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OBJECTIVE: To know the clinical evolution with sacral transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation therapy in patients with overactive bladder (OAB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with OAB who received treatment with TENS. RESULTS: Nineteen patients with OAB were included, 12 female and 7 male. Follow-up was 12 to 32 months. Thirteen of the 19 cases received prior treatment with anticholinergics and / or botulinum toxin type A. The frequency and daytime urinary incontinence improved by 100% and 87.5% respectively. Chronic constipation was completely corrected in all cases (100%) with laxative and TENS management. In enuresis associated with OAB, the response to TENS was low. CONCLUSIONS: OAB symptoms showed good results with TENS management, without collateral effects. The combination of laxative with TENS seems to improve constipation. TENS should be considered the better initial option rather than the anticholinergic therapy in the management of children with OAB because don`t have collateral effects. In enuresis with OAB, the response is low with TENS. It`s necessary a study with more cases to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre los niveles séricos maternos de DDT/DDE y el riesgo de hipospadias. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles, efectuado en la Ciudad de México durante el periodo 1997-1999, con 41 casos de hipospadias y 28 controles. La informacion obtenida por cuestionario y las muestras sanguíneas fueron evaluadas mediante modelos multivariados de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones materna de DDT y DDE no mostraron asociación con el riesgo de hipospadias (RM 1.13; IC 95% 0.24-5.29 y RM 0.48; IC 95% 0.15-1.60, respectivamente). Los predictores encontrados fueron hijos de madres con mayor edad (RM 8.69; IC 95% 1.69-44.9), y la actividad laboral durante el embarazo (RM, 4.68; IC 95% 1.15-18.9). CONCLUSIONES: Dado que se cuenta con escasa información sobre los efectos endocrinos a diferentes concentraciones de DDT/DDE en humanos, la dosis pudiera ser un factor determinante sobre el tipo de efecto.

β-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is a prominent member of the GH1 family of glycoside hydrolases. The properties of this β-glucosidase appear to include resistance to temperature, urea, and iodoacetamide, and it is activated by 2-ME, similar to other members. β-Glucosidase from chayote (Sechium edule) was purified by ionic-interchange chromatography and molecular exclusion chromatography. Peptides detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS were compared with other β-glucosidases using the BLAST program. This enzyme is a 116 kDa protein composed of two sub-units of 58 kDa and shows homology with Cucumis sativus β-glucosidase (NCBI reference sequence XP_004154617.1), in which seven peptides were found with relative masses ranging from 874.3643 to 1587.8297. The stability of β-glucosidase depends on an initial concentration of 0.2 mg/mL of protein at pH 5.0 which decreases by 33% in a period of 30 h, and then stabilizes and is active for the next 5 days (pH 4.0 gives similar results). One hundred μg/mL β-D-glucose inhibited β-glucosidase activity by more than 50%. The enzyme had a Km of 4.88 mM with p-NPG and a Kcat of 10,000 min−1. The optimal conditions for the enzyme require a pH of 4.0 and a temperature of 50 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the cross-reactivity of a monoclonal antibody against the Macrobrachium rosenbergii lectin with proteins in the hemolymph from Procambarus clarkii (Pc), Procambarus americanus (Pa), Litopenaeus setiferus (Ls), and Pseudothelphusa americana (Psa). Crustaceans' hemolymph agglutinated erythrocytes from rat, mouse, guinea pig, and rabbit. Decapods' hemolymph hemagglutinating activity was inhibited by N-acetylated carbohydrates as well as by antibodies. Western blot assays indicated that the antibodies recognized two main proteins of 97.5 and 80.9 kDa in all hemolymphs studied; moreover, ELISA assays indicated that, in PSa, 7.2% of total proteins showed crossreactivity with antibodies in Pa, Pc, and Lc hemolymphs represented 4.2, 3.1%, and 2.5%, respectively. Our results suggested that antibodies recognize the lectin active site in the crustacean species tested; we propose the use of antibodies as an immunological marker for lectin identification and quantification among crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crustacean aquaculture represents a major industry in tropical developing countries. As a result of high culture densities and increasing extension of aquaculture farms, the presence of diseases has also increased, inducing economic losses. Invertebrates, which lack adaptive immune systems, have developed defense systems that respond against antigens on the surface of potential pathogens. The defense mechanisms of crustaceans depend completely on the innate immune system that is activated when pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by soluble or by cell surface host proteins, such as lectins, antimicrobial, clotting, and pattern recognition proteins, which, in turn, activate cellular or humoral effector mechanisms to destroy invading pathogens. This work is aimed at presenting the main characteristics of the crustacean proteins that participate in immune defense by specific recognition of carbohydrate containing molecules, i.e. glycans, glycolipids, glycoproteins, peptidoglycans, or lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, or fungi. We review some basic aspects of crustacean effector defense processes, like agglutination, encapsulation, phagocytosis, clottable proteins, and bactericidal activity, induced by these carbohydrate-driven recognition patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Criptorquidia there are an incidence of 3% in new born upon maturity and 33% in new born preterm, in bilateral 25% is. Surgical The treatment is. Traditionally the testicular reduction is made by inguinal boarding, despite can take place by paraescrotal route in safe, effective form and with better aesthetic results. Objective: To describe the results obtained in patients with concrete testicles in the inguinal channel operated by means of the paraescrotal orquidopexiy. Material and Methods: It is retrospective, observacional, descriptive and cross-sectional a study, in a group of patients between 1 and 15 years of age, with criptorquidia inguinal, patients by means of orquidopexia paraescrotal, in a pediatric Hospital. We reviewed age, localization, affected side, associated diagnoses, surgeon, surgical time, complications, aesthetic aspect of the wound, situation and ultrasonograficas dimensions. Results: 50 patients operated with the paraescrotal technique included themselves, of 1 to 15 years of age, with age average of 5 to 10 years, surgical time average 60 minutes in 26 patients (52%). With hernia inguinal associated in 5 patients (10%). Complications were not registered, the aspect of the wound was excellent, with testicle located in inferior half of scrotum, the results ultrasonográficos posquirúrgicos were inside normal parameters in all the patients. 