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Amirah Aldawood,1 Sultan Bakri,1 Batool Alotaibi2 1Ophthalmology Department, Dhahran Eye Specialist Hospital, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 2Ophthalmology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Sultan Bakri, Ophthalmology Department, Dhahran Eye Specialist Hospital, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 553324350, Email soltan.bakri@hotmail.comAbstract: Anterior Segment Dysgenesis (ASD) represents a spectrum of rare, congenital disorders that pose significant challenges to ophthalmological management due to their complex and heterogeneous nature. The management of ASD becomes particularly complex when associated with other serious ocular conditions. This report discusses the case of a 4-year-old girl diagnosed with ASD exhibiting a combination of sclerocornea, aphakia, aniridia, and secondary glaucoma. Owing to the complexity of such condition, a multi-disciplinary approach is required. Despite successful initial surgical interventions on the left eye, eye was lost due to subsequent endophthalmitis and retinal detachment, resulting in a decision to adopt a conservative, non-surgical approach for the right eye. Although a series of therapeutic interventions have been performed, the final visual outcome was poor, demonstrating the complexity and seriousness of such cases. This case serves as a reminder of the need for regular follow-up, prompt recognition, and management of potential complications. Further research is necessary to optimize the outcomes in patients with similar presentations.Keywords: congenital aniridia, aphakia, secondary glaucoma, sclerocornea, case report

Badriyah Alotaibi,1,* Fatma Alzahraa Mokhtar,2,* Thanaa A El-Masry,3 Engy Elekhnawy,4 Sally A Mostafa,5 Dalia H Abdelkader,6 Mohamed E Elharty,7 Asmaa Saleh,1,8 Walaa A Negm9 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 84428, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, ALsalam University, Al Gharbiyah, Egypt; 3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt; 4Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt; 5Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35511, Egypt; 6Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt; 7Study Master in Pharmaceutical Science at the Institute of Research and Environmental Studies, El Sadat City, Egypt; 8Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 9Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Walaa A NegmDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, EgyptTel +20403336007Fax +20403335466Email walaa.negm@pharm.tanta.edu.egIntroduction: The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is vulnerable to various diseases. In this study, we explored the therapeutic effects of Brassica rapa flower extract (BRFE) on GIT diseases.Methods: Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used for phytochemical identification of the compounds in BRFE. The antibacterial activity of BRFE was investigated, and its impact on the bacterial outer and inner membrane permeability and membrane depolarization (using flow cytometry) was studied. In addition, the immunomodulatory activity of BRFE was investigated in vitro on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of BRFE was investigated by histopathological examination and qRT-PCR on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats.Results and Discussion: LC-ESI-MS/MS phytochemically identified 57 compounds in BRFE for the first time. BRFE displayed antibacterial activity against bacteria that cause GIT infections, with increasing outer and inner membrane permeability. However, membrane depolarization was unaffected. BRFE also exhibited immunomodulatory activity in LPS-stimulated PBMCs by attenuating the upregulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) gene expression compared with untreated LPS-stimulated PBMCs. In addition, BRFE exhibited anti-inflammatory activity required for maintaining gastric mucosa homeostasis by decreasing neutrophil infiltration with subsequent myeloperoxidase production, in addition to an increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Histopathological findings presented the gastroprotective effects of BRFE, as a relatively normal stomach mucosa was found in treated rats. In addition, BRFE modulated the expression of genes encoding IL-10, NF-κB, GPx, and myeloperoxidase (MPO).Conclusion: BRFE can be a promising source of therapeutic agents for treatment of GIT diseases.Keywords: antioxidant activity, flow cytometry, GIT diseases, immunomodulatory activity, LC-MS/MS, qRT-PCR

