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Lysine demethylase 5C (KDM5C) is a member of the KDM family of demethylases and has been reported as a cancer driver. This study aimed to probe the function of KDM5C in the development of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) and the molecules of action. According to data from publicly accessible bioinformatic databases, KDM5C is highly expressed in LIHC and associated with poor patient prognosis. High expression of KDM5C was detected in acquired LIHC cell lines. Downregulation of KDM5C weakened proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and resistance to death of the LIHC cells in vitro, and it reduced growth of the xenograft tumors in nude mice. Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 1 (ITIH1) was predicted as a downstream gene negatively regulated by KDM5C. KDM5C-regulated H3K4me1 modification at the promoter region of ITIH1, inducing its transcriptional inactivation. Further downregulation of ITIH1 in cancer cells blocked the functions of KDM5C silencing and restored the malignant behaviors of LIHC cells. The activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling was decreased following KDM5C downregulation but recovered upon ITIH1 silencing. In conclusion, this study suggested that KDM5C epigenetically reduces ITIH1 and activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to promote LIHC progression.

Background Novel urine biomarkers may improve identification of children at greater risk of rapid kidney function decline, and elucidate the pathophysiology of CKD progression. Methods We investigated the relationship between urine biomarkers of kidney tubular health (EGF and α-1 microglobulin), tubular injury (kidney injury molecule-1; KIM-1), and inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1] and YKL-40) and CKD progression. The prospective CKD in Children Study enrolled children aged 6 months to 16 years with an eGFR of 30-90ml/min per 1.73m2. Urine biomarkers were assayed a median of 5 months [IQR: 4-7] after study enrollment. We indexed the biomarker to urine creatinine by dividing the urine biomarker concentration by the urine creatinine concentration to account for the concentration of the urine. The primary outcome was CKD progression (a composite of a 50% decline in eGFR or kidney failure) during the follow-up period. Results Overall, 252 of 665 children (38%) reached the composite outcome over a median follow-up of 6.5 years. After adjustment for covariates, children with urine EGF concentrations in the lowest quartile were at a seven-fold higher risk of CKD progression versus those with concentrations in the highest quartile (fully adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 7.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.9 to 20.0). Children with urine KIM-1, MCP-1, and α-1 microglobulin concentrations in the highest quartile were also at significantly higher risk of CKD progression versus those with biomarker concentrations in the lowest quartile. Addition of the five biomarkers to a clinical model increased the discrimination and reclassification for CKD progression. Conclusions After multivariable adjustment, a lower urine EGF concentration and higher urine KIM-1, MCP-1, and α-1 microglobulin concentrations were each associated with CKD progression in children.

BACKGROUND Rice α-globulin has been reported to have serum cholesterol-lowering activity in rats. However, it is still unclear whether α-globulin exerts this effect when taken as one of the dietary components. In the present study, we investigated the effect of two cultivars of rice, low glutelin content (LGC)-1 and LGC-Jun, on reducing serum cholesterol in exogenously hypercholesterolemic (ExHC) rats. LGC-1 is enriched in α-globulin (10.6 mg g-1 rice flour, which is an approximately 1.5 times higher α-globulin content than in Koshihikari a predominant rice cultivar in Japan), whereas LGC-Jun is a globulin-negative cultivar. METHODS ExHC rats, the model strain of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, were fed 50% LGC-1 or LGC-Jun and 0.5% cholesterol-containing diets for 2 weeks, followed by measurement of cholesterol metabolism parameters in serum and tissues. RESULTS Serum cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the LGC-1 group compared to the LGC-Jun group. Cholesterol intestinal absorption markers, hepatic and serum levels of campesterol and β-sitosterol, and lymphatic cholesterol transport were not different between the two groups. Levels of 7α-hydroxycholesterol, an intermediate of bile acid synthesis, showed a downward trend in the livers of rats that were fed LGC-1 (P = 0.098). There was a significant decrease in the hepatic mRNA expression of Cyp7a1 (a synthetic enzyme for 7α-hydroxycholesterol) in the LGC-1 group compared to the LGC-Jun group. CONCLUSION Dietary LGC-1 significantly decreased serum cholesterol levels in ExHC rats. The possible mechanism for the cholesterol-lowering activity of LGC-1 is partial inhibition of bile acid and cholesterol synthesis in the liver. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

SH2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2; PTPN11) regulates several intracellular pathways downstream of multiple growth factor receptors. Our studies implicate that Shp2 interacts with Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) protein in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and negatively regulates BDNF/TrkB signaling. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of shp2 silencing in the RGCs in glaucomatous conditions. Methods: Shp2 was silenced in the Cav-1 deficient mice and the age matched wildtype littermates using adeno-associated viral (AAV) constructs. Shp2 expression modulation was performed in an acute and a chronic mouse model of experimental glaucoma. AAV2 expressing Shp2 eGFP-shRNA under a strong synthetic CAG promoter was administered intravitreally in the animals' eyes. The contralateral eye received AAV-eGFP-scramble-shRNA as control. Animals with Shp2 downregulation were subjected to either microbead injections or acute ocular hypertension experimental paradigm. Changes in inner retinal function were evaluated by measuring positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) while structural and biochemical alterations were evaluated through H&E staining, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of the retinal tissues. Results: A greater loss of pSTR amplitudes was observed in the WT mice compared to Cav-1-/- retinas in both the models. Silencing of Shp2 phosphatase imparted protection against inner retinal function loss in chronic glaucoma model in WT mice. The functional rescue also translated to structural preservation of ganglion cell layer in the chronic glaucoma condition in WT mice which was not evident in Cav-1-/- mice retinas. Conclusions: This study indicates that protective effects of Shp2 ablation under chronic experimental glaucoma conditions are dependent on Cav-1 in the retina, suggesting in vivo interactions between the two proteins.