14 different surgeons participated. Conclusion: The results allow to corroborate that dissection of the elements vascular is made without difficulty by goes paraescrotal, avoiding dissection of the inguinal channel. The technique is effective, safe, with low risk of complications, reproducible and with better aesthetic results, allowing correction simultaneous of associated inguinal pathologist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generals. The prepuce is a composite structure of mucocutaneous tissue which corbes the glans penis or the clitoris. In the most neonates there exist a physiologic phimosis and it normally up to 90% of the prepuces are released at three years of age as a result of growth of the penis and of the accumulation of epithelium between the glans and the prepuce. For this reason medical indication for prepuce retraction exercises or a circumcision are indicated in selected cases. A circumcision is then performed for aesthetic, religious or social reasons. Objectives. A 13 year old patient is presented, with a history of myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus and severe phimosis. Clinical case. A 13 year old male patient with a history of myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus operated at 15 days of age. His present illness started four months before characterized by redundant prepuce, globe form (12 cm of diameter) containing 300 cc of fetid and turbid urine, secondary to true phimosis. Circumcision was practiced, the redundant prepuce weighted 85 g. Discussion. The true phimosis or ballon type is a rare condition, it can cause urine retention; it is associated with balanitis xerotica obliterans and it can be solved with a circumcision. Conclusions. It is important to practice a physical examination of children in order to identify phimosis and to differentiate physiological state from a pathological one to avoid undesired progressions of the phimosis and the unnecessary circumcision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a serious medical condition worldwide, which needs new approaches and recognized international consensus in treating diseases leading to morbidity. The aim of this review was to examine heterogeneous links among the various phenotypes of obesity in adults. Proteins and associated genes in each group were analysed to differentiate between biomarkers. A variety of terms for classification and characterization within this pathology are currently in use; however, there is no clear consensus in terminology. The most significant groups reviewed include metabolically healthy obese, metabolically abnormal obese, metabolically abnormal, normal weight and sarcopenic obese. These phenotypes do not define particular genotypes or epigenetic gene regulation, or proteins related to inflammation. There are many other genes linked to obesity, though the value of screening all of those for diagnosis has low predictive results, as there are no significant biomarkers. It is important to establish a consensus in the terminology used and the characteristics attributed to obesity subtypes. The identification of specific molecular biomarkers is also required for better diagnosis in subtypes of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Platelets, as the main regulators of hemostasis, are major players in acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Additionally, platelets are modified by endogenous cardioprotective strategies such as ischemic preconditioning, postconditioning, and remote ischemic conditioning. In this article, we provide an overview of the functionional role of platelets in acute myocardial IRI, and highlight their potential as targets for cardioprotection to improve health outcomes in patients with IHD., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Objectives and Design: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RGT) on the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute or complicated urinary tract infections in adults. Primary outcomes were bacteriological eradication, clinical cure, bacterial resistance, and adverse event rates., Results: Initially, 111 RGTs were identified. We excluded 81 studies due to low quality methodology. An analysis of the remaining RGTs identified therapeutic equivalence of ciprofloxacin against other antimicrobials in terms of bacterial eradication and clinical cure at the end of treatment and in subsequent stages. The percentage of bacterial resistance was similar in both groups, while the percentage of related adverse events was significantly lower in the groups treated with ciprofloxacin., Conclusions: We conclude that ciprofloxacin is a safe and effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of acute or complicated urinary tract infections in adults.

Objective: To evaluate the association between maternal serum DDT/DDE levels and risk of hypospadias., Material and Methods: A case-control study in Mexico City was conducted during 1997-1999 among 41 subjects with hypospadias and 28 controls. Blood samples were obtained from study subjects. Information was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models., Results: Maternal DDT and DDE levels showed no association with hypospadias (OR 1.13; 95% CI 0.24-5.29 and OR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.15-1.60, respectively). Associated factors were older age of mothers (OR 8.69; 95% CI 1.69-44.9), and working during pregnancy (OR 4.68; 95% CI 1.15-18.9)., Conclusions: Information about the endocrine effects of different levels of DDT/DDE in human subjects is scarce; dosage may be a determinant factor of the type of effect. The English version of this paper is available at:http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.