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Muhannad Faleh Alanazi,1 Ashokkumar Thirunavukkarasu,2 Maily Alrowily,3 Nouf Alaqel,4 Abdulelah Alaqel,5 Mutlaq Alruwaili,5 Nouf Nashmi M Alazmi,5 Osamah Alhassan,5 Mona Fahad M Aljarallah,5 Afrah Mohaimeed Altaymani5 1Division of Radiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Community and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; 3Aljouf Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Prince Mutab Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia; 5College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Muhannad Faleh Alanazi, Division of Radiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966555 393 871, Email mfalanazi@ju.edu.saBackground: Mammogram screening (MS) is the gold-standard method for early detection of breast cancer (BC), and its use has been proven to minimize BC-related deaths and reduce treatment costs. However, recent epidemiological surveys have reported that rates of mammogram uptake by the Saudi female population are low. Here, we assessed the knowledge of BC and perceived barriers to MS uptake among pre-eligible northern Saudi women.Participants and Methods: We administered a standard and validated Arabic questionnaire to 400 women aged 40– 69 years. SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis. We applied logistic regression analysis to find the factors associated with participants’ knowledge of BC and MS. Spearman correlation test was applied to find the correlation between knowledge and barrier scores.Results: The study participants reported that smoking habits (61.3%) and unhealthy food habits (57.8%) were the most common risk factors for BC. Of the studied participants, 56.3% had low or medium degrees of knowledge about BC risk factors and MS. The degree of knowledge was significantly associated with education level (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]. = 1.61– 3.13; P = 0.008) and a family history of BC (aOR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.94– 5.49; P < 0.001). Fear of a BC diagnosis (50.8%) and concerns regarding test procedures were the most common barriers to MS uptake. We also found a negative correlation between participants’ knowledge and perceived barriers to MS (rho = − 0.389, P < 0.001).Conclusion: We recommend that concerned authorities offer women multiple health education sessions covering BC risk factors and the necessity for pre-eligible women to undergo MS spaced at regular intervals at different facilities. Furthermore, a multicentric mixed-methods survey is warranted to find the qualitative aspects of barriers to MS.Keywords: breast cancer, screening, risk factors, mammogram, knowledge

Rawan M Maawadh,1 Thekra N Al-Maqati,1 Maryam Hamad Alenezi,2 Eman Alenezi,3 Amal Alsubaie,4 Amal Mohsen Alghamdi,5 Afrah AlSubaie,6 Mashael Mufleh Alruwaili,7 Haya Ali AlAnazi,7 Entisar Albugami,8 Naifah Ahmed Alanazi,9 Khaled Ahmed Alhmdan,10 Fahad Farhan Alshammari,11 Abeer Madkhali12 1Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Science, Dammam, 31448, Saudi Arabia; 2Medical Admin & Excellence Allowance Committee Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 3Preventive Medicine Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 4Family Medicine Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 5Internal Medicine Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 6Urology and Nephrology Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 7Patient Education Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 8Family Medicine Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 9Cardiac Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 10Health Informatics Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 11Laboratory Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 12Quality and Patient Safety Administration Department, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Rawan M Maawadh, Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Science, P.O. Box 33048, Dammam, 31448, Saudi Arabia, Email rmaawadh@psmchs.edu.saPurpose: Broad evidence points out that women workers in Saudi Arabia face a range of inequitable work practices despite continued efforts for gender equality. The study aims to assess the satisfaction of Saudi women working in the health sector among certain factors in the work environment, factors that enable them to gain opportunities and benefits and make decisions.Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, which involved the use of closed-ended surveys on 261 Saudi women working in the healthcare sector.Results: Most of the females were aged between 25 and 34 years (59%) and more than half of them worked in the governmental sector (53%). Fifty-eight percent of the females hold clinical jobs, 25% of the administrative jobs were 37% of them have more than 19 years of working experience. The finding showed a significant association between female workers in health sector satisfaction with factors related to the workplace environment, training, and development, and their involvement in decision-making.Conclusion: Most women felt empowered when they received equitable tasks and were able to reach managerial-level positions in their organizations. Establishing a positive work environment characterized by opportunities has the potential to enhance women workers’ satisfaction.Keywords: satisfaction, woman, education, training, opportunities

Abdelaziz Hendy,1 Sahar M Soliman,2 Sabah Saad Al-Sharkawi,1,3 Manar Fayez Alruwaili,4,5 Rym Hassani,6 Fadia Ahmed Abdelkader Reshia4,7 1Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; 2Department of Maternal & Neonatal Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; 3Faculty of Nursing, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt; 4Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; 5College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Barry University, Miami, Florida, United states of America; 6Nursing department, University College of Sabya, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 7Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptCorrespondence: Abdelaziz Hendy, Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, Email Abdelaziz.hendy@nursing.asu.edu.egBackground: The nurse’s first and most important responsibility is to protect themselves from contracting or spreading COVID-19.Purpose: Investigate the effect of applying clustering nursing care on spreading COVID-19 infection and fatigue level among nurses who provide nursing care for COVID-19 patients.Methods: Retrospective case–control study, where cases had a COVID-19 infection in the previous six months and controls were free. Internet-based survey sent to nurses at eight hospitals.Findings: A total of 100 cases and 250 controls. About 36.8% of nurses who did not apply clustering care suffered from COVID-19 infection. Meanwhile, 83.3% and 93.3% of those who clustered three and four procedures, were free of COVID-19 infection.Discussion: Applying clustering for nurses’ care decreases spreading of infection among nurses and decreases fatigue level related to work. Female nurses, increased fatigue, and a lack of training are all factors that may contribute to the spread of CVID-19 infection among nurses.Keywords: clustering care, COVID-19 infection, nursing care, nurses

Background and Objectives : Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent component of the human flora; however, it can cause various pathological conditions. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MR-SA) has been significantly influenced by the overuse and inappropriate administration of antibiotics. The frequency of MR-SA nasal colonization among healthcare workers (HCWs) is increasing, and MR-SA is not restricted to hospital settings, with a notable rise in infections among individuals unrelated to HCWs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among students at Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), a Government School (GS), and a Private School (PS) to characterize the phenotypic traits of isolates and evaluate antimicrobial resistance profiles. Materials and Methods : A total of 1200 nasal swabs were inoculated on blood and mannitol salt agar, followed by phenotypic identification of S. aureus and MR-SA using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted via the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination was performed using the broth dilution method. Additionally, nuc and mecA gene amplification through PCR aided in isolate identification. Results : The results revealed that 14% (168) of students harbored S. aureus in their nasal cavities, with 8.5% (102) carrying methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and 5.5% (66) carrying MR-SA. Male students exhibited higher S. aureus (57.7%) and MR-SA (21.4%) prevalence compared to females (42.3% and 17.9%, respectively). Urban students showed a higher S. aureus prevalence (54.2%), while rural students exhibited a higher MR-SA rate (22%). Overall, 80.3% of S. aureus isolates displayed resistance to erythromycin followed by fluoroquinolones (47.6%) and clindamycin (42.2%). All the S. aureus isolates, including MR-SA, remained susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. PCR results revealed that 95.5% (63) of MR-SA isolates carried the mecA gene. Conclusions : The high prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus raises significant public health concerns, with educational institutions potentially serving as reservoirs for bacterial transmission. The improper use of antibiotics contributes to bacterial resistance and increased infection rates. It is crucial to implement measures to prevent antibiotic misuse and develop comprehensive strategies within educational settings to effectively combat S. aureus and MR-SA prevalence.