Canine babesiosis may cause several hematological and biochemical changes, but only limited studies are available regarding the possible differences of changes in animals infected by different Babesia parasites. The study focused on the evaluation of the differences in serum protein electrophoretic pattern between dogs naturally infected with B. gibsoni (17 dogs) and B. canis (40 dogs). The mean values of total proteins, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins were in dogs infected with B. gibsoni significantly higher (P P B. canis. The relative concentrations of albumin, α1-, α2-globulins and the A/G ratios were in the B. gibsoni infected dogs significantly lower (P 1- and β2-globulins. Significant differences were found in most of the evaluated parameters when comparing the results in relation to the form of B. canis infection to B. gibsoni infection. Hematological indices showed significant differences between dogs infected with B. gibsoni and the complicated form of B. canis infection. In conclusion, the obtained results suggest differences in the changes of serum protein electrophoretic pattern between dogs infected with both Babesia species and thus, in the response to the infection caused by various Babesia parasites.

Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) family members are ancient and unique molecules that have evolved over several hundred million years of vertebrate evolution. IαI is a complex containing the proteoglycan bikunin to which heavy chain proteins are covalently attached to the chondroitin sulfate chain. Besides its matrix protective activity through protease inhibitory action, IαI family members interact with extracellular matrix molecules and most notably hyaluronan, inhibit complement, and provide cell regulatory functions. Recent evidence for the diverse roles of the IαI family in both biology and pathology is reviewed and gives insight into their pivotal roles in tissue homeostasis. In addition, the clinical uses of these molecules are explored, such as in the treatment of inflammatory conditions including sepsis and Kawasaki disease, which has recently been associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in children

Two dialysis patients developed recurrent restless legs syndrome. The clinical courses and the association between the α1-microglobulin removal rate and the therapeutic effects of hemodiafiltration were analyzed. Case 1: a middle-aged woman was switched from predilution online hemodiafiltration to hemodialysis, following which the α1-microglobulin removal rate decreased from 39.1 to 29.9%. A month later, the severe restless legs syndrome occurred. The treatment was then switched to high-efficiency hemodiafiltration and 2 weeks later, these symptoms were resolved. The α1-microglobulin removal rate increased to 41.9%. Her symptoms recurred 5 years later with severity; thus, the hemodiafiltration treatment conditions were changed. Under revised conditions, the α1-microglobulin removal rate was 42.6%, and her symptoms were alleviated. Continuation of high-efficiency hemodiafiltration led to the resolution of the syndrome at 1 month after recurrence. Case 2: a middle-aged man on hemodialysis developed the restless legs syndrome in the second year of treatment. The α1-microglobulin removal rate was 23.8%. After switching to a month-long high-efficiency hemodiafiltration with a removal rate of ≥ 40%, his symptoms were resolved. However, the syndrome recurred after a year with severity. The symptoms were alleviated using various measures. The hemodiafilters were changed, and hemodiafiltration with an α1-microglobulin removal rate of ≥ 40% was continued; 2 months later, his symptoms resolved. High-efficiency online hemodiafiltration is an effective therapeutic strategy for restless legs syndrome in dialysis patients. We found, for the first time, that target removal efficiency is an α1-microglobulin removal rate of 40% or higher.

Early screening of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains a major challenge. Our aim was to evaluate the value of urinary orosomucoid 1 protein (UORM1) in early renal impairment screening in type-2 diabetes patients.The concentration of UORM1, the UORM1-to-creatinine ratio (UORM1CR), the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), the alpha-1-microglobulin-to-creatinine ratio (A1MCR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured in 406 type-2 diabetes patients. Any positive values for ACR, A1MCR and/or eGFR were considered as indicative of renal impairment.On average, the levels of UORM1 and UORM1CR were about seven times higher in subjects with renal injury than in those without. Both UORM1 and UORM1CR, when adjusted via logarithm-transformation, were significantly related to ACR, A1MCR and eGFR levels. The highest correlation was observed between UORM1CR and A1MCR (r = 0.85, P .001). The cut-off values for UORM1 (2.53 mg/L) and UORM1CR (3.69 mg/g) for the early diagnosis of kidney impairment were obtained from receiver operating characteristic curves. UORM1CR obviously had higher diagnostic efficiency corresponding to 83.26% sensitivity and 90.32% specificity than UORM1. Likewise, its sensitivity was higher than those of ACR, A1MCR and eGFR. Bad glycaemic control had the highest risk of increased UORM1CR (odds ratio [OR] = 2.81, P .001), while high HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) decreased the risk of increased UORM1CR (OR = 0.38, P = .017).The UORM1CR (3.69 mg/g) has the high diagnostic efficiency for the early screening of renal impairment in type-2 diabetes patients. Furthermore, good glycaemic control and high HDL-C might be protective factors against UORM1CR increase.

Current diagnostic measures for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) include detection of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria, which have suboptimal accuracies in predicting disease progression. The disease complexity and heterogeneity underscore the need for multiplex quantification of different markers. The goal of this study was to determine the association of six previously reported CKD-associated plasma proteins [B2M (Beta-2-microglobulin), SERPINF1 (Pigment epithelium-derived factor), AMBP (Protein AMBP), LYZ (Lysozyme C), HBB (Hemoglobin subunit beta) and IGHA1 (Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1)], as measured in a multiplex format, with kidney function, and outcome. Antibody-free, multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM) assays were developed, characterized for their analytical performance, and used for the analysis of 72 plasma samples from a patient cohort with longitudinal follow-up. The MRM significantly correlated (Rho = 0.5–0.9) with results from respective ELISA. Five proteins [AMBP, B2M, LYZ, HBB and SERPINF1] were significantly associated with eGFR, with the three former also associated with unfavorable outcome. The combination of these markers provided stronger associations with outcome (p