Hassan Alwafi,1 Abdallah Y Naser,2 Sultan Qanash,3,4 Ahmad S Brinji,5 Maher A Ghazawi,5 Basil Alotaibi,6 Ahmad Alghamdi,7 Aisha Alrhmani,7 Reham Fatehaldin,7 Ali Alelyani,7 Abdulrhman Basfar,7 Abdulaziz AlBarakati,7 Ghaidaa F Alsharif,7 Elaf F Obaid,7 Mohammed Shabrawishi7,8 1Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan; 3King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Internal Medicine, National Guard Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Radiology, Al Noor Specialist Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia; 6College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Internal Medicine, Al Noor Specialist Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia; 8Department of Respiratory Medicine, Al Noor Specialist Hospital, Mecca, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mohammed ShabrawishiDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Al Noor Specialist Hospital, Mecca, 24242, Saudi ArabiaTel +966555500592Email shabrawishi.m@gmail.comBackground: COVID-19 pandemic is a major strain on health and economic systems, with rapidly increasing demand for in patients’ facilities. Disease diagnosis and estimating patients at higher risk is important for the optimal management during the pandemic. This study aimed to identify the predictors of mortality and length of hospital stay in COVID-19 patients.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2020 and August 2020 at Al-Noor Specialist Hospital in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. All patients who were admitted and had a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were used to describe patients’ demographic characteristics, laboratory findings, and clinical outcomes. Multiple logistic/linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of death and length of stay at the hospital.Results: A total of 706 patients were hospitalised for COVID-19. The mean age was 48.0 years (SD: 15.6 years). More than half of the patients (68.5%; n= 292) were males. The median duration of stay at the hospital was 6.0 days (IQR: 300– 10:00). The prevalence rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among the patients was 3.0% (n= 21). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age (AOR: 1.05; 1.02– 1.09), patients with end-stage renal disease (AOR: 6.44; 2.20– 18.87), low Oxygen saturation SPO2 (AOR: 9.92; 4.19– 23.50), D.dimer > 0.5 (AOR: 13.31; 5.45– 32.49), ESR> 10 mm/h (AOR: 4.08; 1.72– 9.68), Ferritin> 400mcg/L (AOR: 18.55; 6.89– 49.96), and Procalcitonin> 0.5ug/L (AOR: 8.23; 1.81– 37.40) were associated with a higher risk of death among patients with COVID-19. Patients with VTE (AOR: 12.86; 3.07– 53.92) were at higher risk of death due to COVID-19.Conclusion: Hospitalised COVID-19 patients have multiple negative consequences in terms of their laboratory findings, signs and symptoms. Age and end-stage renal diseases have a significant impact on the mortality rate and the length of hospital stay among COVID-19 patients.Keywords: COVID-19, hospitalisation, length of stay, survival, ICU, Saudi Arabia

Abdulaziz Almutary,1 Saqer Althunayyan,2 Khaled Alenazi,3 Abdulrahman Alqahtani,4 Badar Alotaibi,5 Marwa Ahmed,6 Isam S Osman,7 Adil Kakpuri,8 Abdulaziz Alanazi,9 Mohammed Arafat,10 Abdulmajeed Al-Mutairi,11 Fatma Bashraheel,12 Faisal Almazroua1 1Emergency Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Accident and Trauma, Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz College for Emergency Medical Services, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Internal Medicine Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Vision Realization Office, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 5Emergency Department, Riyadh Care Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6Pharmaceutical Care Services Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 7Vascular Surgery Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 8Quality Management and Patient Safety Administration, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia; 9Nursing Administration, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia; 10Emergency Medicine Department, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 11College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia; 12College of Medicine, Alma’arefa University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Saqer AlthunayyanDepartment of Accident and Trauma, Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz College for Emergency Medical Services, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaEmail salthunayyan@ksu.edu.saPurpose: We assessed the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) in emergency triage for predicting sepsis-related outcomes.Methods: A retrospective chart review of all cases enrolled in the sepsis management protocol for a one-year duration. The protocol utilized the NEWS as a screening tool for sepsis in the triage area. Primary outcomes of interest were hyperlactatemia, admission to ICU and intrahospital mortality. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for a given NEWS.Results: A total of 444 patients were reviewed from July 2018 to June 2019, with a mean age of 58.7 years. A NEWS ≥ 5 was more than 88% sensitive in predicting hyperlactatemia, ICU admission, and/or mortality. Specificity, on the other hand, was as low as 12%. The AUC for the NEWS was 0.667 for predicting hyperlactatemia and 0.602 for predicting ICU admission or mortality.Conclusion: The NEWS was a sensitive screening tool for predicting sepsis-related outcomes. However, it was not specific, and further studies are recommended to assess the integration of other factors to improve specificity.Keywords: sepsis, lactate, predictor, mortality, septic shock

