sequence using a primer pair targeting COI gene. Analysis of the obtained sequences was done using BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis.Results: Bovine fascioliasis was diagnosed in 18 out of 325 cattle (5.5%). Forty-eight flukes were extracted from infected animals and DNA was successfully amplified from all flukes. Overall 12 different DNA sequences were obtained. BLAST search showed that all obtained sequences were F. hepatica and had > 97% similarity with F. hepatica isolates from Tanzania, Europe and Iran. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences showed that Fasciola isolates from the current study were clustered in one subclade closely related to isolates from North and South Africa and Italy.Conclusion: Reports on the molecular characterization of Fasciola spp. in Saudi Arabia are limited. In the current study, our findings showed that F. hepatica was the only Fasciola species parasitizing cattle in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Further studies using a large number of samples from different localities in Saudi Arabia are needed to provide data that will help the development of control measures against fascioliasis.Keywords: fascioliasis, cattle, PCR, COI, Saudi Arabia

Majed H Wakid,1,2 Waad T Aldahhasi,3 Muslimah N Alsulami,3 Asmaa M El-Kady,4 Hatem A Elshabrawy5 1Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 2Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21493, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt; 5Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, 77304, USACorrespondence: Asmaa M El-Kady; Hatem A Elshabrawy, Email asmaa.elkady@med.svu.edu.eg; hatem.elshabrawy@shsu.eduBackground: Blastocystis species (sp.) are gastrointestinal protozoan parasites with high prevalence rates worldwide. Blastocystis sp. show extensive genetic diversity with 17 different subtypes (STs) described to date. A few studies have investigated the prevalence and STs of Blastocystis sp. in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, we aimed in this study to identify and characterize subtypes of Blastocystis sp. in the City of Makkah, Saudi Arabia.Methods: Stool samples were collected from 140 patients who presented to King Abdulaziz Hospital, Hera General Hospital and Modern Medical Center in Saudi Arabia. Different microscopic examination methods of patients’ stools and molecular analyses (using primers targeting SSU rRNA gene) were performed to identify and characterize STs of Blastocystis sp.Results: Our microscopic examination of stool samples showed that 96/140 patients (68.6%) had Blastocystis sp. infection. Clinical examination of infected patients revealed that 81 patients were symptomatic, whereas 15 were asymptomatic. Next, we isolated DNA from Blastocystis sp.-positive stool samples followed by PCR amplification of small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene and sequence analysis. Our sequence analysis showed that subtype 3 (ST3) was the most prevalent (53.13%) followed by subtype 1 (ST1) (45.83%), whereas subtype 2 (ST2) was the least prevalent (1.04%). Moreover, our results showed that all three STs resulted in more symptomatic than asymptomatic cases. Finally, we identified novel haplotypes which comprised of 8 ST3, 6 ST1, and one ST2 haplotypes.Conclusion: Our identification of several haplotypes in patients’ stools confirms the genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. and may explain the reported low host specificity and differential pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. We believe that additional molecular epidemiological and genomic studies are needed to understand the prevalence and pathogenicity of different subtypes in humans and animal hosts.Keywords: Blastocystis sp., genotyping, subtype, haplotype, ST1, ST2, ST3, Saudi Arabia

In the ever-expanding digital landscape, the abundance of user-generated content on consumer platforms such as Booking and TripAdvisor offers a rich source of information for both travellers and hoteliers. Sentiment analysis, a fundamental research task of natural language processing (NLP) is used for mining sentiments and opinions within this vast reservoir of text reviews. A more specific type of sentiment analysis, i.e ., aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), is used when processing customer reviews is required. In ABSA, we aim to capture aspect-level sentiments and intricate relationships between various aspects within reviews. This article proposes a novel approach to ABSA by introducing a novel technique of word sense disambiguation (WSD) and integrating it with the Transformer architecture bidirectional encoder representations from Transformers (BERT) and graph convolutional networks (GCNs). The proposed approach resolves the intriguing ambiguities of the words and represents the review data as a complex graph structure, facilitating the modeling of intricate relationships between different aspects. The combination of bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and GCN proves effective in capturing inter-dependencies among various aspects, providing a nuanced understanding of customer sentiments. The experiments are conducted on the RABSA dataset (an enhanced and richer hotel review data collection), and results demonstrate that our approach outperforms previous baselines, showcasing the effectiveness of integrating WSD in ABSA. Furthermore, an ablation study confirms the significant contribution of the WSD module to the overall performance. Moreover, we explore different similarity measures and find that cosine similarity yields the best results when identifying the real sense of a word in a given sentence using WordNet. The findings of our work and future work related to our work create lots of interest for people in the tourism and hospitality industry. This research gives another boost to the concept of the potential of NLP techniques in sentiment analysis. It emphasizes that if we combine the potential of NLP techniques along with state-of-the-art machine learning frameworks, we can shape the future of this field., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2025 Nadeem et al.)

