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In many areas of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, there has been an unplanned and random shift in urban land use where a significant portion of the residential land within the city has been converted to commercial uses. This alteration in land use has led to severe traffic congestion due to the influx of vehicles frequenting these areas, the streets' insufficient capacity to handle the vehicular traffic, and a lack of adequate parking spaces. The research aims to develop a statistical model to calculate the needed parking spaces in Baghdad's commercial areas. It is estimated that the required vehicle parking can be determined by the areas of the buildings. The research concludes that certain commercial activities, such as restaurants and stores, necessitate more vehicle parking compared to other commercial activities, and the demand for parking spaces is directly proportional to the commercial activities' area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research deals with the concept of a safe city and the impact of security on cities, in an attempt to identify the most important physical characteristics and indicators necessary to achieve safety in cities. The research identified seven characteristics (access and movement, structure, control, ownership, protection, activity, management and maintenance). From these seven characteristics, eighteen indicators were derived that directly affected the achievement of safety in urban environments. These indicators were applied to the study area, An-Najaf traditional city in Iraq. By adopting the analysis of indicators using field survey, observation and analysis using geographic information systems and mathematical models. The indicators that contributed to achieving a number of characteristics of safe cities in An-Najaf traditional city were identified: the structure of the city, the homogeneity of society, as well as the activity characteristic, as it was characterized by religious and tourism activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]