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Early growth performances of 11 native tree species were investigated in three different sites in Mindanao, Philippines, to evaluate their adaptability and potential for plantation development. Three alien species were added to assess how native species could potentially compete with these alien species based on survival rate, diameter growth rate (DGR), and height growth rate (HGR). A year after planting, the native species common to all sites that obtained &gt, 80% survival rate were Casuarina equisetifolia L. Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex. G.Don., Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., and Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr. and were comparable to an alien species Acacia mangium Willd. The species with the lowest survival rate (30%) across all sites was Duabanga moluccana Blume. Native species P. javanica, Eucalyptus deglupta Blume, and A. macrophylla all had a DGR of 34 mm year−1 and were comparable with the alien species Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F.Blake with 38 mm year−1. However, the HGR of native species E. deglupta (245 cm year−1) and Melia dubia Cav. (230 cm year−1) were higher than an alien species S. parahyba (222 cm year−1). No native species can compete with the DGR (52 mm year−1) and HGR (384 cm year−1) of A. mangium. Rainfall significantly explained 13%–97% of DGR, HGR and survival rate of &gt, 70% of the species while air temperature explained about 17%–96% of the variations of similar variables. This early assessment provides a strong basis to better predict the early performances of native species in the Philippines. Through this, appropriate silvicultural intervention can be recommended towards improving the growth and survival of the native seedlings as alternative industrial tree plantation species in the country.

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don is a native plant to South East Asia, belonging to Alstonia genus. This species has been reported to have numerous natural chemical compound which perfom multiple pharmacological and biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigated the phytochemical properties of the acetone extract of the flower of lstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don. This is very interesting because phytochemical properties of its flower had been never reported yet. Alstonia macrophylla was harvested from the Natural Forest of Punik, Batu Dulang Village, Batulanteh Subdistrict, Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia on Mei 2015. Acetone flower extract of A. macrophylla was analyzed with a GC-MS method to determine the chemical components. Result of GC–MS chromatogram revealed that there were 30 identified components in this extract. The major compounds were Cycloartenol acetate (17.11 %); 5H-1-Pyrindine (12.44 %); Lupeyl acetate (10.12%); Oleic acid (6.08 %); Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-hydroxy- (4.25 %); p-n-Amylphenol (4.23 %); and 4-Methylindole (4.22 %). Here, We reported the first study of phytochemical properties of A. macrophylla. This study help to understand further detail the potential of bioactive compound of A. macrophylla.

The objective of this research was to find the possible pharmacognosy of the bark of the Philippine Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don (AM). Gas chromatographic–mass spectral (GC–EI-MS) characteri...

Surianto Effendi & Wendy A. Mustaqim. 2021. Alstonia macrophylla (Apocynaceae): A New Record of Naturalized Species in Java, Indonesia. Floribunda 6(6): 207–212. — Alstonia macrophylla (Apocynaceae), a Malesian widespread species tree, here for the first time is formally reported to be naturally found in Java. The report is based on plants growing in the Ciampea limestone hills, Ciampea sub-district, west of Bogor, West Java. Description, ecology, illustration and a brief discussion regarding the occurrence state of this species as naturalized species in Java are presented. A key to Alstonia species in Java is also given.

In this study, methanol extracts of six medicinal plants (Alstonia macrophylla, Claoxylon indicum, Dillenia andamanica, Jasminum syringifolium, Miliusia andamanica and Pedilanthus tithymaloides) traditionally used by Nicobarese tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands were studied for antimicrobial and antimalarial activities as well as preliminary photochemical analysis. Plants were collected from Car Nicobar of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the ethnobotanical data were gathered from traditional healers who inhabit the study area. The methanol extracts were obtained by cold percolation method and the antimicrobial activity was found using agar well diffusion method. Among the plants tested, J. syringifolium, D. andamanica, C. indicum were most active. The antimalarial activity was evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-sensitive MRC-2 isolate. The crude extract of M. andamanica showed excellent antimalarial activity followed by extracts of P. tithymaloides, J. syringifolium and D. andamanica. The chemical injury to erythrocytes was also carried out and it showed that, there were no morphological changes in erythrocytes by the methanol crude extracts. The in vitro antimicrobial and antimalarial activity might be due to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, sterols, tannins and saponins in the methanol extracts of tested plants.

