Search

This dataset comprises a comprehensive collection of tweets pertaining to Assets of Cultural Interest along the French Way in Castilla y León, spanning from January 1, 2009, to March 24, 2023. Assembled with the aid of the twarc2 Python package and academic access credentials, the dataset provides raw, unprocessed data for each cultural landmark, featuring a wide array of fields including text, date, language as identified by Twitter, author, number of retweets, and more., The authors would like to acknowledge the support and funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through its networks of excellence HAR2017-90883-REDC and RED2018-102518-T, and the project PID2020118906GB-I00, as well as from the Regional Government of Castilla y León - Department of Education (BDNS 425389), and the FWO-WOG (W001220N). Additionally, this work has been partially funded by the European Social Fund, through the predoctoral contract awarded to Silvia Díaz de la Fuente by the Department of Education of the Regional Government of Castilla y León. We acknowledge Santander Supercomputacion support group at the University of Cantabria who provided access to the supercomputer Altamira Supercomputer at the Institute of Physics of Cantabria (IFCA-CSIC), member of the Spanish Supercomputing Network, for performing processing work.

La presente tesis doctoral analiza y cataloga la presencia de elementos heráldicos en la arquitectura civil y cívico-religiosa (colegios y hospitales) en la ciudad de Burgos entre 1450 y 1850. Este estudio se articula alfabéticamente dentro de cada centuria a través de los linajes representados en los respectivos escudos de armas. Para un correcto conocimiento de estos blasones y de los linajes a los que corresponden ha sido necesario y oportuno el análisis comparado de los dos armoriales medievales y modernos, conservados en la ciudad de Burgos, correspondientes a las cofradías de Santiago y de Nuestra Señora Santa María de Gamonal. La combinación de los conocimientos extraídos en sendos estudios se complementa con la redacción de un tercer apartado en el que se exponen y analizan 17 de los linajes presentes en la heráldica civil y cívico-religiosa de la ciudad de Burgos entre los citados años 1450 y 1850. Hemos considerado esencial, para una mejor comprensión de la heráldica y los linajes a los que corresponde dedicar un apartado a sintetizar, al menos someramente, los contextos político, económico y socio-cultural, inexcusables de un estudio histórico-artístico como el aquí dispuesto., This doctoral thesis analyzes and catalogs the presence of heraldic elements in civil and civic-religious architecture (schools and hospitals) in the city of Burgos between 1450 and 1850. This study is articulated alphabetically within each century through the lineages represented in the respective coats of arms. For a correct knowledge of these coats of arms and the lineages to which they correspond, a comparative analysis of the two medieval and modern armories, preserved in the city of Burgos, corresponding to the brotherhoods of Santiago and Nuestra Señora Santa María de Gamonal, has been necessary and appropriate. The knowledge combination drawn from in both studies is complemented by the writing of a third section in which 17 of the lineages present in the civil and civic-religious heraldry of the city of Burgos between the previously mentioned years 1450 and 1850 are exposed an analyzed. We have considered that it’s essential, for a better understanding of heraldry and the corresponding lineages, to dedicate a section to synthesize, at least briefly, the political, economic and socio-cultural contexts, unavoidable from a historical-artistic study such as the one provided here.