Fasciolosis is a zoonotic infection and is considered a developing deserted tropical illness threatening ruminant productivity and causing financial losses. Herein, we applied immunoinformatics and biophysics studies to develop an epitopes vaccine against Fasciola hepatica using glutathione transferase and Cathepsin L-like proteinase as possible vaccine candidates. Using the selected proteins, B- and T-cell epitopes were predicted. After epitopes prediction, the epitopes were clarified over immunoinformatics screening, and only five epitopes, EFGRWQQEKCTIDLD, RRNIWEKNVKHIQEH, FKAKYLTEMSRASDI, TDMTFEEFKAKYLTE, and YTAVEGQCR were selected for vaccine construction; selected epitopes were linked with the help of a GPGPG linker and attached with an adjuvant through another linker, EAAAK linker. Cholera toxin B subunit was used as an adjuvant. The ExPASy ProtParam tool server predicted 234 amino acids, 25.86257 kDa molecular weight, 8.54 theoretical pI, 36.86 instability index, and -0.424 grand average of hydropathicity. Molecular docking analysis predicted that the vaccine could activate the immune system against F. hepatica . We calculated negative binding energy values. A biophysics study, likely molecular docking molecular dynamic simulation, further validated the docking results. In molecular dynamic simulation analysis, the top hit docked compounds with the lowest binding energy values were subjected to MD simulation; the simulation analysis showed that the vaccine and immune cell receptors are stable and can activate the immune system. MMGBSA of -146.27 net energy (kcal/mol) was calculated for the vaccine-TLR2 complex, while vaccine-TLR4 of -148.11 net energy (kcal/mol) was estimated. Furthermore, the C-ImmSim bioinformatics tool predicted that the vaccine construct can activate the immune system against F. hepatica , eradicate the infection caused by F. hepatica , and reduce financial losses that need to be spent while protecting against infections of F. hepatica. The computational immune simulation unveils that the vaccine model can activate the immune system against F . hepatica ; hence, the experimental scientist can validate the finding accomplished through computational approaches., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Alhassan, Ullah, Niazy, Alzarea, Alsaidan, Alzarea, Alsaidan, Alhassan, Alruwaili and Alruwaili.)

Introduction: Leukotrienes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of adenoid hypertrophy (A.H.). Therefore, we aimed to analyse the role of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, alone or in combination with mometasone, a potent local intranasal steroid, for the treatment of A.H., Methods: Participants were children with A.H. were treated with montelukast alone or montelukast and mometasone furoate. The main outcome measures were effect of montelukast on clinical symptoms of A.H. A literature review was conducted using online search engines, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, for randomized clinical trials assessing children with A.H. treated with montelukast alone or montelukast and mometasone furoate. Seven randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included with 742 children., Results: Our study reveals that montelukast alone or in combination with intranasal mometasone furoate significantly improves clinical symptoms of adenoid hypertrophy such as snoring, sleeping disturbance, mouth breathing and A/N ratio. Montelukast was superior to placebo in decreasing snoring (SMD = -1.00, 95% CI [-1.52, -0.49]), sleep discomfort (SMD = -1.26, 95% CI [-1.60, -0.93]), A/N ratio (MD = -0.11, 95% CI [-0.14, -0.09]) and mouth breathing (SMD = -1.36, 95% CI [-1.70, -1.02]). No difference was detected between montelukast and mometasone versus mometasone alone in snoring (SMD = -0.21, 95%CI [-0.69, 0.27]); however, the combination group was superior to the mometasone alone in mouth breathing (SMD = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.19])., Conclusions: The limitation of studies included a small sample size, with an overall low to medium quality. Thus, further larger, higher-quality RCTs are recommended to provide more substantial evidence., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: This study examines the experiences of geriatric nurses in palliative care. It aims to understand how these experiences influence their well-being and the quality of care., Methods: Conducted in the Alahsa region of Saudi Arabia, the study employs qualitative methods, utilizing in-depth interviews with 12 geriatric nurses. The analysis employs a thematic approach, enriched by iterative reflections within a multidisciplinary research team., Results: The analysis reveals main themes: 1) the deep emotional connections between nurses and their patients; 2) the challenges faced, including compassion fatigue, high patient mortality, and communication hurdles; 3) the impact of these challenges on the quality of care, highlighting issues like diminished empathy; 4) the coping strategies used by nurses, such as self-care practices and continuous education., Conclusions: The study concludes that coping strategies, including self-care and ongoing professional development, are vital for sustaining the nurses' well-being and ensuring the continued provision of high-quality care to Older Adults patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries around the world experienced an unprecedented increase in stress in the general population. Even after normal life has been reestablished, the new normal is punctuated by severely impacted vulnerable groups. Stress-associated symptoms display an intricate relationship with biochemical modulations, which coordinate the stress response. Identifying these biochemical factors is inherent to deciphering the mode of treatment needed to diminish the health-care gap resulting from the pandemic., Methods: We applied psychological measures using the perceived stress (PS) and COVID-19 anxiety (CA) scales and preventive health behavior (PHB) to evaluate stress in the general population. Biochemical markers of stress, that is, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), cortisol, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were tested in the serum samples of the participants. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22.0., Results: Stress scores for PS, CA, and PHB indicate the prevalence of moderate-to-high stress among participants, and a correlation between psychological stress and biochemical correlates, TAC, TBARS, cortisol, and CRP. Serum concentrations of TBARS, Cortisol, and CRP were found to be significantly increased, while the TAC was decreased across all stress types and levels. Our findings demonstrate a positive correlation between PS, CA, PHB TBARS, cortisol, and CRP and a strong negative correlation with TAC., Conclusion: The results of this study will help in tailoring targeted interventions and preventive regimes to mitigate COVID-19-associated anxiety and stress disorders prevailing even after the actual pandemic has subsided., Competing Interests: All the authors declared that there was no conflict and/or competing interests., (Copyright: © International Journal of Health Sciences.)