Ahmed AlTurki,1 Bader Alotaibi,1 Jacqueline Joza,1 Riccardo Proietti2 1Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; 2Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, ItalyCorrespondence: Ahmed AlTurkiDivision of Cardiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, CanadaTel +1 514-934-1934Fax +1 514-934-8569Email ahmedalturkmd@gmail.comAbstract: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is a primary cardiac myocytes disorder that predominantly affects the right ventricle. It is mainly inherited as autosomal dominant with variable expressivity; it also has been recognized as one of the major genetic causes of sudden cardiac death in the young and in athletes. The desmosomal protein is the most commonly affected structure and around 60% of diagnosed cases have an identified genetic mutation. ARVC is characterized histologically by the replacement of cardiomyocytes with fibro-fatty tissue that is progressive over time. The most commonly involved sites in the heart are right ventricle inflow tract, right ventricular outflow tract and posterolateral wall of the left ventricle. New diagnostic criteria have increased the sensitivity and specificity for ARVC/D. These include imaging evidence of RV regional wall motion abnormalities and RV dilatation using echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and angiography. Other diagnostic criteria include fibrous replacement of the RV-free wall on biopsy, repolarization and conduction abnormalities on the electrocardiogram as well as ventricular tachyarrhythmias and significant family history. Management involves assessing for implantable-cardioverter implantation, pharmacological therapy for prevention of ventricular arrhythmias and treatment of any ventricular dysfunction. Patients with ARVC/D who are engaged in strenuous/endurance/competitive physical activity have 2– 5-fold increased risk of sudden cardiac death and restriction from competitive/endurance sports is important. Family screening is important to identify asymptomatic patients.Keywords: arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, sudden cardiac death, ventricular tachycardia, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy

Achraf Al Faraj,1 Basem Alotaibi,2 Abjal Pasha Shaik,3 Khaled Z Shamma,1 Ibrahim Al Jammaz,2 Jürgen Gerl4 1Molecular and Cellular Imaging Lab, Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 2Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, 3Department of Clinical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany Abstract: Despite their advantageous chemical properties for nuclear imaging, radioactive sodium-22 (22Na) tracers have been excluded for biomedical applications because of their extremely long lifetime. In the current study, we proposed, for the first time, the use of 22Na radiotracers for pre-clinical applications by efficiently loading with silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and thus offering a new life for this radiotracer. Crown-ether-conjugated SiNPs (300 nm; -0.18±0.1 mV) were successfully loaded with 22Na with a loading efficacy of 98.1%±1.4%. Noninvasive positron emission tomography imaging revealed a transient accumulation of 22Na-loaded SiNPs in the liver and to a lower extent in the spleen, kidneys, and lung. However, the signal gradually decreased in a time-dependent manner to become not detectable starting from 2 weeks postinjection. These observations were confirmed ex vivo by quantifying 22Na radioactivity using γ-counter and silicon content using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in the blood and the different organs of interest. Quantification of Si content in the urine and feces revealed that SiNPs accumulated in the organs were cleared from the body within a period of 2 weeks and completely in 1 month. Biocompatibility evaluations performed during the 1-month follow-up study to assess the possibility of synthesized nanocarriers to induce oxidative stress or DNA damage confirmed their safety for pre-clinical applications. 22Na-loaded nanocarriers can thus provide an innovative diagnostic agent allowing ultra-sensitive positron emission tomography imaging. On the other hand, with its long lifetime, onsite generators or cyclotrons will not be required as 22Na can be easily stored in the nuclear medicine department and be used on-demand. Keywords: silica nanoparticles, sodium-22, radiotracer, biodistribution, noninvasive PET imaging, biocompatibility, nanomedicine

Electron beam quality is paramount for X-ray pulse production in free-electron-lasers (FELs). State-of-the-art linear accelerators (linacs) can deliver multi-GeV electron beams with sufficient quality for hard X-ray-FELs, albeit requiring km-scale setups, whereas plasma-based accelerators can produce multi-GeV electron beams on metre-scale distances, and begin to reach beam qualities sufficient for EUV FELs. Here we show, that electron beams from plasma photocathodes many orders of magnitude brighter than state-of-the-art can be generated in plasma wakefield accelerators (PWFAs), and then extracted, captured, transported and injected into undulators without significant quality loss. These ultrabright, sub-femtosecond electron beams can drive hard X-FELs near the cold beam limit to generate coherent X-ray pulses of attosecond-Angstrom class, reaching saturation after only 10 metres of undulator. This plasma-X-FEL opens pathways for advanced photon science capabilities, such as unperturbed observation of electronic motion inside atoms at their natural time and length scale, and towards higher photon energies.