Esta tesis doctoral centra su estudio en los Bienes de Interés Cultural (BIC) localizados en el Camino de Santiago Francés a su paso por la comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León, desde la perspectiva de las Humanidades Digitales. El objetivo es analizar estos bienes culturales sistemática, detallada, cuantitativa y cualitativamente para profundizar en su gestión y valorización, contribuyendo así al campo de la Gestión del Patrimonio Cultural. Los objetivos específicos abarcan la síntesis de los elementos clave tanto del Patrimonio Cultural y su gestión como del Camino de Santiago, el análisis bibliométrico de estudios sobre el Camino de Santiago, la elaboración de una base de datos detallada de dichos Bienes de Interés Cultural y el estudio de la gestión, protección y enfoque turístico de estos. Además, se evalúa también el papel de herramientas digitales en la investigación de la huella digital de los Bienes de Interés Cultural, facilitando datos cruciales para la toma de decisiones en su gestión. La tesis se enmarca en una metodología interdisciplinar que combina Humanidades Digitales, Ciencia Social Computacional y análisis de Sistemas Complejos, ofreciendo un panorama integrado, combinando diversas perspectivas que hasta ahora habían sido tratadas de manera aislada. Al integrar aspectos históricos, artísticos, turísticos y digitales, el trabajo proporciona una perspectiva holística de cómo estos diferentes elementos interactúan y contribuyen a la gestión y valorización del patrimonio. Este enfoque multidimensional permite a los gestores del Patrimonio Cultural, académicos y responsables políticos obtener una comprensión más completa y matizada, facilitando la toma de decisiones informadas y la implementación de estrategias más efectivas. La investigación aborda específicamente el impacto digital en la gestión del patrimonio, utilizando herramientas como Twitter, Google News y Google Trends para analizar la huella digital del Camino de Santiago. Esta exploración, This doctoral thesis focuses its study on the Assets of Cultural Interest (BIC) located on the French Way of Saint James as it passes through the autonomous community of Castile and Leon, from the perspective of Digital Humanities. The objective is to analyze these cultural assets systematically, in detail, quantitatively and qualitatively in order to deepen their management and valorization, thus contributing to the field of Cultural Heritage Management. The specific objectives include the synthesis of the key elements of Cultural Heritage and its management as well as the Way of Saint James, the bibliometric analysis of studies on the Way of Saint James, the development of a detailed database of the Assets of Cultural Interest and the study of the management, protection and tourism approach of these. In addition, the role of digital tools in the investigation of the digital footprint of the Assets of Cultural Interest is also evaluated, providing crucial data for decisión-making in their management. The thesis is framed in an interdisciplinary methodology that combines Digital Humanities, Computational Social Science and Complex Systems analysis, offering an integrated view, combining different perspectives that until now had been treated in isolation. By integrating historical, artistic, tourism and digital aspects, the work provides a holistic perspective of how these different elements interact and contribute to heritage management and enhancement. This multidimensional approach enables cultural heritage managers, academics and policy makers to gain a more complete and nuanced understanding, facilitating informed decision-making and the implementation of more effective strategies. The research specifically addresses the digital impact on heritage management, using tools such as Twitter, Google News and Google Trends to analyze the digital footprint of the Way of Saint James. This pioneering exploration provides valuable insights into how digital technologies ar

Tesis doctoral con Mención Internacional, Los diversos estudios que sobre la reginalidad medieval se han realizado en los últimos años permiten vislumbrar la existencia de un modelo ideal de reina. Este arquetipo se encuentra caracterizado por una serie de virtudes, acciones y actitudes con las que la primera dama del reino debía identificarse. El presente trabajo pretende analizar estos arquetipos que las reinas medievales estaban llamadas a personificar, para descubrir su puesta en práctica en un conjunto de mujeres pertenecientes a la familia Plantagenet: Aliénor de Aquitania (1122-1204), Matilda Plantagenet (1156-1189), Eleanor Plantagenet (1160-1214), Joanna Plantagenet (1165-1199), Berenguela de Castilla (1180-1246) y Blanca de Castilla (1188-1252). Todas ellas formaron parte de una de las familias más influyentes de la Europa pleno medieval, extendiendo su dominio y su actividad política por la geografía europea. Las alianzas matrimoniales en las que estas mujeres de la alta nobleza y la realeza estaban implicadas contribuyeron a la creación de una cultura cortesana común, en la que el papel de la reina se fue definiendo y adquiriendo unas características propias., The various studies on medieval queenship that have been published in recent years provide a glimpse of the existence of an ideal model of queen. This model is characterised by a series of virtues, actions and attitudes with which the first lady of the kingdom should identified with. The present work aims to analyse these archetypes that medieval queens were called upon to personify, in order to discover, secondly, the acceptance and implementation of these archetypes, or their transgression, in a group of women belonging to the Plantagenet family: Aliénor of Aquitaine (1122-1204), Matilda Plantagenet (1156-1189), Eleanor Plantagenet (1160-1214), Joanna Plantagenet (1165-1199), Berenguela of Castile (1180-1246) and Blanche of Castile (1188-1252). They were all part of one of the most influential families in high medieval Europe, extending their dominion and political activity throughout Europe. The marriage alliances in which these noble and royal women participated, contributed to the creation of a common court culture, in which the role of the queen was gradually being defined and acquiring its own characteristics.