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease characterized by the recurrent, paroxysmal, and unprovoked seizures. It has been shown that hyperuricemia enhances and associated with the development and progression of epilepsy through induction of inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, uric acid is released within the brain and contributes in the development of neuronal hyperexcitability and epileptic seizure. Brain uric acid acts as damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) activates the immune response and induce the development of neuroinflammation. Therefore, inhibition of xanthine oxidase by allopurinol may reduce hyperuricemia-induced epileptic seizure and associated oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism of allopurinol in the epilepsy was not fully elucidated. Therefore, this review aims to revise from published articles the link between hyperuricemia and epilepsy, and how allopurinol inhibits the development of epileptic seizure., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This article represents a novel study of the design and analysis of a wind turbine system that includes a line-side permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with an ultra-step-up DC-DC converter for voltage regulation. Integrating renewable energy sources such as wind power into the grid requires efficient and reliable power conversion systems to handle fluctuating power and ensure a stable power supply. The wind turbine system utilizes a PMSG, which offers several advantages over traditional induction generators, including higher efficiency, reduced maintenance, and better power quality. The line-side configuration allows for increased control and flexibility, allowing the system to respond dynamically to grid conditions. This wind turbine system involves the integration of a grid-side PMSG-fed DC-DC converter between the PMSG and the grid. The converter enables a seamless flow of electricity between the wind turbine and the grid. By actively controlling the intermediate circuit voltage, the converter efficiently regulates the output voltage of the wind turbine and thus enables constant power generation regardless of fluctuating wind speeds. The simulation outcomes illustrate the efficacy of the proposed system in achieving voltage regulation and seamless integration with the grid. Performance is evaluated under various operating conditions and compared to conventional wind turbines., Competing Interests: no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Reddy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the brain and is manifested by motor and non-motor symptoms because of degenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. PD neuropathology is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and apoptosis. Thus, the modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and apoptosis by growth factors could be a novel boulevard in the management of PD. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase type B (TrkB) are chiefly involved in PD neuropathology. BDNF promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and enhances the functional activity of striatal neurons. Deficiency of the TrkB receptor triggers degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of α-Syn in the substantia nigra. As well, BDNF/TrkB signalling is reduced in the early phase of PD neuropathology. Targeting of BDNF/TrkB signalling by specific activators may attenuate PD neuropathology. Thus, this review aimed to discuss the potential role of BDNF/TrkB activators against PD. In conclusion, BDNF/TrkB signalling is decreased in PD and linked with disease severity and long-term complications. Activation of BDNF/TrkB by specific activators may attenuate PD neuropathology., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a focal neurological disorder that accounts for 85% of all stroke types, due to occlusion of cerebral arteries by thrombosis and emboli. AIS is also developed due to cerebral hemodynamic abnormality. AIS is associated with the development of neuroinflammation which increases the severity of AIS. Phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDEs) inhibitors have neuro-restorative and neuroprotective effects against the development of AIS through modulation of the cerebral cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/nitric oxide (NO) pathway. PDE5 inhibitors through mitigation of neuroinflammation may decrease the risk of long-term AIS-induced complications. PDE5 inhibitors may affect the hemodynamic properties and coagulation pathway which are associated with thrombotic complications in AIS. PDE5 inhibitors reduce activation of the pro-coagulant pathway and improve the microcirculatory level in patients with hemodynamic disturbances in AIS. PDE5 inhibitors mainly tadalafil and sildenafil improve clinical outcomes in AIS patients through the regulation of cerebral perfusion and cerebral blood flow (CBF). PDE5 inhibitors reduced thrombomodulin, P-selectin, and tissue plasminogen activator. Herein, PDE5 inhibitors may reduce activation of the pro-coagulant pathway and improve the microcirculatory level in patients with hemodynamic disturbances in AIS. In conclusion, PDE5 inhibitors may have potential roles in the management of AIS through modulation of CBF, cAMP/cGMP/NO pathway, neuroinflammation, and inflammatory signaling pathways. Preclinical and clinical studies are recommended in this regard., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: The global spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) poses a significant concern. Acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes leads to resistance against several antibiotics, limiting treatment options. We aimed to study ESBL-producing and CRE transmission in clinical settings., Methods: From clinical samples, 227 ESBL-producing and CRE isolates were obtained. The isolates were cultured on bacterial media and confirmed by VITEK 2. Antibiograms were tested against several antibiotics using VITEK 2. The acquired resistance genes were identified by PCR., Results: Of the 227 clinical isolates, 145 (63.8%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae and 82 (36.1%) were Escherichia coli; 76 (33.4%) isolates were detected in urine, 57 (25.1%) in pus swabs, and 53 (23.3%) in blood samples. A total of 58 (70.7%) ESBL-producing E. coli were resistant to beta-lactams, except for carbapenems, and 17.2% were amikacin-resistant; 29.2% of E. coli isolates were resistant to carbapenems. A total of 106 (73.1%) ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae were resistant to all beta-lactams, except for carbapenems, and 66.9% to ciprofloxacin; 38 (26.2%) K. pneumoniae were resistant to carbapenems. Colistin emerged as the most effective antibiotic against both bacterial types. Twelve (20.6%) E. coli isolates were positive for bla CTX-M , 11 (18.9%) for bla TEM , and 8 (33.3%) for bla NDM . Forty-six (52.3%) K. pneumoniae isolates had bla CTX-M , 27 (18.6%) bla TEM , and 26 (68.4%) bla NDM ., Conclusion: This study found a high prevalence of drug-resistant ESBL-producing and CRE, highlighting the need for targeted antibiotic use to combat resistance., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Cytokine storm (CS) refers to the spontaneous dysregulated and hyper-activated inflammatory reaction occurring in various clinical conditions, ranging from microbial infection to end-stage organ failure. Recently the novel coronavirus involved in COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) has been associated with the pathological phenomenon of CS in critically ill patients. Furthermore, critically ill patients suffering from CS are likely to have a grave prognosis and a higher case fatality rate. Pathologically CS is manifested as hyper-immune activation and is clinically manifested as multiple organ failure. An in-depth understanding of the etiology of CS will enable the discovery of not just disease risk factors of CS but also therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune response and improve outcomes in patients with respiratory diseases having CS in the pathogenic pathway. Owing to the grave consequences of CS in various diseases, this phenomenon has attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians throughout the globe. So in the present manuscript, we have attempted to discuss CS and its ramifications in COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, as well as prospective treatment approaches and biomarkers of the cytokine storm. Furthermore, we have attempted to provide in-depth insight into CS from both a prophylactic and therapeutic point of view. In addition, we have included recent findings of CS in respiratory diseases reported from different parts of the world, which are based on expert opinion, clinical case-control research, experimental research, and a case-controlled cohort approach., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Cancer is a highly complex and heterogeneous disease. Traditional methods of cancer classification based on histopathology have limitations in guiding personalized prognosis and therapy. Gene expression profiling provides a powerful approach to unraveling molecular intricacies and better-stratifying cancer subtypes. In this study, we performed an integrative analysis of RNA sequencing data from five cancer types - BRCA, KIRC, COAD, LUAD, and PRAD. A machine learning workflow consisting of dataset identification, normalization, feature selection, dimensionality reduction, clustering, and classification was implemented. The k-means algorithm was applied to categorize samples into distinct clusters based solely on gene expression patterns. Five unique clusters emerged from the unsupervised machine learning based analysis, significantly correlating with the known cancer types. BRCA aligned predominantly with one cluster, while COAD spanned three clusters. KIRC was represented within two main clusters. LUAD is associated strongly with a single cluster and PRAD with another cluster. This demonstrates the ability of machine learning approaches to unravel complex signatures within transcriptomic profiles that can delineate cancer subtypes. The proposed study highlights the potential of integrative analytics to derive meaningful biological insights from high-dimensional omics datasets. Molecular subtyping through machine learning clustering enhances our understanding of the intrinsic heterogeneities and pathways dysregulated in different cancers. Overall, this study exemplifies a powerful computational framework to classify gene expressions of patients having different types of cancers and guide personalized therapeutic decisions. Finally, Wide Neural Network demonstrates a significantly higher accuracy, achieving 99.834% on the validation set and an even more impressive 99.995% on the test set., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. While the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmarks features of AD, the downstream consequence of these byproducts is the disruption of the cholinergic and glutamatergic neural systems. Growing evidence for the existence of interplay between AChE and NMDARs has opened up new venues for the discovery of novel ligands endowed with anticholinesterase and NMDAR-blocking activity. Plants belonging to the stachys genus have been extensively explored for having a broad range of therapeutic applications and have been used traditionally for millennia, to treat various CNS-related disorders, which makes them the ideal source of novel therapeutics. The present study was designed to identify natural dual-target inhibitors for AChE and NMDAR deriving from stachys genus for their potential use in AD. Using molecular docking, drug-likeness-profiling, MD simulation and MMGBSA calculations, an in-house database of biomolecules pertaining to the stachys genus was shortlisted based on their binding affinity, overall stability and critical ADMET parameters. Pre- and post-MD analysis revealed that Isoorientin effectively binds to AChE and NMDAR with various vital interactions, exhibits a stable behavior with minor fluctuations relative to two clinical drugs used as positive control, and displays strong and consistent interactions that lasted for the majority of the simulation. Findings from this study have elucidated the rationale behind the traditional use of Stachys plants for the treatment of AD and could provide new impetus for the development of novel dual-target therapeutics for AD treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

