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The financial reform is one of the most important reforms prescribed by the Washington Consensus. With its internal and external components, it occurs in the final stages of the process of economic liberalization. In this work, and after listing, briefly, the causes of financial liberalization, we are going to study in a second section financial development and bank performance in four countries of the MENA region: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Egypt. In this context, we will explore some criteria for determining if the banking sector is performing as the level of intermediation margins, the state of the banking service, and so on. The third section will be subject to an assessment of financial liberalization since the start of reforms to the present day, while focusing on the impact of liberalization on the investment, savings, capital entry, and so on. Our conclusion will be in the form of recommendations aimed at showing that overall reforms, significant progress have been made in recent years but much remains to be done.

In this work, we will study the economic situation in four countries of the euro zone, namely: France, Germany, Italy and Spain, during the period: [2002, 2014], that is to say, twelve years after the first introduction of the euro, our study focuses on the evolution of three variables: inflation, the growth rate of gross domestic product and unemployment. We will determine the consequences of the introduction of the single currency on economies mentioned above. On the other hand, the question will arise whether to abandon the euro or not. It will lead to the conclusion that: despite its disastrous consequences, deconstruct the euro makes no sense. The real challenge is to encourage countries of the eurozone to reform their policies to find prospects for better jobs and activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate the association between corporate governance mechanisms and financial performance among companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). We also want to know if the COVID-19 global crisis moderates the relationship between them. The study sample consists of 1098 observations and 183 companies listed on the TSE from 2016 to 2021; furthermore, the statistical method used to test the hypotheses is panel data with random effects. In line with our expectations, the results show that the coronavirus pandemic worsened Iranian corporate performance. In support of agency theory, we figure out that board independence, board meeting frequency, and board financial expertise are correlated positively with firm value. In favor of resource dependency theory, this study finds robust evidence that audit committee size and independence have a positive effect on corporate performance. Most importantly, the positive linkage between board independence, board financial expertise, size, and independence of audit committee with firm performance was reversed during the COVID-19 pandemic, although the positive role of board meeting frequency in corporate profitability remained stable even during the COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, the outcomes indicate that CEO duality affects firms negatively, and this devastating effect became even stronger with the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we find that firms involved in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) managed to increase shareholders' wealth using competitive advantage even during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]