Monitoring growth performance of newly recruited plant species after applying several silvicultural treatments in monoculture plantations is important to evaluate the success of forest restoration. This study was conducted in 2015 to determine the growth performance of the naturally regenerated woody plant species in an unrestored (UP) and a restored (RP) Pinus caribaea Morelet plantation, in lower Hantana, Sri Lanka. In RP, partial thinning of pines followed by enrichment planting of four broad-leaved tree species in 2003 and total thinning of pines was initiated in 2009. In both sites fifteen plots (5x5m) and within each of them three subplots (1x1m) were demarcated randomly. The height of seedlings (SE, 300 cm in height) and dbh of SA2 and TR in all the plots were recorded. Collectively, 417 individuals (RP=298, UP=119) representing 28 species (RP=24, UP=12) and 22 plant families (RP=18, UP=13) survived by the end of the six months. The mean monthly increment of height (MMIH)of survived species in RP was higher for all the life forms except for SE (SE=1.35, SA1=1.61, SA2= 1.38, TR= 4.45 cmmo-1) than in UP (SE=2.06, SA1= 0.17, SA2= 0.00, TR= 1.65 cmmo-1). The MMIH of trees was significantly higher in RP than UP. The mean monthly increment of dbh (MMID) of survived individuals in RP was higher for both SA2 (0.017 cm per mo-1) and TR (0.027 cm per mo-1) than in UP (SA2= 0.0007, TR= 0.024 cmmo-1). The MMID of SA2 was significantly higher in RP than UP Of the 24 species tested in all four life form categories in RP, 19 (SE=39%, SA1=56%, SA2=69%, TR=85% of the species)had MMIH exceeding 1 cm mo-1while eight (SA2=5%, TR=26%) had dbh increment exceeding 0.05 cm mo-1. In UP, only five species (SE=60%, SA1=100%, SA2=25%, TR=77%of the species) had MMIH exceeding 1cm while one species (Alstonia macrophylla)(SA2=25%, TR=22%) had MMID exceeding0.05 cm mo-1. As the growth performance of the naturally regenerated woody species in RP was higher than UP, we conclude that restoration of pine plantation in mountainous regions of Sri Lanka, using silvicultural techniques is successful in achieving restoration goals. Keywords: Growth performance, Natural regeneration, Pinus plantation, Restoration

In the present study, stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fabricated at a rapid rate from leaf extract of medicinally important plant Alstonia macrophylla. Biosynthesized AgNPs are of spherical shape and narrow size (70 nm), exhibiting a surface plasmon resonance peak at 435 nm, and a zeta potential of -30.8 mV and have a crystalline nature. A diverse biochemical consortium of protein, terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids in leaf extract of A. macrophylla was found to be responsible for AgNP synthesis as evidenced from qualitative-quantitative chemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies. Nitroaromatic compounds are anthropogenic pollutants with long-lasting environmental persistence and are needed to transform into less toxic derivatives. 4-Nitrophenol and p-nitroaniline were reduced to less hazardous and commercially useful 4-aminophenol and p-phenylenediamine by phytosynthesized AgNPs. Rate constants of 0.052 and 0.040 Min(-1) were calculated for 4-nitrophenol and p-nitroaniline reduction, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography also confirms the reduction of these nitroaromatic compounds. Combinational studies could be one of the strategies to overcome microbial resistance to antibiotics. In synergistic antibacterial assay, the highest increase in a fold area of 3.84 was reported against Staphylococcus aureus using a combination of AgNPs with penicillin. Biosynthesized AgNPs were found to be less toxic (LC50 = 9.13 ppm) than chemically synthesized AgNPs having a LC50 value of 2.86 ppm against nontarget fish Poecillia reticulata. Our green nanosynthesis method offers a faster rate of formation of stable AgNPs having antibacterial and catalytic potential with lower environmental toxicity.

A total of seventeen alkaloids, comprising six macroline (including alstofolinine A, a macroline indole incorporating a butyrolactone ring-E), two ajmaline, one sarpagine, and eight akuammiline alkaloids, were isolated from the stem-bark and leaf extracts of the Malayan Alstonia macrophylla. The structure and relative configurations of these alkaloids were established using NMR, MS and in several instances, confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Six of these alkaloids were effective in reversing multidrug-resistance (MDR) in vincristine-resistant KB cells.