This study marks a significant stride in enhancing photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting applications through the development of a type II nano-heterojunction comprising HfO 2 and α - Fe 2 O 3 . Fabricated via Physical Vapor Deposition/Radio Frequency (PVD/RF) sputtering, this nano-heterojunction effectively addresses the efficiency limitations inherent in traditional α - Fe 2 O 3 photoanodes. The integration of HfO 2 leads to a substantial increase in photocurrent density, soaring from 62 μA/cm 2 for pure α - Fe 2 O 3 to 1.46 mA cm -2  at 1.23 V versus the Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE). This enhancement, a 23-fold increase, is primarily attributed to the improved absorption of photons in the visible range and the facilitation of more efficient charge transfer. The enhanced performance and long-term stability of the HfO 2 /α - Fe 2 O 3 nano-heterojunction, validated through XRD, XPS, Raman Spectroscopy, EDS, SEM, EIS, and UPS analyses, demonstrate its potential as a promising and cost-effective solution for PEC water splitting applications, leveraging renewable energy sources., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Mansour Alhabradi reports financial support was provided by Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau. Asif Tahir reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/501100000266Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Photoelectrochemical water splitting via solar irradiation has garnered significant interest due to its potential in large-scale renewable hydrogen production. Heterostructure materials have emerged as an effective strategy, demonstrating enhanced performance in photoelectrochemical water-splitting applications compared to individual photocatalysts. In this study, to augment the performance of sprayed TiVO 4 thin films, a hydrothermally prepared WO 3 underlayer was integrated beneath the spray pyrolised TiVO 4 film. The consequent heterostructure demonstrated notable enhancements in optical, structural, microstructural attributes, and photocurrent properties. This improvement is attributed to the strategic deposition of WO 3 underlayer, forming a heterostructure composite electrode. This led to a marked increase in photocurrent density for the WO 3 /TiVO 4 photoanode, reaching a peak of 740 μA/cm 2 at an applied potential of 1.23 V vs RHE, about nine-fold that of standalone TiVO 4 . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed a reduced semicircle for the heterostructure, indicating improved charge transfer compared to bare TiVO 4 . The heterostructure photoelectrode exhibited enhanced charge carrier conductivity at the interface and sustained stability over 3 h. The distinct attributes of heterostructure photoelectrode present significant opportunities for devising highly efficient sunlight-driven water-splitting systems., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Critical to boosting photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance is improving visible light absorption, accelerating carrier separation, and reducing electron-hole pair recombination. In this investigation, the PVD/RF method was employed to fabricate WO 3 thin films that were subsequently treated using the surface treatment process, and the film surface was modified by introducing varying concentrations of cobalt nanoparticles, a non-noble metal, as an effective Co catalyst. The results show that the impact of loaded cobalt nanoparticles on the film surface can explain the extended absorption spectrum of visible light, efficiently capturing photogenerated electrons. This leads to an increased concentration of charge carriers, promoting a faster rate of carrier separation and enhancing interface charge transfer efficiency. Compared with a pristine WO 3 thin film photoanode, the photocurrent of the as-prepared Co/WO 3 films shows a higher PEC activity, with more than a one-fold increase in photocurrent density from 1.020 mA/cm 2 to 1.485 mA/cm 2 under simulated solar radiation. The phase, crystallinity, and surface of the prepared films were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. The PVD/RF method, scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were employed to assess the surface morphology of the fabricated film electrode. Optical properties were studied using UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy. Simultaneously, the photoelectrochemical properties of both films were evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These results offer a valuable reference for designing high-performance photoanodes on a large scale for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications.