The mechanistic pathways leading to immune dysregulation and complications driven by uncontrolled severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remain major challenges.1, 2 Hence, a detailed analysis of the proteome, metabolome and lipidome profile of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients showing different severity grades might shed light on the disease pathophysiology and unveil new predictive biomarkers to promptly ascertain patient's outcomes. Our COVID-19 study cohort included 273 SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals recruited during the first wave (March–April 2020) in three different hospitals and grouped by the disease severity following the medical inclusion criteria3 in mild, severe or critical (Figure 1A), from whom demographic, preexisting clinical conditions and COVID-19 treatments are summarized in Table S1. The greatest significant differences were observed between mild and critically ill patients. These findings indicated that older individuals with comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, mostly presenting dyspnea (Figure 1B), may be at higher risk of suffering from severe respiratory distress with subsequent oxygen and drug requirements and, eventually, died. Similarly, the serum biochemical composition analysis revealed a well-differentiated blood pattern previously defined for critically ill patients (Figure S1)., This work has been developed in the framework of the COVIDOMICS’ project supported by Direcció General de Recerca i Innovació en Salut (DGRIS), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya (PoC-6-17 and PoC1-5). The research has also been funded by the Programa de Suport als Grups de Recerca AGAUR (2017SGR948), the SPANISH AIDS Research Network [RD16/0025/0006, RD16/0025/0007 and RD16/0025/0020]-ISCIII-FEDER (Spain), the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ISCIII [CB21/13/00020], Madrid, Spain and Consejeria de Transformacion Economica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades Junta de Andalucía (research Project CV20-85418). Elena Yeregui was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) under grant agreement “FI20/00118″ through the programme “Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud”. Laia Revertéwas supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) under grant agreement “CD20/00105″ through the programme “Contratos Sara Borrell”. Francesc Vidal was supported by grants from the Programa de Intensificación de Investigadores (INT20/00031)-ISCIII and by “Premi a la Trajectòria Investigadora dels Hospitals de l’ICS 2018″. Anna Rull was supported by a grant from IISPV through the project “2019/IISPV/05″ (Boosting Young Talent), by GeSIDA through the “III Premio para Jóvenes Investigadores 2019″ and by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) under grant agreement “CP19/00146″ through the Miguel Servet Program. Maria José Buzón was supported by the Miguel Servet Program (CP17/00179). Ezequiel Ruiz- Mateos was supported by the Spanish Research Council (CSIC). Alicia Gutiérrez-Valencia was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, cofinanced by the European Development Regional Fund (“A way to achieve Europe”), Subprograma Miguel Servet (grant CP19/00159). This project was also funded by a donation from the city Council of Perafort (to Teresa Auguet).

Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) regulates immunity and inflammation, but its clinical role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients remains unclear. Hence, this study was conducted to explore the association of circulating ITIH4 with disease risk, clinical features, inflammatory cytokines, and treatment outcomes of RA.After the enrollment of 93 active RA patients and 50 health controls (HCs), their serum ITIH4 level was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For RA patients only, serum ITIH4 level at week (W) 6 and W12 after treatment was also analyzed. Besides, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A at baseline of RA patients were also detected by ELISA.ITIH4 was downregulated in RA patients (151.1 (interquartile range (IQR): 106.2-213.5) ng/mL) than in HCs (306.8 (IQR: 238.9-435.1) ng/mL) (p 0.001). Furthermore, ITIH4 was negatively related to C-reactive protein (CRP) (rCirculating ITIH4 possesses clinical utility in monitoring disease risk, inflammation, disease activity, and treatment outcomes of RA.

Summary Gluten‐free foods cannot substitute for products made from wheat flour. When wheat products are digested, the remaining peptides can trigger an autoimmune disease in 1% of the North American and European population, called coeliac disease. Because wheat proteins are encoded by a large gene family, it has been impossible to use conventional breeding to select wheat varieties that are coeliac‐safe. However, one can test the properties of protein variants by expressing single genes in coeliac‐safe cereals like maize. One source of protein that can be considered as coeliac‐safe and has bread‐making properties is teff (Eragrostis tef), a grain consumed in Ethiopia. Here, we show that teff α‐globulin3 (Etglo3) forms storage vacuoles in maize that are morphologically similar to those of wheat. Using transmission electron microscopy, immunogold labelling shows that Etglo3 is almost exclusively deposited in the storage vacuole as electron‐dense aggregates. Of maize seed storage proteins, 27‐kDa γ‐zein is co‐deposited with Etglo3. Etglo3 polymerizes via intermolecular disulphide bonds in maize, similar to wheat HMW glutenins under non‐reducing conditions. Crossing maize Etglo3 transgenic lines with α‐, β‐ and γ‐zein RNA interference (RNAi) lines reveals that Etglo3 accumulation is only dramatically reduced in γ‐zein RNAi background. This suggests that Etglo3 and 27‐kDa γ‐zein together cause storage vacuole formation and behave similar to the interactions of glutenins and gliadins in wheat. Therefore, expression of teff α‐globulins in maize presents a major step in the development of a coeliac‐safe grain with bread‐making properties.