Se estudian las vidrieras de la Catedral de Astorga a partir de dos ejemplos representativos: la Aparición de Jesús resucitado a la Virgen María y el Apóstol San Simón (ss. XVI-XVIII). Se realizó su estudio histórico-artístico y el arqueométrico de una selección de fragmentos de vidrio, con el fin de obtener información sobre su tecnología de producción. El estudio arqueométrico consistió en la determinación de la composición química de los vidrios, la caracterización de sus cromóforos y el estudio de las grisallas. Se determinaron distintos tipos de vidrio, lo que permitió establecer su posible cronología, y diversos cromóforos y grisallas de sombreado y de contorno. El análisis crítico de los datos histórico-artísticos y los arqueométricos puso de manifiesto convergencias y divergencias de datación así como restauraciones anteriores que ubicaron fragmentos en posiciones inadecuadas., The stained glass windows of the Astorga Cathedral have been studied from two representative examples: the windows of the Aparición de Jesús resucitado a la Virgen María and the Apóstol San Simón (16th-18th centuries A.D.). The historic and artistic study of such stained glass windows was accomplished and a selection of glass fragments was used to undertake the archaeometric study in order to obtain information on their production technology. Chemical composition of glasses, chromophores characterization and study of grisailles contributed to the archaeometric objectives. Different types of glasses, chromophores and grisailles were determined, which allowed the establishment of their possible chronology. Critical analysis of historical, artistic and archaeometric data demonstrated both convergences and divergences on chronology of glasses as well as the inadequate reusing of glass fragments during past restorations., Estudaram-se os vitrais da Catedral de Astorga a partir de dois exemplos representativos: a Aparição de Jesus Ressuscitado à Virgem Maria e o Apóstolo São Simão (séculos XVI-XVIII). Realizou-se o estudo histórico-artístico e arqueométrico de uma seleção de fragmentos de vidro, a fim de se obterem informações sobre a sua tecnologia de produção. O estudo arqueométrico consistiu na determinação da composição química dos vidros, na caracterização dos seus cromóforos e no estudo das grisalhas. Foram determinados distintos tipos de vidro, o que permitiu estabelecer a sua possível cronologia, e diversos cromóforos e grisalhas de sombreado e contorno. A análise crítica dos dados histórico-artísticos e dos arqueométricos revelou convergências e divergências de datação assim como restauros anteriores de fragmentos em posições inadequadas., Los autores agradecen a la Comunidad de Madrid y Fondos Estructurales (FSE y FEDER) la financiación del programa Geomateriales 2 ref. S2013/MIT-2914. Asimismo, agradecen el apoyo profesional de TechnoHeritage, Red de Ciencia y Tecnología para la Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural.

En el año 2007 se culminó el proceso de restauración integral de las vidrieras que cierran los ventanales de la Sala Capitular del Claustro de S. Fernando del Real Monasterio de Santa María la Real de las Huelgas de Burgos. Un vidrio rojo, de características peculiares, extraído durante el proceso de conservación-restauración de una de las vidrieras, se ha caracterizado mediante las técnicas de Microscopía óptica de luz reflejada (MOLR), Microscopía electrónica de emisión de campo (MEEC), Fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX), Emisión de rayos X inducidos por partículas (PIXE) y Microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET) para conocer su composición química y su estructura. Los análisis realizados por las técnicas de FRX y PIXE permiten comprobar la buena concordancia que existe entre los resultados. El vidrio analizado presenta una sección transversal muy original, formada por un vidrio soporte ligeramente verdoso y múltiples capas de color rojo, característico de los siglos XIII y XIV. El análisis mediante micro-PIXE en cámara de vacío ha permitido obtener información sobre la distribución en profundidad de los elementos que lo componen., In the year 2007 the process of conservation-restoration of the windows of the apostles that close the windows of the Chapter Hall of Cloister of S. Fernando del Real Monasterio de Santa María la Real de las Huelgas de Burgos was completed the process. A red glass obtained from the process of conservation and restoration has been characterized by Optical microscopy by light reflected (OMLR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X ray fluorescence espectrpmetry (XRF), Particle induced X ray emission (PIXE), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to identify the chemical composition and structure. Chemical analys by XRF and PIXE are in the good agreement. The studied glass has a very original cross section, consisting of a lightly greenish glass holder and multilayers of red glass, characteristic of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. A elemental mapping of the cross-section showing the distribution of elements in the glass has been obtained by micro PIXE analysis in a vacuum chamber.

Controlled laser irradiation parameters using recently developed sub-nanosecond pulsed laser technology with emission wavelength in the near Infrared regime (1064 nm) have been assessed on a Pleistocene bone from the archaeological site of Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. Burst pulse mode was employed to explore contaminant removal efciency, while at the same time, assessing the degree of damage produced to the underlying original substrate surface. The surface morphology and composition of the deteriorated bone have been characterized, along with the efects of laser irradiation at 1064 nm, using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy–with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM–EDS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The most efective laser cleaning parameters in burst mode have been identifed in order to optimize the emission parameters of the laser, thus localizing its interaction within the outermost layers of contaminants and degradation products, avoiding damage to the underlying original bone surface. Hence, threshold cleaning and substrate damage values have been determined for this new sub-ns laser, paving the way to safer laser cleaning procedures that may be useful for the efective conservation of bone archaeological artifacts., Project funded by H2020-MSCA-ITN-EJD/ED-ARCHMAT action under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement, No 766311.