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antitumor anthracycline used to treat a variety of malignancies; however, its clinical use is associated with noticeable hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the current study was designed to delineate if biosynthesized SeNPs with turmeric extract (Tur-SeNPs) could alleviate DOX-induced hepatic adverse effects., Methods: Mice were orally post-treated with Tur extract, Tur-SeNPs, or N-acetyl cysteine after the intraperitoneal injection of DOX., Results: Our findings have unveiled a remarkable liver attenuating effect in DOX-injected mice post-treated with Tur-SeNPs. High serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin induced by DOX were significantly decreased by Tur-SeNPs therapy. Furthermore, Tur-SeNPs counteracted DOX-caused hepatic oxidative stress, indicated by decreased MDA and NO levels along with elevated levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH, and mRNA expression levels of Nrf-2. Noteworthily, decreased hepatic IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB p65 levels in addition to downregulated iNOS gene expression in Tur-SeNPs-treated mice have indicated their potent antiinflammatory impact. Post-treatment with Tur-SeNPs also mitigated the hepatic apoptosis evoked by DOX injection. A liver histological examination confirmed the biochemical and molecular findings., Conclusions: In brief, the outcomes have demonstrated Tur loaded with nanoselenium to successfully mitigate the liver damage induced by DOX via blocking oxidative stress, and inflammatory and apoptotic signaling., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase enzyme is a significant player in purine, thymidylate, and L-serine biosynthesis and has been tagged as a potential target for cancer, viruses, and parasites. However, this enzyme as an anti-bacterial druggable target has not been explored much. Herein, in this work, different computational chemistry and biophysics techniques were applied to identify potential computational predicted inhibitory molecules against Enterococcus faecium serine hydroxymethyltransferase enzyme. By structure based virtual screening process of ASINEX antibacterial library against the enzyme two main compounds: Top-1&#95;BDC&#95;21204033 and Top-2&#95;BDC&#95;20700155 were reported as best binding molecules. The Top-1&#95;BDC&#95;21204033 and Top-2&#95;BDC&#95;20700155 binding energy value is -9.3 and -8.9 kcal/mol, respectively. The control molecule binding energy score is -6.55 kcal/mol. The mean RMSD of Top-1-BDC&#95;21204033, Top-2-BDC&#95;20700155 and control is 3.7 Å (maximum 5.03 Å), 1.7 Å (maximum 3.05 Å), and 3.84 Å (maximum of 6.7 Å), respectively. During the simulation time, the intermolecular docked conformation and interactions were seen stable despite of few small jumps by the compounds/control, responsible for high RMSD in some frames. The MM/GBSA and MM/PBSA binding free energy of lead Top-2-BDC&#95;20700155 complex is -79.52 and -82.63 kcal/mol, respectively. This complex was seen as the most stable compared to the control. Furthermore, the lead molecules and control showed good druglikeness and pharmacokinetics profile. The lead molecules were non-toxic and non-mutagenic. In short, the compounds are promising in terms of binding to the serine hydroxymethyltransferase enzyme and need to be subjected to experimental studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Importance: SARS-CoV-2 has caused a worldwide health and economic crisis. During the course of the pandemic, genetic changes occurred in the virus, which have resulted in new properties of the virus-particularly around gains in transmission and the ability to partially evade either natural or vaccine-acquired immunity. Some of these viruses have been labeled Variants of Concern (VoCs). At the root of all VoCs are two mutations, one in the viral spike protein that has been very well characterized and the other in the virus polymerase (NSP12). This is the viral protein responsible for replicating the genome. We show that NSP12 associates with host cell proteins that act as a scaffold to facilitate the function of this protein. Furthermore, we found that different variants of NSP12 interact with host cell proteins in subtle and different ways, which affect function., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The most prevalent type of dementia, especially in older persons, is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has clinical signs of progressive cognitive decline and functional impairment. However, new research indicates that AD patients' dietary patterns and nutritional intake could hold the key to staving off some of the complications. Therefore, the primary aim of this investigation was to analyze various dietary patterns and the subsequent impact of the resulting nutritional intake on AD patients. Various online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were searched using appropriate keywords, reference searches, and citation searches. The databases were accessed using the search phrases "Alzheimer's disease," "dietary habits," "minerals," "nutritional profile," and "vitamins." Fifteen of the 21 investigations that we selected for our systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis revealed that micronutrient supplementation and some dietary patterns were helpful in alleviating a few of the symptoms of AD, especially with regard to the progression of dementia in the assessed patients. It was shown that dietary interventions and nutritional adjustments can considerably delay the onset of AD and the varying degrees of dementia that often accompany it. However, there were some areas of ambiguity in our findings because a few of the chosen studies did not document any noticeable improvements in the patient's conditions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Basri et al.)

Neurodegenerative complications, like Alzheimer's disease (AD) exert adverse effects i.e. psychological and physiological in the central nervous system. The synthetic drugs used for these complications have negative effects on body health and therefore natural remedies are a good and targeted approach to counter such complications. Alternatively, fruits and a variety of biochemicals which are an important source of diet, can be used for remedial purposes. Due to the antioxidant properties of polyphenolic compounds, several companies utilize this property to advertise polyphenol-rich beverages. Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.), is one such fruit that is well known for its medical usage due to its antioxidant properties. In the cuurent study a literature search survey was performed on traditional uses, phytochemicals on pomegranate and their medical applications especaily in neurodegenerative deasese using electronic data bases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct Wikipedia and Springer Nature. Based on previous preclinical and clinical studies, pomegranate juice, extracts, and its bioactive constituents have shown many mitigating properties, including suppression of inflammatory cell signaling, reduction in expression of genes associated with oxidative stress as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in neurons, decreased production of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. It also decreases the expression of soluble amyloid protein procurer β (sAPPβ), β-secretase and carboxyl terminal fragment β (CTFβ). Similarly, during an in-vivo study on APP/PS1 mice, pomegranate supplementation has been shown to impart cognitive aid by the protection of neurons and triggering neurogenesis through anti-inflammatory signaling pathway. In conclusion, pomegranate supplementation can be a promising source of protection against Alzheimer's disease., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) due to injury of the myelin sheath by immune cells. The clotting factor fibrinogen is involved in the pathogenesis of MS by triggering microglia and the progress of neuroinflammation. Fibrinogen level is correlated with MS severity; consequently, inhibition of the fibrinogen cascade may reduce MS neuropathology. Thus, this review aimed to clarify the potential role of fibrinogen in the pathogenesis of MS and how targeting of fibrinogen affects MS neuropathology. Accumulation of fibrinogen in the CNS may occur independently or due to disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in MS. Fibrinogen acts as transduction and increases microglia activation which induces the progression of inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal injury. Besides, brain fibrinogen impairs the remyelination process by inhibiting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These findings proposed that fibrinogen is associated with MS neuropathology through interruption of BBB integrity, induction of neuroinflammation, and demyelination with inhibition of the remyelination process by suppressing oligodendrocytes. Therefore, targeting of fibrinogen and/or CD11b/CD18 receptors by metformin and statins might decrease MS neuropathology. In conclusion, inhibiting the expression of CD11b/CD18 receptors by metformin and statins may decrease the pro-inflammatory effect of fibrinogen on microglia which is involved in the progression of MS., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a common metabolic disorder affecting more than 400 million individuals worldwide. Being an X-linked disorder, the disease is more common among males than females. Various Arab countries estimated the prevalence of G6PD deficiency; however, findings from different countries have not been synthesized collectively. Hence, a systematic review was undertaken to synthesize the findings on the epidemiology of G6PD deficiency in all Arab countries. We performed an electronic systematic literature search based on the eligibility criteria using databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, and CINHAL. The studies included in the review were primary and original research studies assessing the prevalence or incidence, risk factors, or determinants of G6PD deficiency, and published in the English language in a peer-reviewed scientific journal between 2000 and 2022. The systematic review was carried out with the help of an updated PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist. After the screening, 23 full texts were finalized for data extraction. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency ranged from 2 to 31% with a greater burden among high-risk populations like neonates with sickle cell anemia. The determinants included males, family history, consanguineous marriages, and geographic regions, which were all risk factors, except for body weight, which was a protective factor. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency varies across Arab countries, with a higher prevalence in males than females. Different regions of Arab countries need to revisit their screening and diagnostic guidelines to detect G6PD deficiency promptly and prevent unnecessary morbidity and mortality among their communities.

Intermittent preventive therapy during pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended in areas of moderate to high malaria transmission intensity. As a result of the increasing prevalence of SP resistance markers, IPTp-SP was withdrawn from Rwanda in 2008. Nonetheless, more recent findings suggest that SP may improve birthweight even in the face of parasite resistance, through alternative mechanisms that are independent of antimalarial effects. The prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) and dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) genes associated with SP resistance among 148 pregnant women from 2016 to 2018 within Rwanda's Southern Province (Huye and Kamonyi districts) was measured using a ligase detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assay. The frequency of pfdhps K540E, A581G, and the quintuple (pfdhfr N51I + C59R + S108N/pfdhps A437G + K540E) and sextuple (pfdhfr N51I + C59R + S108N/pfdhps A437G + K540E + A581G) mutant genotypes was 90%, 38%, 75%, and 28%, respectively. No significant genotype difference was seen between the two districts, which are approximately 50 km apart. Observed agreements for matched peripheral to placental blood were reported and found to be 207 of 208 (99%) for pfdhfr and 239 of 260 (92%) for pfdhps. The peripheral blood sample did not miss any pfdhfr drug-resistant mutants or pfdhps except at the S436 loci. At this level of the sextuple mutant, the antimalarial efficacy of SP for preventing low birthweight is reduced, although overall SP still exerts a nonmalarial benefit during pregnancy. This study further reveals the need to intensify preventive measures to sustain malaria control in Rwanda to keep the overall incidence of malaria during pregnancy low.