Chemical investigation of an alkaloidal extract of Alstonia macrophylla bark led to the isolation and identification of two new nitrogenous derivatives, alstoniaphyllines A (1) and B (2), a new indole alkaloid, alstoniaphylline C (4), and eight known alkaloids (3, 5-11). Alstonisine (9) exhibited antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, with an IC50 of 7.6 μM.

Apocynaceae is a large family of tropical trees, shrubs and vines with most species producing white latex. Major metabolites of species are triterpenoids, iridoids, alkaloids and cardenolides, which are known for a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimalarial properties. Prompted by their anticancer and antimalarial properties, the current knowledge on ten genera (Allamanda, Alstonia, Calotropis, Catharanthus, Cerbera, Dyera, Kopsia, Nerium, Plumeria and Vallaris) is updated. Major classes of metabolites are described using some species as examples. Species with antiproliferative (APF) and/or antiplasmodial (APM) properties have been identified. With the exception of the genus Dyera, nine genera of 22 species possess APF activity. Seven genera (Alstonia, Calotropis, Catharanthus, Dyera, Kopsia, Plumeria and Vallaris) of 13 species have APM properties. Among these species, Alstonia angustiloba, Alstonia macrophylla, Calotropis gigantea, Calotropis procera, Catharanthus roseus, Plumeria alba and Vallaris glabra displayed both APF and APM properties. The chemical constituents of these seven species are compiled for assessment and further research.

Three new bisindole alkaloids of the macro- line−macroline type, perhentidines A− C( 1−3), were isolated from the stem-bark extract of Alstonia macrophylla and Alstonia angustifolia. The structures of these alkaloids were established on the basis of NMR and MS analyses. The absolute configu- rations of perhentinine (4) and macralstonine (5) were estab- lished by X-ray diffraction analyses, which facilitated assign- ment of the configuration at C-20 in the regioisomeric bisindole alkaloids perhentidines A− C( 1−3). A potentially useful method for the determination of the configuration at C-20 based on comparison of the NMR chemical shifts of the bisindoles and their acetate derivatives, in these and related bisindoles with similar constitution and branching of the monomeric units, is also presented.

This study was conducted in order to understand the mechanism of Cd and Pb adsorption in aqueous solutions by raw and modified saw dust (SD) of Alstonia macrophylla. The biosorbent was characterized by Boehm titration, specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersion (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. SD was treated using organic acids and bases. Batch studies were conducted for raw and modified SD to determine the effect of initial concentration, pH, ionic strength, and contact time on metal adsorption. The specific surface area and total basic and acidic groups of SD were 77 m2/g and 1521 and 2312 μmol/g, respectively. The adsorption of both metals onto SD was pH dependent. No ionic strength dependency was observed in adsorption of Cd and Pb at pH >6, indicating inner sphere surface complexation. Monolayer adsorption is dominant in both metal sorptions by SD. Furthermore, there is no competition between metals on adsorption and raw SD was f...

Four new linearly fused bisindole alkaloids, lumutinines A-D (1-4), were isolated from the stem-bark extract of Alstonia macrophylla. Lumutinines A (1) and B (2) represent the first examples of linear, ring A/F-fused macroline-macroline-type bisindoles, while lumutinines C (3) and D (4) were constituted from the union of macroline and sarpagine moieties. A reinvestigation of the stereochemical assignment of alstoumerine (8) by NMR and X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that the configuration at C-16 and C-19 required revision.

The ethanolic extract from stems of a Thai medicinal plant, Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don (Apocynaceae) showed a significant inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) determined by using Ellman assay. Four compounds i.e., a bisindole alkaloid, macralstonine (1), a new bisindole alkaloid, thungfaine (2), a secoiridoid glycoside, sweroside (3) and a new secoiridoid glycoside, naresuanoside (4) were isolated. Compound 4 showed moderate AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory effects. Interestingly, compound 4 inhibited cell growth on human androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) but no effect on viability of human foreskin fibroblast cells (HF).

Three new picraline-type alkaloids, alstiphyllanines E–G (1–3) and a new ajmaline-type alkaloid, alstiphyllanine H (4) were isolated from the leaves of Alstonia macrophylla together with 16 related alkaloids (5–20). Structures and stereochemistry of 1–4 were fully elucidated and characterized by 2D NMR analysis. Alstiphyllanines E and F (1 and 2) showed moderate Na+-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1 and SGLT2) inhibitory activity. A series of a hydroxy substituted derivatives 21–28 at C-17 of the picraline-type alkaloids have been derived as having potent SGLT inhibitory activity. 10-Methoxy-N(1)-methylburnamine-17-O-veratrate (6) exhibited potent inhibitory activity, suggesting that the presence of an ester side chain at C-17 may be important to show SGLT inhibitory activity. Structure activity relationship of alstiphyllanines on inhibitory activity of SGLT was discussed.

