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This paper aimed to systematically review the quality control approaches for biotechnology-derived vaccines, including the covid vaccines. Google Scholar was used for selecting papers, which was limited to 28 to ensure that the review is not too long. From the 28 papers, 14 were reviews. There were only four research papers, of which, two were on covid vaccines. Thus, the diversity of the available quality control approaches was already limited. Many quality control tests are performed through the entire chain of sourcing to the end-user. Safety, purity, product integrity, efficacy, immunogenicity, and absence of side effects were the important quality control variables identified as critical for the effective use of vaccines, in most studies. This observation applies to covid vaccines also. As a self-check of the quality of the vaccine by the manufacturer may not be accepted by others, it is desirable to cross-check the reliability and validity of the factory quality test results through third-party testing. Often, despite all quality parameters being satisfactory, the vaccines fail in actual use. There could be a difference between the laboratory results and the real-world experiences of covid vaccines. The factors leading to this problem are not yet clear. International guidelines and standards help to ensure uniform quality of vaccines across the world facilitating the use of the same vaccines in different countries. This is evident from the covid vaccine exports from leading producer countries to other parts of the world. The essentiality of ensuring the proper quality of all vaccines, including covid vaccines, is clear from this review. The future is for the possibility of rapid quality tests facilitated by multiplex testing tools, non-animal testing, the use of plantbased vaccines aided by molecular farming, and larger-scale field evaluations of vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Cross sectional. Background: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a class of disorders that are identified and categorized based on symptoms because they lack a significant deviation from the normal histological, anatomical, and biochemical characteristics. A chronic gastrointestinal illness called irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by recurring stomach pain or discomfort linked to a changed bowel routine. Global research has determined that between 5 and 20% of people worldwide suffer from IBS. Gastroenterology clinics have received referrals for 30% to 50% of IBS patients. A thorough review of the patient's symptoms, a thorough history (including information about diet, medications, medical, surgical, and psychological history), an assessment of the patient for the presence of warning signs (such as "red flags" of anemia, hematochezia, unintentional weight loss, or a family history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease), and a guided physical examination are all necessary to make the traditional diagnosis of IBS. Methods: In Southern Saudi Arabia, IBS was targeted on all accessible groups using a descriptive cross-sectional strategy. Participants in the poll had to be Saudi citizens who were 18 years of age or older, had IBS, and resided in the Aseer region. Data collection was started after receiving approval from the institutional ethics committee. An electronic questionnaire that was already pre-structured was used to collect data from the participants. Between April and June 2021. Results: Out of total 1622 respondents 55.49% were females while 44.51% were males 61.6% have 5-10 working hours ,23.3% were working in civil areas, 25.9% were from southern region, 83.2% were living in cities, 61.6% have income level 5000 to 15000SAR, 67.82% were nonsmokers 21.95 & 28.1% were suffering from DM and HTN respectively. We did not observe gender wise significance difference in the prevalence of IBS. Conclusion: This is the first study to quantify the prevalence of IBS and FD, as well as the risk factors related with these disorders, in the Saudi city of Abha. Our findings are useful in bridging the epidemiological data gap Aseer region IBS, FD, and OS. Future research would allow for a better knowledge of the complicated biology of both disorders, as well as better management tailored to the risk factors associated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and to identify risk factors associated with LBP among medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2021 medical students from four medical colleges in Saudi Arabia during the academic year 2019–2020. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted and included three sections: demographic data, risk factors of LBP, and prevalence of LBP (during lifetime, past 12 months, and past 7 days). Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: A total of 2021 medical students responded to our survey. The participants were 57.1% female and 42.9% male. Most of the students’ ages (76.3%) ranged from 20 to 24 years. Medical students younger than 20 and older than 24 were 21.8% and 1.9%, respectively. The prevalence of LBP was 80.7% at any time, 67.6% in the past 12 months, and 38.2% in the past 7 days. Females were found to have higher prevalence of LBP than males(P < 0.0001), 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.37, 2.04). History of physical trauma to the back was significantly associated with LBP (P < 0.0001), 95% CI (1.32, 2.40). A lack of daily exercise was also found to be associated with LBP (P = 0.015), 95% CI (1.05, 1.55). LBP affected the daily functions, such as walking and sleeping, of 30.1% of medical students. Around 11% of medical students sought medical care because of LBP. Conclusions: We conclude that the prevalence of LBP is high among Saudi medical students. LBP seemed to be higher in females and associated with history of back trauma. Back care awareness should be emphasized among medical students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a well-known surgical knee procedure performed by orthopaedic surgeons. There is a general consensus for the effectiveness of a postoperative ACL reconstruction rehabilitation program, however there is little consensus regarding the optimal components of a program Objective of the Study: to assess the merits and demerits of current ACL reconstruction rehabilitation programs and interventions based on the evidence supported by previously conducted systematic reviews. Methods: a Systematic search in the scientific database (Medline, Scopus, EMBASE , and Google Scholer) between 1970 and 2017 was conducted for all relevant Systematic reviews discussing the primary endpoint ( ACL reconstruction rehabilitation ) studies were analyzed and included based on the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study screening and quality was assessed against PRISMA guidelines and a best evidence synthesis was performed. Results: the search results yielded five studies which evaluated eight rehabilitation components (bracing, Continuous passive motion (CPM), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), open kinetic chain (OKC) versus closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercise, progressive eccentric exercise, home versus supervised rehabilitation, accelerated rehabilitation and water based rehabilitation). A strong evidence suggested no added benefit of short term bracing (0-6 weeks post-surgery) compared to standard treatment. Whilst a moderate evidence reinforced no added advantage of continuous passive motion to standard treatment for boosting motion range. Furthermore, a moderate evidence of equal effectiveness of closed versus open kinetic chain exercise and home versus clinic based rehabilitation, on a range of short term outcomes. There was inconsistent or limited evidence for some interventions including: the use of NMES and exercise, accelerated and non-accelerated rehabilitation, early and delayed rehabilitation, and eccentric resistance programs after ACL reconstruction. Conclusion: short term post-operative bracing and continuous passive motion (CPM) introduce no benefit over standard treatment and thus not recommended. A moderate evidence suggested equal efficiency for 1) CKC and OKC are equally effective for knee laxity, pain and function, at least in the short term (6-14 weeks) after ACL reconstruction and 2) home based and clinic based rehabilitation. Nevertheless, the degree of physiotherapy input remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]