Genome-wide association studies have identified 3p21.1 as a robust risk locus for schizophrenia. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here a functional regulatory variant (rs2535629) is identified that disrupts CTCF binding at 3p21.1. It is confirmed that rs2535629 is also significantly associated with schizophrenia in Chinese population and the regulatory effect of rs2535629 is validated. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis indicates that rs2535629 is associated with the expression of three distal genes (GLT8D1, SFMBT1, and NEK4) in the human brain, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing confirmed the regulatory effect of rs2535629 on GLT8D1, SFMBT1, and NEK4. Interestingly, differential expression analysis of GLT8D1, SFMBT1, and NEK4 suggested that rs2535629 may confer schizophrenia risk by regulating SFMBT1 expression. It is further demonstrated that Sfmbt1 regulates neurodevelopment and dendritic spine density, two key pathological characteristics of schizophrenia. Transcriptome analysis also support the potential role of Sfmbt1 in schizophrenia pathogenesis. The study identifies rs2535629 as a plausibly causal regulatory variant at the 3p21.1 risk locus and demonstrates the regulatory mechanism and biological effect of this functional variant, indicating that this functional variant confers schizophrenia risk by altering CTCF binding and regulating expression of SFMBT1, a distal gene which plays important roles in neurodevelopment and synaptic morphogenesis.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can cause a variety of adverse maternal and fetal complications. The purpose of this study was to screen and identify the urinary polypeptides related to the severity of GDM and to analyze the correlation between urinary peptide levels and neonatal metabolic indices. A total of 31 normal pregnant women (N group) and 74 patients with GDM (GDM group) were randomly selected between February 2018 and August 2019. Patients with GDM were divided into two groups according to their fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. The urine samples were enriched using weak cation-exchange magnetic beads (MB-WCX), and eight different urine polypeptides were screened and analyzed. The peptide spectra were obtained using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The urinary peptide signatures of the two groups were compared using the BioExplorer software. The difference analysis of the eight urinary polypeptides between the normal pregnant (N) group and GDM group showed that two polypeptides with mass-to- charge ratios (m/z) of 2175.7 and 2318.8, respectively, were significantly different between the two groups (P 0.01). The m/z 2175.7 polypeptide was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and the corresponding name of the molecule was inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4). The changes in ITIH4 levels correlated with those in the neonatal metabolic indices. By establishing the Fisher discriminant function equation for the GDM group, the difference in sample distribution and mean value of the two groups could be observed directly.

Inter-α inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) are a family of endogenous plasma and extracellular matrix molecules. IAIPs suppress proinflammatory cytokines, limit excess complement activation, and bind extracellular histones to form IAIP-histone complexes, leading to neutralization of histone-associated cytotoxicity in models of sepsis. Many of these detrimental processes also play critical roles in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. In this study, we first assessed the clinical relevance of IAIPs in stroke and then tested the therapeutic efficacy of exogenous IAIPs in several experimental stroke models. IAIP levels were reduced in both ischemic stroke patients and in mice subjected to experimental ischemic stroke when compared with controls. Post-stroke administration of IAIP significantly improved stroke outcomes across multiple stroke models, even when given 6 hours after stroke onset. Importantly, the beneficial effects of delayed IAIP treatment were observed in both young and aged mice. Using targeted gene expression analysis, we identified a receptor for complement activation, C5aR1, that was highly suppressed in both the blood and brain of IAIP-treated animals. Subsequent experiments using C5aR1-knockout mice demonstrated that the beneficial effects of IAIPs are mediated in part by C5aR1. These results indicate that IAIP is a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND Discrimination of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with pulmonary hypertension (HFpEF-PH) from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is crucial for clinical management but may be challenging due to similarities in clinical and comorbid characteristics. We aimed to investigate tumour and metabolism related proteins in differentiating HFpEF-PH from PAH. METHODS Sixty-nine tumour and metabolism plasma proteins were analysed with proximity extension assay in heathy controls (n = 20), patients with PAH (n = 48) and LHF-PH (n = 67) [HFpEF-PH (n = 31) and HF reduced EF-PH (n = 36)]. Haemodynamics were assessed with right heart catheterization. RESULTS The plasma levels of alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), were higher in HFpEF-PH compared to healthy controls (p

Do pregnancies with corpus luteum show different maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of the scavenger proteins haemopexin and αCase-control study of 160 singleton pregnancies: 54 naturally conceived, 50 by IVF after fresh embryo transfer or frozen embryo transfer (FET) in natural cycle (presence of corpus luteum) and 56 after fresh oocyte donation or FET in programmed cycles (absence of corpus luteum). Pregnancies were subclassified into normotensive, preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia cases. Heme-scavenger concentrations were measured by ELISA in maternal and cord plasma collected at delivery.After adjustment, maternal haemopexin was higher in IVF with corpus luteum than in naturally conceived pregnancies in normotensive (P = 0.038) and preeclampsia (P = 0.011) populations, and lower in preeclampsia for IVF pregnancies lacking corpus luteum compared with IVF with corpus luteum (P = 0.002). Maternal αThe physiological differences shown for these heme-scavengers between pregnancies after embryo transfer in the presence or absence of corpus luteum support the hypothesis that corpus luteum activity could influence perinatal outcomes. Future research is needed on whether applying potential strategies to develop a corpus luteum might reduce the perinatal complications associated with programmed cycles of IVF.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex pregnancy syndrome characterised by maternal hypertension and organ damage after 20 weeks of gestation and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. Extracellular haemoglobin (Hb) and its metabolites heme and iron are highly toxic molecules and several defence mechanisms have evolved to protect the tissue. Objectives: We will discuss the roles of free iron, heme, Hb, and the scavenger proteins haemopexin and alpha-1-microglobulin in pregnancies complicated by PE and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Conclusion: In PE, oxidative stress causes syncytiotrophoblast (STB) stress and increased shedding of placental STB-derived extracellular vesicles (STBEV). The level in maternal circulation correlates with the severity of hypertension and supports the involvement of STBEVs in causing maternal symptoms in PE. In PE and FGR, iron homeostasis is changed, and iron levels significantly correlate with the severity of the disease. The normal increase in plasma volume taking place during pregnancy is less for PE and FGR and therefore have a different impact on, for example, iron concentration, compared to normal pregnancy. Excess iron promotes ferroptosis is suggested to play a role in trophoblast stress and lipotoxicity. Non-erythroid α-globin regulates vasodilation through the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway, and hypoxia-induced α-globin expression in STBs in PE placentas is suggested to contribute to hypertension in PE. Underlying placental pathology in PE with and without FGR might be amplified by iron and heme overload causing oxidative stress and ferroptosis. As the placenta becomes stressed, the release of STBEVs increases and affects the maternal vasculature. (Less)