Trabajo presentado en VII Jornadas de Doctorandos de la Universidad de Burgos, abril de 2022, Burgos., Este trabajo presenta un estudio inicial sobre el impacto del Camino de Santiago en la literatura científica, más específicamente, en las tesis doctorales. En concreto, se aporta un análisis descriptivo de los datos más significativos de todas aquellas tesis doctorales que guardan alguna relación con el Camino de Santiago y que han sido defendidas en España hasta finales del año 2021. En particular, los datos considerados incluyen el momento y lugar de defensa de cada tesis, así como sus descriptores temáticos —códigos UNESCO—. Para la recopilación de estos datos se ha consultado la base de datos TESEO, el repositorio del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte en el que se almacenan todas las tesis doctorales españolas., Los autores agradecen el apoyo y financiación del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación a través de sus redes de excelencia (HAR2017-90883-REDC and RED2018-102518-T) y del proyecto PID2020-118906GB-I00, y de la Junta de Castilla y León – Consejería de Educación (BDNS 425389). Asimismo, este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el Fondo Social Europeo, a través de la concesión del contrato predoctoral de Silvia Díaz de la Fuente por medio de la Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León.

The aim of this research work was to conduct a comparative study on the effectiveness of the application of chemical cleaning versus laser cleaning in the removal of surface congruent dissolution products from a potash-lime–silica historical stained-glass sample. EDTA was selected as the chemical cleaning agent. Laser cleaning was performed using a 238 fs pulse UV (343 nm) laser. The comparative cleaning studies were carried out on a stained-glass piece supplied by the Maison Lorin Glass Restoration Workshop from Chartres, France. Given the complex nature, irregular thickness and heterogeneity of the encrustations found on the glass, the two cleaning approaches were carefully performed step by step, while monitoring the process using an optical microscope. Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the changes induced on the sample surface during the cleaning process. The results demonstrate that the two cleaning approaches were able to eliminate the outer surface dark layer associated with carbon compounds, as well as the external part of the white layer generated by the crystallization of salts, formed with the dissolved elements after a reaction with the air. A comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each method is also presented., This research was funded by the H2020-MSCA-ITN-EJD/ED-ARCHMAT action under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 766311. The authors acknowledge the partial support obtained from Gobierno de Aragón (research group T54_20R).

Laser irradiation enables the removal of unwanted surface deposits from different materials in a safe and controllable manner. Laser parameters should be carefully selected to achieve the removal of the target contaminants without inducing damage to the substrate. Ultra-short pulse lasers have opened new opportunities for safe and controlled decontamination of cultural heritage materials because the thickness of material that is affected by the laser is limited. In this study, an ultraviolet femtosecond pulsed laser was used for the removal of unwanted encrustation formed on the surface of an historical colourless stainedglass sample from the Cuenca Cathedral in Spain. One of the sides of this glass exhibits a reddish-brown grisaille that also has to be preserved. A laser cleaning process has been designed to avoid heat accumulation while controlling the thickness of ablated material. In this context, a multi-step process was selected in order to be able to eliminate, in a controlled way, the crust layer without damaging the grisaille layer, or the glass substrate. In this case, laser irradiation in beam scanning mode with a pulse repetition frequency of 10 kHz proved to be effective for the safe cleaning of the glass. The latter was analysed before and after laser cleaning by optical and confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy, confirming that the crust layer was effectively eliminated without damaging the surface., This work was supported by H2020-MSCA-ITN-EJD/ED-ARCHMAT action under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 766311. Partial support is obtained from Gobierno de Aragón (research group T54_20R). The use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación at the University of Zaragoza is acknowledged. This work has been performed in the framework of the Unidad Asociada de I+D+I al CSIC “Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC)”, by INMA (CSIC-University of Zaragoza) and University of Burgos.