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution represents a transformative avenue in addressing the challenges of fossil fuels, heralding a renewable and pristine alternative to conventional fossil fuel-driven energy paradigms. Yet, a formidable challenge is crafting a high-efficacy, stable photocatalyst that optimizes solar energy transduction and charge partitioning even under adversarial conditions. Within the scope of this investigation, tantalum-iron heterojunction composites characterized by intricate, discoidal nanostructured materials were meticulously synthesized using a solvothermal-augmented calcination protocol. The X-ray diffraction, coupled with Rietveld refinements delineated the nuanced alterations in phase constitution and structural intricacies engendered by disparate calcination thermal regimes. An exhaustive study encompassing nano-morphology, electronic band attributes, bandgap dynamics, and a rigorous appraisal of their photocatalytic prowess has been executed for the composite array. Intriguingly, the specimen denoted as 1000-1, a heterojunction composite of TaO 2 /Ta 2 O 5 /FeTaO 4 , manifested an exemplary photocatalytic hydrogen evolution capacity, registering at 51.24 µmol/g, which eclipses its counterpart, 1100-1 (Ta 2 O 5 /FeTaO 4 ), by an impressive margin. Such revelations amplify the prospective utility of these tantalum iron matrices, endorsing their candidacy as potent agents for sustainable hydrogen production via photocatalysis.

To optimize the semiconductor properties of TiVO 4 thin films and enhance their performance, we incorporated cobalt nanoparticles as an effective co-catalyst consisting of a non-noble metal. Through an investigation into the impact of cobalt loading on spray pyrolyzed TiVO 4 thin films, we observed a significant enhancement in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. This was accomplished by carefully optimizing the concentrations of Co 2+ (3 mM) to fabricate a composite electrode, resulting in a higher photocurrent density for the TiVO 4 :Co photoanode. When an applied potential of 1.23 V (vs RHE) was used, the photocurrent density reached 450 μA/cm 2 , approximately 5 times higher than that of bare TiVO 4 . We conducted a thorough characterization of the composite structure and optical properties. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis indicated that the TiVO 4 /Co thin film exhibited a smaller semicircle, indicating a significant improvement in charge transfer at the interface. In comparison to bare TiVO 4 , the TiVO 4 /Co composite exhibited a notable improvement in photocatalytic activity when degrading methylene blue (MB) dye, a widely employed model dye. Under light illumination, a TiVO 4 /Co thin film exhibited a notable dye degradation rate of 97% within a 45 min duration. The scalability of our fabrication method makes it suitable for large-area devices intended for sunlight-driven PEC seawater splitting studies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) toxicity can adversely affect vital organs, cause pathologic ocular damage, and can have direct cardiovascular effects. This study aims to identify the biochemical, hematological, and histological alterations of the vital organs associated with the effects of HCQ., Methods: Male albino rats were exposed to the equivalent of HCQ therapeutic doses given to human patients being affected by malaria, lupus erythematosus, and COVID-19. The animal blood samples were subjected to hematological analysis, biochemical analysis, liver function tests, kidney function tests, and cardiac biomarkers. Liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and testis biopsies were subjected to histological examination., Results: HCQ significantly lowered the values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leucocytes, and lymphocytes but significantly increased the values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and chlorine ions. The renal tissues of HCQ-treated animals demonstrated glomerular fragmentation, partial atrophy degeneration, renal tubules hydropic degeneration, hyaline cast formation, and interstitial edema formation. Additionally, the heart exhibited myofiber necrosis, myolysis, wavy appearance, disorganization, and disarray. The testicular tissues also demonstrated spermatocyte degeneration, spermatogenic cell sloughing, testicular interstitial edema, and occasional spermatogenic arrest. Additionally, the spleen showed a decrease in the number and size of the white pulp follicles, a decrease in the number of apoptotic activity, and a decline in the number of T-rich cells. However, the red pulp demonstrated a diffuse decline in B rich-lymphocytes and macrophages. The liver was also the least affected but showed Kupffer cell hyperplasia and occasional hepatocyte dysplasia., Conclusions: The results indicate that chronic exposure to HCQ could alter the structures and functions of the vital organs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has hit humanity very hard in ways rarely observed before. In this digitally connected world, the health informatics and investigation domains (both public and private) lack a robust framework to enable rapid investigation and cures. Since the data in the healthcare domain are highly confidential, any framework in the healthcare domain must work on real data, be verifiable, and support reproducibility for evidence purposes. In this paper, we propose a health informatics framework that supports data acquisition from various sources in real-time, correlates these data from various sources among each other and to the domain-specific terminologies, and supports querying and analyses. Various sources include sensory data from wearable sensors, clinical investigation (for trials and devices) data from private/public agencies, personnel health records, academic publications in the healthcare domain, and semantic information such as clinical ontologies and the Medical Subject Heading ontology. The linking and correlation of various sources include mapping personnel wearable data to health records, clinical oncology terms to clinical trials, and so on. The framework is designed such that the data are Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable with proper Identity and Access Mechanisms. This practically means to tracing and linking each step in the data management lifecycle through discovery, ease of access and exchange, and data reuse. We present a practical use case to correlate a variety of aspects of data relating to a certain medical subject heading from the Medical Subject Headings ontology and academic publications with clinical investigation data. The proposed architecture supports streaming data acquisition and servicing and processing changes throughout the lifecycle of the data management. This is necessary in certain events, such as when the status of a certain clinical or other health-related investigation needs to be updated. In such cases, it is required to track and view the outline of those events for the analysis and traceability of the clinical investigation and to define interventions if necessary.

As the population increases, the number of motorized vehicles on the roads also increases. As the number of vehicles increases, traffic congestion occurs. Traffic lights are used at road junctions, intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other places where traffic needs to be controlled to avoid traffic chaos. Due to traffic lights installed in the city, queues of vehicles are formed on the streets for most of the day, and many problems arise because of this. One of the most important problems is that emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire engines, police cars, etc., cannot arrive on time despite traffic priorities. Emergency vehicles such as hospitals and police departments need to reach the scene in a very short time. Time loss is a problem that needs to be addressed, especially for emergency vehicles traveling in traffic. In this study, ambulances, fire brigades, police, etc., respond to emergencies. A solution and a related application have been developed so privileged vehicles can reach their target destination as soon as possible. In this study, a route is determined between the current location of an emergency vehicle and its target location in an emergency. Communication between traffic lights is provided with a mobile application developed specifically for the vehicle driver. In this process, the person controlling the lights can turn on the traffic lights during the passage of vehicles. After the vehicles with priority to pass passed, traffic signaling was normalized via the mobile application. This process was repeated until the vehicle reached its destination.