Background Although urinary alpha-1-microglobulin has been used as a marker of tubular dysfunction, its clinical and prognostic values in patients with acute heart failure have not been validated. Methods We analyzed 623 patients (74 ± 13 years old, 60.0% male) with acute heart failure in whom urinary alpha-1-microglobulin (A1MG) levels were measured as tubular markers at the time of admission. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Results The median levels of urinary alpha-1-microglobulin with and without correction for urinary creatinine concentration were 8.80 (interquartile range: 4.20–17.7) mg/dL and 12.9 (5.92–30.7) mg/gCr, respectively. Urinary A1MG levels were significantly correlated with all of beta-2-microglobulin (r = 0.77), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (r = 0.51), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = −0.42); however, alpha-1-microglobulin was most often predicted using beta-2-microglobulin or N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase. During the 488-day (interquartile range: 185–938 days) follow-up, 141 deaths occurred. Higher A1MG levels were associated with higher mortality even after adjustment for other covariates. Only A1MG, but not beta-2-microglobulin or N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, yielded incremental prognostic information in addition to the preexisting prognostic factors (net-reclassification improvement: 0.254, P = 0.023; integrated discrimination improvement: 0.015, P = 0.028). Conclusions In patients hospitalized due to acute heart failure, urinary alpha-1-microglobulin was a marker of tubular dysfunction. High alpha-1-microglobulin was associated with all-cause mortality independent of glomerular function and was a better predictor of mortality than urinary beta-2-microglobulin.

Infiltration of red blood cells into atheromatous plaques and oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb) and lipoproteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. α1-microglobulin (A1M) is a radical-scavenging and heme-binding protein. In this work, we examined the origin and role of A1M in human atherosclerotic lesions. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed a significant A1M immunoreactivity in atheromas and hemorrhaged plaques of carotid arteries in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages. The most prominent expression was detected in macrophages of organized hemorrhage. To reveal a possible inducer of A1M expression in ruptured lesions, we exposed aortic endothelial cells (ECs), SMCs and macrophages to heme, Oxy- and FerrylHb. Both heme and FerrylHb, but not OxyHb, upregulated A1M mRNA expression in all cell types. Importantly, only FerrylHb induced A1M protein secretion in aortic ECs, SMCs and macrophages. To assess the possible function of A1M in ruptured lesions, we analyzed Hb oxidation and heme-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in the presence of A1M. We showed that recombinant A1M markedly inhibited Hb oxidation and heme-driven oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins as well plaque lipids derived from atheromas. These results demonstrate the presence of A1M in atherosclerotic plaques and suggest its induction by heme and FerrylHb in the resident cells.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 20 million Americans and ∼10% of the population worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of kidney functional decline have identified genes associated with CKD, but the precise mechanisms by which they influence kidney function remained largely unexplored. Here, we examine the role of 1 GWAS-identified gene by creating mice deficient for Galnt11 , which encodes a member of the enzyme family that initiates protein O-glycosylation, an essential posttranslational modification known to influence protein function and stability. We find that Galnt11 -deficient mice display low-molecular-weight proteinuria and have specific defects in proximal tubule-mediated resorption of vitamin D binding protein, α 1 -microglobulin, and retinol binding protein. Moreover, we identify the endocytic receptor megalin (LRP2) as a direct target of Galnt11 in vivo. Megalin in Galnt11 -deficient mice displays reduced ligand binding and undergoes age-related loss within the kidney. Differential mass spectrometry revealed specific sites of Galnt11-mediated glycosylation within mouse kidney megalin/LRP2 that are known to be involved in ligand binding, suggesting that O-glycosylation directly influences the ability to bind ligands. In support of this, recombinant megalin containing these sites displayed reduced albumin binding in cells deficient for Galnt11 . Our results provide insight into the association between GALNT11 and CKD, and identify a role for Galnt11 in proper kidney function.

Female reproductive events, including ovulation, menstruation, implantation, and delivery, are physiologically characterized by deep tissue remodeling and display hallmark signs of inflammation. This review discusses the pleiotropic roles played by bikunin in human reproduction. A comprehensive literature search of the Medline/PubMed database was performed on the following topics: bikunin structure, roles in pathophysiological conditions and involvement in human reproduction, and usefulness as a marker of gestational complications or as a drug to improve pregnancy outcomes. Bikunin is a small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan found in blood, urine, and amniotic and cerebrospinal fluids, known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-proteolytic activities. Its levels are usually low, but they can increase several-fold in both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Bikunin plays key roles in reproductive events, such as cumulus-oocyte complex formation, pregnancy, and delivery. Its levels have been associated with the most common pregnancy complications such as preterm delivery, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Finally, its intravaginal administration has been reported to reduce the risk of preterm delivery and to improve neonatal outcomes. Because of its pleiotropic roles in several reproductive events and its association with some life-threatening pathological conditions of pregnancy, bikunin may represent a non-invasive marker for improving follow-up and early diagnosis. Studies showing its usefulness as a drug for reducing the risk of preterm delivery and improving neonatal outcomes have yielded interesting results that deserve to be investigated through further research.

