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This study investigates the dust aerosol optical depth (DAOD) variability over the Arabian Peninsula (AP) in the spring season, a region profoundly affected by dust activity due to its desert terrain. Employing the MERRA-2 DAOD reanalysis dataset for the period 1981–2022, a significant trend in DAOD is noted in the spring season compared to the other seasons. The leading Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) explains 67% of the total DAOD variance during the spring season, particularly over the central and northeastern parts of AP. The analysis reveals the strengthening of upper-level divergence over the western Pacific, favoring mid-tropospheric positive geopotential height anomalies over the AP, leading to warm and drier surface conditions and increased DAOD. A statistically significant negative relationship (correlation = −0.32, at 95% confidence level) is noted between DAOD over AP and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), suggesting that La Niña conditions may favor higher dust concentrations over the AP region and vice versa during El Niño phase. The high (low) DAOD over the region corresponds to mid-tropospheric positive (negative) geopotential height anomalies through strengthening (weakening) of the upper-level divergence (convergence) over the western Pacific during the La Niña (El Niño) phase. This study shows that ENSO could be a possible precursor to predicting dust variability on a seasonal time scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. The liver carries out several necessary functions, including detoxifying harmful substances in your body, cleaning your blood and making vital nutrients. Cirrhosis occurs in response to damage to your liver. Each time your liver is injured, it tries to repair itself. In the process, scar tissue forms. As cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to function. Objective of the Study: review and evaluate the best practices in diagnosis, complications and management of cirrhosis, and novel clinical and scientific developments. Methods: electronic search in the scientific database from 1966 to 2017- (Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library as well as NHS center websites were searched for English Publications obtained from both reprint requests and by searching the database. Data extracted included authors, country, year of publication, age and sex of patients, epidemiology, geographical distribution, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, investigations and types of surgical treatment. Results: there is sufficient body of evidence suggesting that cirrhosis is a pathological diagnosis with no laboratory cutoff values for the diagnosis of cirrhosis. However, it can still be diagnosed clinically, by history, physical examination laboratory analyses and ancillary testing such as ultrasonography. Early diagnosis has proven to give relevantly better case management results while late detection can only hardly manage the symptoms accompanied with cirrhosis. Conclusion: Screening for chronic liver disease is a key factor for early detection of signs for liver damage, which can be performed inexpensively and easily with clinical history-taking, measurement of transaminase concentrations, upper abdominal ultrasonography, and transient elastography (where available). Abnormal findings should prompt specific diagnostic testing to determine the etiology of the underlying disease. In most patients, the dynamic process of progressive fibrosis, which could ultimately lead to cirrhosis, can be interrupted by the timely recognition of the risk, followed by appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]