Background: Vitamin B12 is one of the most important B-Vitamins that the human body needs on a daily basis, the lack of which can precipitate several neurological issues., Objectives: This systematic aimed to investigate the neurological implications of Vitamin B12 deficiency and the effects when B12 levels were corrected in susceptible individuals., Methods: The databases PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus were all searched using pertinent keywords, reference searches, and citation searches. The terms used to access the database were "Cognition", "Dietary patterns", "Neurology", "Nutritional profile", and "Vitamin B12"., Results: Vitamin B12 was shown to noticeably improve cognition and other neurological parameters in the short term in older adults and the short-to-medium term in children; however, there was no perceived increase/improvement when the Vitamin was administered in the longer term, either alone or in conjunction with other similar nutritional interventions., Conclusion: Vitamin B12's role in the improvement of neurological functions over a long-term period remains somewhat inconclusive to date, as the majority of our selected control trials did not display much correlation between the two factors. However, Vitamin B12 did improve cognition levels in both children and older adults over a short course of administration.

Background: The mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 varies at the dominant viral genome sequence and minor genomic variant population. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an early substitution in the genome was the D614G change in the spike protein, associated with an increase in transmissibility. Genomes with D614G are accompanied by a P323L substitution in the viral polymerase (NSP12). However, P323L is not thought to be under strong selective pressure., Results: Investigation of P323L/D614G substitutions in the population shows rapid emergence during the containment phase and early surge phase during the first wave. These substitutions emerge from minor genomic variants which become dominant viral genome sequence. This is investigated in vivo and in vitro using SARS-CoV-2 with P323 and D614 in the dominant genome sequence and L323 and G614 in the minor variant population. During infection, there is rapid selection of L323 into the dominant viral genome sequence but not G614. Reverse genetics is used to create two viruses (either P323 or L323) with the same genetic background. L323 shows greater abundance of viral RNA and proteins and a smaller plaque morphology than P323., Conclusions: These data suggest that P323L is an important contribution in the emergence of variants with transmission advantages. Sequence analysis of viral populations suggests it may be possible to predict the emergence of a new variant based on tracking the frequency of minor variant genomes. The ability to predict an emerging variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the global landscape may aid in the evaluation of medical countermeasures and non-pharmaceutical interventions., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Atovaquone-proguanil is one of the most commonly prescribed malaria prophylactic drugs. However, sporadic mutations conferring resistance to atovaquone have been detected in recent years associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome b ( pfcytb) gene. Monitoring polymorphisms linked with resistance is essential in assessing the prevalence of drug resistance and may help in designing strategies for malaria control. Several approaches have been used to study genetic polymorphisms associated with antimalarial drug resistance. However, they either lack high throughput capacity or are expensive in time or money. Ligase detection reaction fluorescent microsphere assay (LDR-FMA) provides a high-throughput method to detect genetic polymorphisms in P. falciparum. In this study, we have created primers to detect SNPs associated with clinically relevant atovaquone resistance using LDR-FMA and validated them in clinical samples. Four SNPs from pfcytb gene were analyzed using LDR-FMA. The results were 100% consistent with DNA sequence data, indicating that this method has potential as a tool to detect genetic polymorphisms associated with atovaquone resistance in P. falciparum.

In coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) era, neuroinflammation may develop due to neuronal tropism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and/or associated immune activation, cytokine storm, and psychological stress. SARS-CoV-2 infection and linked cytokine storm may cause blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury through which activated immune cells and SARS-CoV-2 can pass into the brain causing activation of glial cells with subsequent neuroinflammation. Different therapeutic regimens were suggested to alleviate Covid-19-induced neuroinflammation. Since glibenclamide has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, it could be effective in mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced neuroinflammation. Glibenclamide is a second-generation drug from the sulfonylurea family, which acts by inhibiting the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K channel in the regulatory subunit of type 1 sulfonylurea receptor (SUR-1) in pancreatic β cells. Glibenclamide reduces neuroinflammation and associated BBB injury by inhibiting the nod-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, oxidative stress, and microglial activation. Therefore, glibenclamide through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, microglial activation, and oxidative stress may attenuate SARS-CoV-2-mediated neuroinflammation., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Nursing leadership is critical in facilitating and improving nurse performance, which is essential for providing quality care and ensuring patient safety. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between nursing leadership and nurse performance by understanding the leadership behaviors and factors that motivate nurses to perform well. To study the factors that nurses believe motivate them to perform better, a systematic review was undertaken, correlating these factors to leadership behaviors/styles. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to identify relevant articles. After applying the selection criteria, 11 articles were included in the final analysis. Overall, 51 elements that influence nurses' motivation to perform better were found and categorized into 6 categories, including autonomy, competencies, relatedness, individual nursing characteristics, relationships and support, and leadership styles/practices. It has been discovered that both direct and indirect nursing leadership behaviors affect nurses' performance. A better understanding of the factors that motivate nurses to perform well and facilitating them in the work environment through leadership behaviors/styles can improve nurses' performance. There is a need to increase research on nurse leadership and nurses' performance in the current innovative and technologically integrated work environment to identify new factors of influence.

Introduction: Acute transverse myelitis is an uncommon inflammatory, intramedullary, disorder of the spinal cord. Spastic paraplegia, impaired sphincter functions, and sensory loss, with sensory level, are the clinical manifestations of this devastating disorder. The utilization of magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) contributes to the surge in the diagnosis of more ATM cases. Although the causes of ATM are numerous, both Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Schistosoma mansoni are uncommon causes and their co-existence in the same patient has not been reported before in Saudi Arabia., Case: We report a 25-year-old ATM male patient presented with a history of sudden onset severe low back pain. Within four hours from the onset of the back pain, he became completely paraplegic with impaired functions of the bowel and urinary bladder sphincter. Furthermore, he lost all modalities of sensory functions in the lower limbs. His examination revealed spastic complete paraplegia with sensory level at T6. Clinical neurological examination revealed normal upper limbs and brain functions. The MRI of the cervico-dorsal spine showed extensive longitudinal hyperintense lesion extending from the upper cervical segments to the lower dorsal segments (extensive longitudinal transverse myelitis). A post-infectious immune-mediated predisposition was highly suspected due to the very high titers of anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM and IgG that were detected. The immunosuppressant therapy did not improve his paraplegia. A spinal cord biopsy revealed the presence of several Schistosoma mansoni ova surrounded by chronic inflammatory reactions and reactive gliosis., Conclusions: Both Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Schistosoma mansoni should be investigated in cases with extensive longitudinal ATM., Competing Interests: No Conflict of Interest is declared, (Copyright (c) 2022 Hassan Ali Alayafi, Mubarak Alruwaili, Talal Khalid Aljumah, Ali Alshehri, Deema Alrasheed, Muhannad Faleh Alanazi, Raed AlRuwaili, Naif H Ali, Anas Mohammad Albarrak, Barakat M AlRashdi, Ahmed E Taha.)