INTRODUCTION This study aims to compare the use of qualitative fetal fibronectin, quantitative fetal fibronectin, and placental α-microglobulin-1 in women with symptoms of preterm labor, to evaluate which vaginal biomarker performs the best in clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective observational study included women who presented with symptoms of preterm labor at 24+0 to 34+0 weeks of gestation at a large tertiary maternity hospital in Auckland, New Zealand. Women were managed according to hospital guidelines using qualitative fetal fibronectin. Quantitative fetal fibronectin and placental α-microglobulin-1 tests were also taken, with clinicians blinded to the results. Management and delivery outcomes were collected from clinical records. The primary outcome was the rate of antenatal hospital admission. Analysis was performed according to predefined management protocols for each of the tests. RESULTS A total of 128 women had all three biomarkers tests taken. Spontaneous preterm birth rates were 7/128 (5.5%) ≤34+0 weeks and 20/128 (15.6%)

Circulating levels of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins change dramatically in acute inflammatory disorders, which suggest an important contribution to the immunomodulatory system. Human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins are neuroprotective and improve survival of neonatal mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharide augments inflammatory conditions and disrupts the blood–brain barrier. There is a paucity of therapeutic strategies to treat blood–brain barrier dysfunction, and the neuroprotective effects of human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins are not fully understood. To examine the therapeutic potential of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins, we administered human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins to male and female CD-1 mice after lipopolysaccharide exposure and quantified blood–brain barrier permeability of intravenously injected 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin. We hypothesized that human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor protein treatment would attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood–brain barrier disruption and associated inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide increased blood–brain barrier permeability to both 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin, but human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor protein treatment only attenuated increases in 14C-sucrose blood–brain barrier permeability in male mice. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated a more robust elevation of male serum inter-alpha inhibitor protein concentration compared to the elevation measured in female serum. Lipopolysaccharide administration also increased multiple inflammatory factors in serum and brain tissue, including interleukin 6. Human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor protein treatment downregulated serum interleukin 6 levels, which were inversely correlated with serum inter-alpha inhibitor protein concentration. We conclude that inter-alpha inhibitor proteins may be neuroprotective through mechanisms of blood–brain barrier disruption associated with systemic inflammation.

Most high-flux dialyzers can be used in both hemodialysis (HD) and online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF). However, some of these dialyzers have higher permeability and should not be prescribed for OL-HDF to avoid high albumin losses. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of a currently used dialyzer in HD and OL-HDF with those of several other high permeability dialyzers which should only be used in HD. A prospective, single-center study was carried out in 21 patients. Each patient underwent 5 dialysis sessions with routine dialysis parameters: 2 sessions with Helixone (HD and postdilution OL-HDF) and 1 session each with steam sterilized polyphenylene, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and medium cut-off (MCO) dialyzers in HD treatment. The removal ratios (RR) of urea, creatinine, s2 -microglobulin, myoglobin, prolactin, α1 -microglobulin, α1 -acid glycoprotein, and albumin were compared intraindividually. A proportional part of the dialysate was collected to quantify the loss of various solutes, including albumin. Urea and creatinine RRs with the Helixone-HDF and MCO dialyzers were higher than with the other 3 dialyzers in HD. The β2 -microglobulin, myoglobin and prolactin RRs with Helixone-HDF treatment were significantly higher than those obtained with all 4 dialyzers in HD treatment. The β2 -microglobulin value obtained with the MCO dialyzer was also higher than that obtained with the other 3 dialyzers in HD treatment. The myoglobin RR with MCO was higher than those obtained with Helixone and PMMA in HD treatment. The prolactin RR with Helixone-HD was significantly lower than those obtained in the other 4 study sessions. The α1 -microglobulin and α1 - acid glycoprotein RRs with Helixone-HDF were significantly higher than those obtained with Helixone and PMMA in HD treatment. The albumin loss varied from 0.54 g with Helixone-HD to 3.3 g with polyphenylene. The global removal score values ((UreaRR + β2 -microglobulinRR + myoglobinRR + prolactinRR + α1 -microglobulinRR + α1 -acid glycoproteinRR - albuminRR )/6) were 43.7% with Helixone-HD, 47.7% with PMMA, 54% with polyphenylene, 54.8% with MCO and 59.6% with Helixone-HDF, with significant differences. In conclusion, this study confirms the superiority of OL-HDF over HD with the high-flux dialyzers that allow both treatments. Although new dialyzers with high permeability can only be used in HD, they are in an intermediate position and some are very close to OL-HDF.

This study aimed to investigate the association of serum hsCRP and urinary A1MG in patients with T2DM. Numerous investigations have proven that serum hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increased. Also, increased urinary alpha-1 microglobulin (A1MG) can be an early sign of renal damage, primarily on the proximal tubules in T2DM. Little information is available with respect to the associations of serum hsCRP levels and urinary A1MG in T2DM. A total of 520 patients with T2DM were recruited to participate in this study. Serum hsCRP and UA1MG (urinary alpha1-microglobulin to creatinine ratio), UACR (urinary microalbumin to creatinine ratio), UIGG (urinary immunoglobulin G to creatinine ratio), and UTRF (urinary transferrin to creatinine ratio) were obtained. The association of serum hsCRP level and each urinary protein parameter was analyzed by using the regression analysis, respectively. LnhsCRP was positively associated with the lnUA1MG in all three linear regression models (adjusted β in model 3=0.122, SE=0.027, P 3mg/L) was associated with increasing risk of high UA1MG (adjusted OR in model 3=1.610, 95% CI 1.037–2.499, P=0.034) by logistic regression. This study suggests that serum hsCRP levels independently associate with UA1MG in patients with T2DM. Further research is warranted to elucidate these interactions.

PURPOSE: Vascular endothelial cells demonstrate severe injury in sepsis, and a reduction in endothelial inflammation would be beneficial. Inter-α-Inhibitor (IαI) is a family of abundant plasma proteins with anti-inflammatory properties and has been investigated in human and animal sepsis with encouraging results. We hypothesized that IαI may protect endothelia from sepsis-related inflammation. METHODS: IαI-deficient or sufficient mice were treated with endotoxin or underwent complement-induced lung injury. VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression was measured in blood and lung as marker of endothelial activation. Human endothelia were exposed to activated complement C5a with or without IαI. Blood from human sepsis patients was examined for VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and levels were correlated with blood levels of IαI. RESULTS: IαI-deficient mice showed increased endothelial activation in endotoxin/sepsis- and complement-induced lung injury models. In vitro, levels of endothelial pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell growth factors induced by activated complement C5a were significantly decreased in the presence of IαI. This effect was associated with decreased ERK and NFκB activation. IαI levels were inversely associated with VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 levels in a human sepsis cohort. CONCLUSIONS: IαI ameliorates endothelial inflammation and may be beneficial as a treatment of sepsis.