The films of P(4ClAni)/CuO, which formed of mixing poly 4-chloroaniline P(4ClAni) by CuO, were fabricated by the casting solution method. The XRD confirmed the successful prepration of the P(4ClAni)/CuO films. Additionally, the effect of CuO on the optical characteristics was determined. The CuO increased the refractive index from 1.09 for P(4ClAni) to 1.11 for P(4ClAni)/CuO-1, and 1.19 for P(4ClAni)/CuO-3, respectively, while the oscillation energy E0 dropped from 4.29 eV for P(4ClAni) to 3.57 eV for P(4ClAni)/CuO-1, 3.12 eV for P(4ClAni)/CuO-2, and 3.06 eV for P(4ClAni)/CuO-3. The charge transfer between P(4ClAni) and CuO increased optical conductivity as the CuO ratios increased. This suggests that modifications in the electronic structure of the composite due to the interactions between P(4ClAni) and CuO. Also, the plasma frequency increased from 0.87 x 1012 s−1 to 2.32 x 1012 s−1. These changes in optical parameters occurred when the polarization of the P(4ClAni)/CuO was altered. The study elucidated the advantages of incorporating CuO nanoparticles as fillers in improving the properties of P(4ClAni) structures. The obtained results indicate the P(4ClAni)/CuO composites were sucessfuly fabricated with novel characteristics that can be applied in flexible optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the critical behavior analysis and predicting magnetocaloric properties of La0.6-xGdxSr0.4MnO3 manganites, focusing on the impact of varying gadolinium (Gd) doping levels (x = 0, 0.0125, 0.05, and 0.10). Using modified Arrott plots (MAPs) and the Kouvel–Fisher method, the critical exponents γ and β were determined, yielding values that indicate how Gd content influences magnetic phase transitions. Additionally, the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was analyzed to assess the magnetic entropy change − Δ S M (T) and the Temperature-Averaged Entropy Change (TEC) across different magnetic field changes. The results show that increasing Gd doping enhances the magnetocaloric response, suggesting potential applications in magnetic refrigeration. Overall, the study provides insights into optimizing these manganites for applications in high-temperature sensors, spintronics, and magnetic cooling. Highlights: Using modified Arrott plots (MAPs) and the Kouvel–Fisher method, the critical exponents γ and β of La0.6-xGdxSr0.4MnO3 (x = 0, 0.0125, 0.05, and 0.10) manganites were derived. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was analyzed to assess the magnetic entropy change − Δ S M (T) and the Temperature-Averaged Entropy Change (TEC) across different magnetic field changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, there are significant concerns about the steadily rising energy demand and depletion of conservative fuels. Water electrolysis provides hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a fuel with a highest energy conversion efficiency and gravimetric energy density. In future, hydrogen fuel will take the place of conventional fossil fuels, which are polluting the environment. For a greater range of energy generation devices, the highly appropriate, affordable electrocatalyst for OER is significant. In present work, a NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite was fabricated via hydrothermal process for OER electrochemical studies under 1.0 M KOH. The fabricated materials were verified by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray. Because of its distinct shape, nanocomposite has more surface area, which results in more active pores with lots of potential for transfer of charge and prolonged material stability. The surface area of NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite determined through BET was 51 m2/g, i.e., higher than that of NbSe2, thus providing greater number of active sites for OER performance. The electrocatalytic performance results represented that pure NbSe2 nanosheets revealed a higher Tafel slope (51 mV/dec), conversely, NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite represented lower Tafel slope (36 mV/dec) respectively and efficient durability for 60 h with minor alternation in current density for long time period. As a consequence, the created nanocomposite proves to be an effective electrocatalyst for OER and energy conversion applications. Highlights: The NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite was prepared with the help of Hydrothermal technique. The Bruner–Emmett–Teller (BET) results showed large number of active pores and big surface area. The electrochemical testing of nanocomposite was performed via using 1.0 M KOH alkaline medium using 3 electrode system. The electrochemical results of NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite were acquired for efficient OER process. The electrocatalytic results showed that NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite possessed