Background: Paramedics are continuously exposed to stressful events, making them liable to mental disorders. This study assesses the health of paramedics in Jeddah, focusing on their mental, emotional, and physical well-being., Methods: This cross-sectional study included fieldwork paramedics in Jeddah through an online survey distributed on social media. With a response rate of 86.09%, 192 complete responses were analyzed. Outcomes included mental health, mood and somatic effect, self-esteem, and sleep., Results: Most participants were males (83.85%), married (50%), non-heavy smokers (51.04%), and non-alcohol drinkers (51.04%). A significant number reported health-related work or daily life difficulties, with 62.5%-67.18% attributing these to physical and emotional issues, respectively. Over half rated their mental health as poor or somewhat poor, impacting their relationships significantly. Additionally, 70.31% frequently felt anger, and many faced limitations in physical activities. About 14.58% had a prior mental illness diagnosis, with nearly a quarter on medication, and 61.98% had recently sought psychiatric help. Sleep deprivation affected 61.98%, with 38.53% reporting poor sleep quality., Conclusions: The findings highlight the negative impact on paramedics' mental health, showing a substantial diagnosis rate of mental disorders, activity limitations, negative mood, and relationship issues. Despite significant sleep problems, a positive aspect is their proactive psychiatric help-seeking behavior., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

Efficient scheduling of scientific workflows in hybrid cloud-edge environments is crucial for optimizing resource utilization and minimizing completion time. In this study, we evaluate various scheduling algorithms, emphasizing the Modified Firefly Optimization Algorithm (ModFOA) and comparing it with established methods such as Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). We investigate key performance metrics, including makespan, resource utilization, and energy consumption, across both cloud and edge configurations. Scientific workflows often involve complex tasks with dependencies, which can challenge traditional scheduling algorithms. While existing methods show promise, they may not fully address the unique demands of hybrid cloud-edge environments, potentially leading to suboptimal outcomes. Our proposed ModFOA integrates cloud and edge computing resources, offering an effective solution for scheduling workflows in these hybrid environments. Through comparative analysis, ModFOA demonstrates improved performance in reducing makespan and completion times, while maintaining competitive resource utilization and energy efficiency. This study highlights the importance of incorporating cloud-edge integration in scheduling algorithms and showcases ModFOA's potential to enhance workflow efficiency and resource management across hybrid environments. Future research should focus on refining ModFOA's parameters and validating its effectiveness in practical hybrid cloud-edge scenarios., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: COVID-19, the pandemic that hit the world in 2020, resulted in millions of deaths, with the elderly and adults succumbing to the disease more often than children. However, the presence of underlying morbidities increased the risk of death. Sickle cell disease (SCD) was previously classified as a major risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease. However, presently, there are only a limited number of studies that identify the clinical course of children with SCD and COVID-19., Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study on children with SCD admitted due to COVID-19 at three different institutions in Saudi Arabia between March 2020 and March 2022. We studied the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted to the hospital., Results: Seventy-six patients with SCD had PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 during the study period; 50.0% of our patient population were children (6-12 years old). Gender was evenly distributed, with 53.9% girls and 46.1% boys. Symptoms more commonly related to the COVID-19 infection included fever, cough, malaise, and vomiting. Chest x-ray findings revealed mild and non-specific symptoms only in approximately one-third (28) of the included children. The most common symptoms associated with SCD were vaso-occlusive crisis (47.4%) and abdominal pain (11.8%). The overall general appearance of most of the patients was reassuring. The median length of hospital stay was 4.2 ± 2.7 days. The mean white blood cell count was 11.4 ± 5.2 × 10 9 /L, and the mean hemoglobin level was 8.3 ± 1.5 g/dl. Despite the fact that higher levels of mean D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, and ferritin were reported in these patients, the clinical outcome was not affected. All recruited patients received hydroxyurea as maintenance therapy. The outcome of our study was reassuring, with no significant morbidity or mortality observed among the recruited patients., Conclusion: Despite SCD being a chronic disease with known specific complications, there has been a claim that COVID-19 infection adds further risk. The results of this study suggest that the overall outcome of COVID-19 was favorable, with no reported mortality. Further research is needed to understand the factors that contributed to this favorable outcome. In children with SCD, it is still questionable whether hydroxyurea is one of the protective factors against severe COVID-19. Validation through large-scale research is recommended., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Shahin, Aldeeb, Alsulami, Tammas, Albatniji, Almanea, Zayed, Alabbas, Alzahrani, Bin Ali, Elyamany, Almaghrabi and Elfaraidi.)

(1) Background: Food allergy (FA) is an immune-mediated hypersensitivity to foods, significantly contributing to childhood morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and influencing factors of parent-reported FAs among children in Saudi Arabia. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized a validated parental questionnaire distributed across all regions of Saudi Arabia. Data from 2130 participants were collected and analyzed using SPSS v. 26 and Prism software v. 10.3.0. (3) Results: Parent-reported FA prevalence was 15.2%. Egg was the most common allergen (6.2%), followed by tree nuts (4.1%), peanuts (4.0%), milk (3.8%), and sesame (3.2%). Significant geographical variations were observed, with the western region having the highest burden ( p < 0.001). Older children had higher rates of shellfish and fish allergies. Parental allergies and co-existing asthma/drug allergies were positively associated with childhood FAs. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights a substantial burden of parent-reported FAs in Saudi Arabia, with regional variations in food allergen distribution. Parental allergies and co-existing allergic conditions may influence FA risk.

Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans X-linked (KFSDX) is part of the spectrum of a rare disorder known as keratosis pilaris atrophicans. Here, we report the case of a 14-year-old boy who presented with a history of abnormal hair since birth. He also had a history of skin lesions and hair loss. There was no similar condition in the family, and the parents were not consanguine. Scalp examination revealed woolly hair, a solitary scarring alopecia patch, and follicular papules. There were also patches of scarring alopecia on the lateral portion of the eyebrows and whole eyelashes bilaterally. His nose showed multiple, skin-colored, non-scaly follicular papules. The differential diagnosis included lichen planopilaris, Graham Little-Piccardi-Lassueur syndrome, KFSDX, keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans, and structural hair anomalies. Hair examination under light microscopy was normal. Skin biopsy from the follicular papule on the nose revealed follicular plugging with normal epidermis and dermis. Based on the above clinicopathological findings, the patient was diagnosed with KFSDX associated with woolly hair. He was reassured, but he did not show up for further treatment during the follow-up., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Brashi et al.)