Background: The methanol extract of Ophirrhiza nicobarica,Alstonia macrophylla and Mallotus peltatus, ethnomedicines of Little Andaman, were investigated for antiinfective, antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities. Methods: Toxicity was determined in cells and in an animal model. Antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activity was determined by plaque reduction, disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. The antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities were also studied. Results:O. nicobarica at 300 µg ml–1 showed anti-HSV activity while M. peltatus and A. macrophylla showed antibacterial activity at 64–1,000 µg ml–1. Both extracts showed significant dose-dependent antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity at nontoxic concentrations. Conclusion: The alkaloid, flavonoid and β-sitosterol isolated from bioactive parts had a dose-dependent therapeutic efficacy, justifying their use. Further study is required to know the mechanism of action.

The methanol extract (ME) and the n-butanol fractions of methanolic extract of Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC leaves were investigated on the forward motility (FM) of mammalian (goat and human) spermatozoa. The ME at 600 microg mL-1 as well as fraction B at 100 microg mL-1 concentrations showed marked inhibition of sperm FM in both goat and human species when tested by microscopic and spectrophotometric methods. Approximately 60-80% of the goat spermatozoa lost their FM when treated with 600 microg mL-1 of ME and 100 microg mL-1 of fraction B. At 100 microg mL-1 concentration, fraction B showed 90% loss of FM in human spermatozoa, while fraction B at 400 microg mL-1 concentration showed complete inhibition of sperm FM at 0 min. The inhibitory activity of fraction B increases with increasing concentration in a dose-dependent manner. Phytochemical study of the extract revealed that the leaf contains tannins, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing sugars. Further fractionation and purification of the bioactive n-butanol part of ME showed the presence of ursolic acid (fraction B), beta-sitosterol (fraction A), beta-sitosterol glucoside and a mixture of minor compounds (fraction C, detected on thin-layer chromatography). The results reveal that fraction B (ursolic acid), a pentacyclic triterpene, has the potential of sperm motility inhibition and can serve as a topical vaginal contraceptive.

Methanol extract at 100-200 mg/kg p.o. and major nonpolar fraction B at 50 mg/kg of Alstonia macrophylla leaves caused a significant reduction in spontaneous activity, remarkable decrease in exploratory behavioural pattern, a reduction in muscle relaxant activity and also significantly potentiated phenobarbitone sodium-induced sleeping time. The phytochemical study of crude leaf extract revealed the presence of tannin, triterpenoid, flavonoid, sterol, alkaloid and reducing sugars. Further fractionation and purification of the n-butanol part of methanol extract yielded fraction A, fraction B and fraction C along with some minor fatty acids as the major compounds.

This research aimed to determinate the type of adaptive plant and its potential of phytoremediations on nickel revegetation land, PT. Vale Indonesia Tbk. Pomalaa site Kolaka Regency. The research was carried out in March - October 2016, with stages of explation and identification of adaptive plant species as well as analysis of nicel leaves and soil content using HNO3 or HClO4 method and (AAS) Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometry test. 12 types of adaptive plants from 12 genera and 10 family. That grow naturally on nickel revegetation land PT. Vale Indonesia Tbk. site Pomalaa. Species from tree habitus thet freguently found, namely Gymnostoma sumatrana , Sarcotheca celebica , Parinaria corymbosa , Timonius celebicus , Weinnmania fraxinea , Alstonia macrophylla . Based on analysis result, there four species that was categorized as low acummulator Nepenthes maxima , Cheilanthes tenuifolia , Timonius celebicus , Sarcotheca celebica . The highest absorber is S. celebica with nickel content 595 mg/kg dry weight leaves. S. celebica potential to be developed as nickel phytoremedian. Keywords: phytoremediation, nickel, Sarcotheca celebica , Ultramafic

The methanolic crude and methanol-aqueous extract of Alstonia macrophylla leaves and n-butanol part of the crude extract showed antimicrobial activity against various strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranges from 64 to 1000 microg/ml for bacteria and 32-128 mg/ml for dermatophytes. However, the strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp. and Vibrio cholerae showed resistance against in vitro treatment of the extracts up to 2000 microg/ml concentration, while the two yeast species were resistant even at 128 mg/ml concentration. The stem bark extract prepared similarly was found to be less active compared to the leaves. Phytochemical study indicates that the crude extract contains tannins, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, triterpene and reducing sugars. Further fractionation and purification of n-butanol part of the extract showed the presence of beta-sitosterol, ursolic acid, beta-sitosterol glucoside and a mixture of minor compounds only detected in TLC.