Treatment of neuroendocrine tumors with (177)Lu-octreotate results in prolonged survival and improved quality of life for the patient. However, the treatment is today limited by side effects on kidney and bone marrow, and complete tumor remission is rarely seen. A possible way to minimize dose-limiting toxicity and to optimize this treatment method is to use radioprotectors in conjunction with radiotherapy. A recombinant form of α(1)-microglobulin (rA1M) was recently shown to preserve kidney structure and function after (177)Lu-octreotate injection in mice and was suggested as a radioprotector in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. The aims of this work were to investigate the influence of rA1M on the in vivo biokinetics of (177)Lu-octreotate, with a focus on tumor tissue, and to study the impact of rA1M on the therapeutic response in tumor tissue subjected to (177)Lu-octreotate treatment. Methods: The biodistribution of (177)Lu-octreotate was examined in BALB/c nude mice with GOT2 tumors 1–168 h after injection with either (177)Lu-octreotate or coadministration of (177)Lu-octreotate and rA1M. The effects of rA1M on the tumor response after (177)Lu-octreotate treatment were studied in BALB/c nude mice with GOT1 tumors. Three groups of mice were administered rA1M, (177)Lu-octreotate, or both. Another group served as untreated controls. Tumor volume was measured to follow the treatment effects. Results: No statistically significant difference in biodistribution of (177)Lu was observed between the groups receiving (177)Lu-octreotate or coinjection of (177)Lu-octreotate and rA1M. The therapy study showed a decrease in mean tumor volume during the first 2 wk for both the (177)Lu-octreotate group and the coadministration group, followed by tumor regrowth. No statistically significant difference between the groups was found. Conclusion: rA1M did not negatively impact absorbed dose to tumor or therapeutic response in combination with (177)Lu-octreotate and may be a promising kidney protector during (177)Lu-octreotate treatment of patients with neuroendocrine tumors.

Serum protein fraction (SPF) is a common parameter reflecting the nutritional and inflammatory status of the human body. However, its role in patients with cancer, particularly those treated with targeted agents, is unknown. We conducted this study to explore the prognostic value of SPF in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and its association with clinical characteristics. Patients with mRCC (n = 213) who initiated first-line sunitinib or sorafenib systemic therapy for metastatic disease between March 2007 and June 2017 at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, were retrospectively included in our analysis. Clinical and pathological data were collected. SPF was measured by capillary electrophoresis. Prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Correlation was estimated with Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Among all SPF components, high α1-globulin was an independent prognostic factor for OS and PFS (dichotomized by median, hazard ratio [HR] 2.356; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.399–3.966, p = 0.001; and HR 1.994; 95% CI 1.360–2.923, p

Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) targets the rat kidney following repeated exposures, including renal tubule tumors. The mode of action (MOA) of these tumors, concluded by a pathology working group, involves both alpha2u-globulin nephropathy (α2u-gN) and exacerbated chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN), but has been disputed and an undefined MOA proposed. This study further reviews the histology slides of male and female rat kidneys from the NTP drinking water 13-week toxicity and 2-year carcinogenicity studies, including the 15-month interim sacrifice group. The papillary epithelial lining alteration formerly referred to as "transitional cell hyperplasia" develops as part of advanced CPN and does not represent a separate toxicity. No changes were observed in the kidney pelvis urothelium. The only alterations in subchronic male rats involved α2u-gN and CPN, without test article-related alterations in females. Focused examination of areas of parenchyma unaffected by CPN in TBA-treated male and female rats of the chronic studies revealed no renal tubule abnormalities other than from the effects of α2u-gN and CPN. Unrelated to toxicity were spontaneous amphophilic or vacuolar tubule proliferative lesions. All observed TBA-associated non-neoplastic and neoplastic histopathological changes in the kidney can be explained by α2u-gN or enhanced CPN, neither of which are relevant to humans.

Aims: Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is in clinical use today to treat metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Infused, radiolabeled, somatostatin analog peptides target tumors that are killed by irradiation damage. The peptides, however, are also retained in kidneys due to glomerular filtration, and the administered doses must be limited to avoid kidney damage. The human radical scavenger and antioxidant, α1-microglobulin (A1M), has previously been shown to protect bystander tissue against irradiation damage and has pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties similar to somatostatin analogs. In this study, we have investigated if A1M can be used as a renal protective agent in PRRT. Results: We describe nephroprotective effects of human recombinant A1M on the short- and long-term renal damage observed following lutetium 177 (177Lu)-DOTATATE (150 MBq) exposure in BALB/c mice. After 1, 4, and 8 days (short term), 177Lu-DOTATATE injections resulted in increased formation of DNA double-strand breaks in the renal cortex, upregulated expression of apoptosis and stress response-related genes, and proteinuria (albumin in urine), all of which were significantly suppressed by coadministration of A1M (7 mg/kg). After 6, 12, and 24 weeks (long term), 177Lu-DOTATATE injections resulted in increased animal death, kidney lesions, glomerular loss, upregulation of stress genes, proteinuria, and plasma markers of reduced kidney function, all of which were suppressed by coadministration of A1M. Innovation and Conclusion: This study demonstrates that A1M effectively inhibits radiation-induced renal damage. The findings suggest that A1M may be used as a radioprotector during clinical PRRT, potentially facilitating improved tumor control and enabling more patients to receive treatment.