Overpotential 199 mV and Tafel slope 36 mV/dec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the composite P(4ClAni)/CuO, which consists of Poly(4-Chloroaniline) P(4ClAni) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, was successfully synthesized utilizing a chemically oxidative polymerization approach to be applied in optoelectronics. Both FTIR and EDX analyses showed that CuO has been successfully integrated into the P(4ClAni) matrix. The SEM micrographs reveal uniform loading and distribution of CuO throughout the P(4ClAni) polymeric chains. The UV–Vis absorbance, the Urbach energy, the band edge and a number of carbon clusters were determined. The Tauc relationship was used to determine the band gaps, which revealed a decrease as the CuO concentration increased. The band gap drops from 3.84eV for P(4ClAni) to 3.09, 2.85, and 2.64eV, correspondingly for P(4ClAni)/CuO-1, P(4ClAni)/CuO-2, and P(4ClAni)/CuO-3. While, the Urbach tail is increased from 1.66eV for P(4ClAni) correspondingly to 1.81, 1.85, and 1.93eV. The results show composites made of P(4ClAni)/CuO have better optical characteristics than pure polymer P(4ClAni), suggesting that they can use these composites in optoelectronics devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Isorhamnetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, holds paramount importance as a primary constituent within several medicinal plants, exhibiting profound pharmacological significance. The aim of this study is to investigate the pain-relieving attributes of isorhamnetin in murine models through both formalin-induced pain and diabetic neuropathy scenarios. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To achieve our objective, isorhamnetin was orally administered to mice at varying dosage levels (10 to 100 mg/ kg). Pain-related behaviors were assessed using the formalin test during its secondary phase. Additionally, the potential pain-alleviating effect of isorhamnetin was evaluated in a diabetic neuropathy model induced by streptozotocin. Additionally, we carried out advanced interventions using naloxone, which is a well-known antagonist of opioid receptors, yohimbine, which blocks a2-adrenergic receptors, and methy-sergide, which inhibits serotonergic receptors, during the formalin test. RESULTS: The oral intake of isorhamne-tin showed a decrease in behaviors associated with pain that was proportional to the dose observed during the second phase of the formalin test when induced by formalin. In the diabetic neuropathy model, isorhamnetin administration effectively reversed the reduced pain threshold observed. Notably, naloxone, the opioid receptor antagonist, effectively counteracted the pain-relieving effect produced by isorhamne-tin in the formalin test, whereas yohimbine and methysergide did not yield similar outcomes. Isorhamnetin also led to a reduction in elevated spinal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) levels triggered by formalin, with this effect reversed by pre-treatment with naloxone. The compound also suppressed heightened spinal phosphory-lated CREB (p-CREB) levels caused by diabetic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: This research determined that isorhamnetin has notable abilities to relieve pain in models of formalin-induced pain and diabetic neuropathy. The pain-relieving mechanism of isorhamnetin in the formalin-induced pain model seems to be connected to the activation of spinal opioid receptors and the adjustment of CrEb protein amounts. This insight improves our knowledge of how isorhamnetin could be used therapeutically to treat pain conditions stemming from formalin-induced pain and diabetic neuropathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of the following glass system 75Li2B4O7-10CdO-(15-x)BaO- xTm2O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) mol.% has been fabricated using a traditional melt quenching procedure. The density of the synthesis samples has been measured and it enhanced with the rising Tm2O3 content. All the fabricated specimens form glass and the amorphous state have been confirmed the XRD. The spectroscopic investigation indicates an increase in the energy gap from 3.08 to 3.25 eV with increasing Tm2O3 concentrations. The refractive index, basicity and static and infinity of dielectric constant were taken place of present investigated. The ultrasonic velocities of the prepared glasses are increased. Consequently, the elastic modulus of glasses has been enhanced. MCNP5, XCOM, and Phy-X/PSD code were used to characterize the efficiency of the fabricated glass against gamma radiation. Indeed, an increase in Tm2O3 content in samples correlated with an increase in MAC values. Consequently, the gamma-radiation attenuation rate of the samples was enhanced by the addition of Tm2O3, and the protective qualities were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]