A new flavonoidic glycoside, tricin-4′- O -β- l -arabinoside ( 1 ) was isolated from the leaves of Alstonia macrophylla along with two known flavonoids, vitexin and myricetin-3′-rhamnoside-3- O -galactoside. Their structures were established by chemical and spectral evidences. The known compounds were reported for the first time from this plant. Moreover compound 1 was tested for antifungal and antibacterial activities.

Seven new macroline-type oxindole alkaloids, including several with novel structural features, were obtained from the Malayan Alstonia macrophylla and their structures established by spectral analysis.

Three new indole alkaloids, viz. 10-methoxyaffinisine, 10-methoxycathafoline and alstonerinal, in addition to alstonerine, alstonisine, alstonal, alstophylline, vincamajine, lochnerine and cathafoline were isolated from the stem-bark extract of Alstonia macrophylla.

Two new bisindole alkaloids, alstomacrophylline ( 1 ) and alstomacroline, have been isolated from the root bark of A. macrophylla (Apocynaceae).

Ethnopharmacological relevance Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don are two vital medicinal plant species (family: Apocynaceae). In India, the therapeutic use of Alstonia scholaris has been described in both codified and non-codified drug systems for the treatment of malaria, jaundice, gastrointestinal troubles, cancer and in many other ailments. Other species, Alstonia macrophylla has been used in conventional medicines in Thailand, Malaysia and Philippines as a general tonic, aphrodisiac, anticholeric, antidysentery, antipyretic, emmenagogue, and vulnerary agents. In India, Alstonia macrophylla is used as a substitute for Alstonia scholaris in various herbal pharmaceutical preparations. However, one certainly cannot evaluate the truthfulness of a practice (i.e. in scientific terms). In this article we discuss and summarize comparative data about traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Alstonia scholaris and Alstonia macrophylla. Moreover, in order to unfold future research opportunities, lacunae in the present knowledge are also highlighted. Materials and methods Literature about Alstonia scholaris and Alstonia macrophylla was collected by using electronic and library search. Additionally, referred books on traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology were also utilized for receiving traditional records about both the plant species. Results Both Alstonia scholaris and Alstonia macrophylla are rich in different types of bioactive alkaloids. So far, broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo biological and pharmacological activities have been reported to both the species. Amongst them, antimicrobial and anticancer activities were promising. Conclusions The use of Alstonia macrophylla as a substitute for Alstonia scholaris is not at all justifiable as both the species are distinct from each other in their phytochemistry and pharmacology. Further detail chemical fingerprinting and metabolic studies of these two species are warranted to prevent their mutual adulteration most importantly in the context of commercial preparations.

Ambuluwawa Mountain in Gampola District reaches to a height of 1065 meters and vegetationis mostly disturbed. To study lichens three sites, each 100m2 in area, at different elevations (high

Mosquito transmit diseases like malaria, dengue accounted for global mortality and morbidity with increased resistance to common insecticides. In the present study silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from aqueous leaves extracts of four plant species (Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbia tirucalli, Pedilanthus tithymaloides and Alstonia macrophylla) and there effects on IInd and IVth instars larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi were evaluated. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution and zeta potential analysis. IInd and IVth instars larvae of A. aegypti and A. stephensi were exposed to varying concentrations of AgNPs synthesized from plants under investigation (0.625 to 20 ppm) for 24 hours, which revealed larvicidal activity of AgNPs. With LC50 values of 3.50 to 7.01 ppm against IInd instar and 4.44 to 8.74 ppm against IVth instar larvae of A. aegypti and 5.90 to8.04 ppm for IInd instar, 4.90 to 9.55 ppm against IVth instar of A. stephensi. Results obtained from this study presentbiosynthesized silver nanoparticles as novel biolarvicidal agent and can be used along with traditional insecticides as approach of Integrated Pest Management (IPM).