Background: A novel class of membranes, medium cut-off (MCO) membranes, has recently been designed to achieve interesting removal capacities for middle and large middle molecules in hemodialysis (HD) treatments. The few studies published to date have reported contradictory results regarding middle-sized molecules when comparing MCO dialyzers versus dialyzers used in online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF). Methods: A prospective, single-center study was carried out in 22 patients. Each patient underwent 9 dialysis sessions with routine dialysis parameters, one with an MCO dialyzer in HD and the other 8 with different dialyzers in OL-HDF. The removal ratio (RR) of urea, creatinine, β2-microglobulin, myoglobin, prolactin, α1-microglobulin, α1-acid glycoprotein, and albumin was intraindividually compared. Albumin loss in dialysate was measured. We propose a global removal score ([ureaRR + β2-microglobulinRR + myoglobinRR + prolactinRR + α1-microglobulinRR + α1-acid glycoproteinRR]/6 – albuminRR) as a new tool for measuring dialyzer effectiveness. Results: No significant differences in the RRs of small and middle molecular range molecules were observed between the MCO vs. OL-HDF dialyzers (range 60–80%). Lower RRs were found for α1-microglobulin and α1-acid glycoprotein without significant differences. The albumin RR was < 11% and dialysate albumin loss was < 3.5 g in all situations without significant differences. The global removal score was 54.9 ± 4.8% with the MCO dialyzer without significant differences. Conclusions: Removal of a wide range of molecular weights, calculated with the proposed global removal score, was almost equal with the MCO dialyzer in HD treatment compared with 8 high-flux dialyzers in high-volume OL-HDF without relevant changes in albumin loss. The global removal score could be a new tool to evaluate the effectiveness of dialyzers and/or different treatment modalities.

The aim of the study was to investigate the concentrations of acute-phase inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) in serum and milk of cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus spp. (STR) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) and healthy cows. The blood and milk samples were obtained from 60 mid-lactation, multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows from 7 herds in the Lublin region of Poland. In the milk samples from 40 cows with subclinical mastitis, Streptococcus spp. and CNS were isolated. The ITIH4 was significantly higher in serum of cows with subclinical mastitis caused both by STR and CNS compared with healthy cows. One hundred percent of animals infected with Streptococcus spp. and 89% of animals infected with Staphylococcus spp. showed ITIH4 concentration in sera higher than 0.5 mg/mL. The concentration of ITIH4 in milk also was significantly higher in cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. compared with the control group. Seventy percent of cows infected by STR and CNS showed ITIH4 concentration in milk higher than 2.5 μg/mL. Milk ITIH4 concentration higher than 5 µg/mL was found in 55% of animals infected with Streptococcus spp. and in 40% of animals infected with Staphylococcus spp. No statistically significant differences were observed in ITIH4 concentrations both in serum and in milk between the studied unhealthy animal groups. These results suggest that ITIH4 may be used in the future as a novel diagnostic marker in serum and in milk of subclinical mastitis in cows.

The chemically induced accumulation of α2u-globulin protein in male rats causes specific renal lesions and subsequent nephropathy. Herein, we report additional parallel findings in the kidney of male rats consistent with obstructive and retrograde nephropathy. Kidney and urinary bladder samples were evaluated from Wistar rats treated with RG7129 for 2 week and 8 week and from an 8-week mechanistic study using females, intact and castrated males. Histopathological findings were present in intact males in all studies, including hyaline droplet accumulation and granular casts consistent with α2u-globulin nephropathy. In addition, tubular degeneration and regeneration, tubular changes extending from papilla to cortex, tubular dilation, and interstitial and luminal inflammation were observed consistent with retrograde and obstructive nephropathy. Renal and urinary lesions and their severity increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Urinalysis findings, including increases in leukocytes, protein, and in kidney biomarkers, kidney injury molecule 1 and clusterin, were present only in intact males. No treatment-related changes were observed in female rats or in castrated males. These results indicate that RG7129 induces α2u-globulin nephropathy, associated with retrograde and obstructive nephropathy secondary to precipitation in intact male rats only, constituting a species- and sex-specific syndrome that is not expected to occur in humans or other species.

The Clearum dialyzer, built by Medtronic, became commercially available in several European countries in 2020, but there are still no reports of in vivo data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and risk of hypoalbuminemia of this dialyzer compared with previously evaluated hemodialysis (HD), expanded hemodialysis (HDx), and postdilution hemodiafiltration (HDF) treatments. A prospective study was carried out in 15 patients. Each patient underwent seven dialysis sessions: FX80 Cordiax in HD, Clearum HS17 in HD, Phylther 17-SD in HDx, Theranova 400 in HDx, Phylther 17-G in postdilution HDF, Clearum HS17 in postdilution HDF, and FX80 Cordiax in postdilution HDF. The reduction ratios of urea, creatinine, s2 -microglobulin, myoglobin, prolactin, α1 -microglobulin, α1 -acid glycoprotein, and albumin were compared intraindividually. Dialysate albumin loss was also measured. Comparison of dialysis techniques revealed no differences between small molecules, but HDx and HDF were significantly higher than HD with medium and large molecular weights. The Clearum dialyzer in HDF obtained similar results to FX80 Cordiax in HDF, was slightly superior to Phylther 17-G in HDF, and was statistically superior to both dialyzers in HDx. Albumin losses with the Clearum dialyzer were among the lowest, both in HD and HDF treatments. The highest global removal score (GRS) values were obtained with the helixone and Clearum dialyzers in HDF, with similar results both in HD and HDF. In addition, the GRS values with HDx treatments were statistically significantly higher than those with HD. The new Clearum dialyzer has excellent behavior and tolerance in HD and HDF. Its adequate permeability has been proven with its maximal performance in HDF, which could represent an upgrade versus its predecessor polyphenylene dialyzers.