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is one of the promising, environmentally friendly, carbon emission-free strategies for the cost-effective production of hydrogen. The interest in developing effective approaches for solar-to-hydrogen production with stable and visible light active semiconductors directed many researchers to develop stable and efficient materials. For the first time, a nanostructured TiVO 4 photoanode was fabricated at a substrate temperature of 250 °C and further annealed at 600 °C using the spray pyrolysis technique and it obtained an optical band gap of ∼2.18 eV. The photoanode underwent photoelectrochemical testing, where it exhibited a high photocurrent density of 0.080 mA cm -2 at 1.23 V ( vs. reversible hydrogen electrode), which can be stable up to 110 min. Further, various physicochemical characterizations were employed to understand the phase purity and thin film growth mechanism. A systematic substrate and annealed temperatures were monitored during the fabrication process. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed agglomeration of TiVO 4 nanoparticles with an average size of ∼100 nm accompanying dendritic orientation at the outer edge. This study envisages the design and development of a novel photocatalyst for water splitting under visible light irradiation, an ideal route to a cost-effective, large-scale, sustainable route for hydrogen production., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Vitamins (Vit) C and D are widely used as immunogenic supplements among severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected patients. The SAR-CoV-2 virus enters into the pulmonary endothelial cells through attachment to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor (Ace2) and the proteolytic activity of Cathepsin L (Ctsl) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (Tmprss2) enzymes. This study aimed to determine the influence of Vit C and D on the mRNA expression of Ace2, Tmprss2 , and Ctsl genes in the mouse lungs. Vitamins C and D were administrated to different groups of mice through intra-peritoneal route in doses equivalent to human for 30 days. Then, the mRNA expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry gene was analyzed using qRT-PCR. It is found that Vit D, but not C, upregulated significantly ( P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of Ace2 by more than six folds, while downregulated the expression of Ctsl and Tmprss2 genes by 2.8 and 2.2 folds, respectively. It can be concluded from this study that Vit D alters the mRNA expression of Ace2, Tmprss , and Ctsl genes in the mouse lungs. This finding can help us in understanding, at least in part, the molecular influence of Vit D on genes involved in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cells.

Pressure ulcer (PU) is a localized injury to the skin or underlying tissues usually over a bony prominence, which results due to pressure or pressure in combination with shear. It is an expensive health care problem that have deterring impact on the length of hospitalization and cause extra nursing care time. Moreover, PUs negatively impacts patients' health related quality of life. High PUs prevalence figures were found in specialized hospital units such as intensive care unit (ICU), orthopedics, surgery, and also in stroke patients in medical units. The major purpose of this study is to assess the frequency of pressure ulcers in stroke patients at Ayub teaching hospital. The methodology used for carrying out the research was cross-sectional study conducted during months of September, October, and November 2020. Questionnaire was used to collect the data and well-informed written consent was taken from the patients. A total of 120 stroke patients were initially included with the intention to study the frequency of PUs among them. Different age groups were taken but majority (48.3%) belonged to the age group 31-60 years. Maximum patients were hypertensive (65%), while few of them were diabetic (35%). From the results of proposed work, it is found that out of 120 stroke patients, 75.8% presented with ischemic stroke while 24.2% presented with hemorrhagic stroke. 8.3% that is 10 out of 120 stroke patients developed pressure ulcers of grade 1 (1.7%), grade 2 (1.7%), grade 3 (2.5%), and grade 4 (2.5%) mostly in the sacral region (6.7%) and also on ankle (0.8%), and shoulder (0.8%) respectively. Patients in the study group had unsatisfactory hygiene (6.7%) were malnourished (11.7%) and were not using preventive mattresses (79.2%). Those at the risk of developing pressure ulcers were not being repositioned (6.7%) and did not had awareness (10%). Prevention and treatment used in ward is 100%. Conclusively, the frequency of pressure ulcers in stroke patients was determined to be 8.3% and the most frequent localization was sacrum. The PU care in this hospital is appropriate but still could be improved further by improving risk assessment, prevention specially use of air mattress and patient education regarding PUs. The main objective of the study is to identify the frequency of PUs in stroke patients and to highlight various factors that would avoid PUs development., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There is no Conflict of Interest., (Copyright © 2022 Tissue Viability Society / Society of Tissue Viability. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In today's era, vegetables are considered a very important part of many foods. Even though every individual can harvest their vegetables in the home kitchen garden, in vegetable crops, Tomatoes are the most popular and can be used normally in every kind of food item. Tomato plants get affected by various diseases during their growing season, like many other crops. Normally, in tomato plants, 40-60% may be damaged due to leaf diseases in the field if the cultivators do not focus on control measures. In tomato production, these diseases can bring a great loss. Therefore, a proper mechanism is needed for the detection of these problems. Different techniques were proposed by researchers for detecting these plant diseases and these mechanisms are vector machines, artificial neural networks, and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. In earlier times, a technique was used for detecting diseases called the benchmark feature extraction technique. In this area of study for detecting tomato plant diseases, another model was proposed, which was known as the real-time faster region convolutional neural network (RTF-RCNN) model, using both images and real-time video streaming. For the RTF-RCNN, we used different parameters like precision, accuracy, and recall while comparing them with the Alex net and CNN models. Hence the final result shows that the accuracy of the proposed RTF-RCNN is 97.42%, which is higher than the rate of the Alex net and CNN models, which were respectively 96.32% and 92.21%.

Pregnancy-related cardiovascular disease with stroke remains a considerable source of higher maternal morbidity and mortality occurs in periods of pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. It is essential to counsel the mother before pregnancy by an expert cardiologist and obstetric team to discuss any event related to preexistent cardiac or past preeclampsia for estimation of maternal and fetal risks. In pregnancy, the cardiac state includes hypertensive disorders, ischemic heart disease, valvular disease, and postpartum stroke. The incidence of stroke is increasing in pregnancy, particularly in postpartum, and its strong relationship with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia). The combined cardiologist and obstetrics team requires during pregnancy mainly due to the approach to the management of a cardiac disease that subsequently prevents stroke postpartum. Therefore, a general perception of cardiac disease during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum should be a core knowledge extent for all cardiovascular and clinicians. Many studies provided linked that deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in maternal circulation and placenta tissue may development of pregnancy complications including preeclampsia considered a diagnostic marker. The desire of this review provides a detailed outline of current knowledge and dealing in this field with strength on the physiological changes during pregnancy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Umme Salma et al.)

The smart city is an emerging concept that is based on the integration of various electronic devices and citizens that enhance the flow of information. IoT is an integral part for next generation wireless network infrastructure for acting as an interface of collecting data and controlling delivery of message which are using in smart cities. In this paper, an IoT-oriented relay assisted MIMO for beyond the fifth-generation wireless network system is proposed. The proposed system provides higher capacity and lower BER. The proposed system's BER results are compared with various combinations of transmission and receiving antennas at source, relay, and destination. It is found from BER performance that the developed scheme with relay does provide 1-17 dB gain with respect to direct connection. It is also found from mathematical analysis and simulation results that this scheme provides 3 to 9 b/s/Hz improvement in performance of capacity at 5 to 10 dB by adding a different combination of STBC and VBLAST. Simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the diversity and multiplexing gain that is a key to providing high data rates with reliable communication with many interferences for the IoT system. This system can also be used for massive antennas-based IoT system by raising the number of transmitting and receiving antennas with proposed encoding and decoding techniques explained in this paper., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 M.M. Kamruzzaman et al.)