The impact of wavelength and pulse duration in laser cleaning of hard blackish contaminants crust from archaeologically significant Pleistocene bone is investigated in this research. The objective is to determine the practical cleaning procedures and identify adequate laser parameters for cleaning archaeological bone from Sima de los Huesos (Spain) based on conservation and restoration perspectives. Bone surface cleaning was performed utilizing two Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers: subnanosecond pulsed lasers with emission wavelengths at 355 nm and 1064 nm, respectively, and a Yb:KGW femtosecond pulsed laser with an emission wavelength in the third harmonic at 343 nm. In all experiments, the laser beam scanning mode was applied to measure cleaning efficiency in removing contaminants and degradation products while assessing the underlying substrate surface damage. Several properties, including wavelength-dependent absorption, pulse repetition rate, and thermal properties of the material, are analyzed when evaluating the ability of these lasers to boost the cleaning efficiency of the deteriorated bone surface. Bone surface morphology and composition were studied and compared before and after laser irradiation, using Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterization methods. The results indicate that 238-femtosecond UV laser irradiation with 2.37 TWcm−2 is significantly safer and more efficient toward surface contaminant desorption than sub-nanosecond laser irradiation. The results herein presented suggest that these types of fs lasers may be considered for realistic laser conservation of valuable historic and archaeological museum artifacts., This research was funded by the H2020-MSCA-ITN-EJD/ED-ARCHMAT action funding under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement, No 766311. The Atapuerca research project is financed by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, grant no. PID2021-122355NB-C31/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FED ER.UE. Fieldwork at the Atapuerca sites is funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and the Fundación Atapuerca. The archaeological materials presented in this work were made available by the Laboratory of Human Evolution of the University of Burgos, in close collaboration with the “Colección Museística de Castilla y León” of the Junta de Castilla y León, and Museo de la Evolución Humana (Burgos); we acknowledge Juan Luis Arsuaga for the permit to analyze the sample. The use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación and the National Facility ELECMI ICTS, node “Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas” at the University of Zaragoza is acknowledged. Partial support was obtained from Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento of Gobierno de Aragón “Construyendo Europa desde Aragón” (research group T54_20R). This work is part of the ongoing collaboration between INMA (CSIC-University of Zaragoza) and the University of Burgos, under the auspices of Unidad Asociada de I+D+I al CSIC “Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC)”.

Stained-glass windows play an important role in cultural heritage. Human and environmental factors have subjected these pieces to risks of damage. Mechanical and chemical-based cleaning methods have been used for their restoration and conservation. Additionally, short-pulse lasers have opened new opportunities for safe and controlled cleaning and restoration of these important materials. In this work, ultra-short pulsed lasers were used to clean an artificially applied coating from the surface of a contemporary colorless glass frequently used in the restoration of stained-glass windows. One of the objectives was to explore the applicability of using these types of lasers to safely clean historical stained-glass windows. It was observed that temperature rise and subsequent heat accumulation in the coating layer being removed was sufficient to generate significant thermal stresses on the underlying glass surface leading to damages even when the laser energies are lower than the damage thresholds. Some laser treatments that limit this heat accumulation were designed in this study. For laser systems operating at frequencies in the range of several hundreds of kHz, the option was to work in burst mode, limiting the number of pulses in each burst and selecting an adequate time lapse between two consecutive burst runs. A method to uniformly clean a given surface is proposed in this work. When lower frequencies are available, treatments using frequencies lower than 20 kHz are enough to safely clean the glass. When UV laser radiation is used, optical damage is also an important aspect to be considered. In this case, the cleaning protocol has to deal with both issues, to avoid heat accumulation and chemical damage., The authors acknowledge funding support from H2020-MSCA-ITN-EJD/ED-ARCHMAT action under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 766311. Partial support is obtained from Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento of Gobierno de Aragón “Construyendo Europa desde Aragón” (research group T54_20R). This work is being performed under the framework of the Unidad Asociada de I+D+I al CSIC “Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC)”, INMA (CSIC-University of Zaragoza) and the University of Burgos.

This work reports on studies aimed to evaluate the utilization of ultrashort 238 fs (fs) pulsed UV laser emission at 343 nm for eliminating colored crusts and surface deposits on significant Cretaceous flint surfaces, in an attempt to safeguard its aesthetic appearance and archaeological value. The results indicate that fs UV lasers may be an ideal, non-contact tool for selective surface cleaning of sensitive archaeological artefacts, since they enable contaminant desorption while avoiding photothermal damage.

The impact of wavelength and pulse duration in laser cleaning of hard blackish contaminants crust from archaeologically significant Pleistocene bone is investigated in this research. The objective is to determine the practical cleaning procedures and identify adequate laser parameters for cleaning archaeological bone from Sima de los Huesos (Spain) based on conservation and restoration perspectives. Bone surface cleaning was performed utilizing two Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers: sub-nanosecond pulsed lasers with emission wavelengths at 355 nm and 1064 nm, respectively, and a Yb:KGW femtosecond pulsed laser with an emission wavelength in the third harmonic at 343 nm. In all experiments, the laser beam scanning mode was applied to measure cleaning efficiency in removing contaminants and degradation products while assessing the underlying substrate surface damage. Several properties, including wavelength-dependent absorption, pulse repetition rate, and thermal properties of the material, are analyzed when evaluating the ability of these lasers to boost the cleaning efficiency of the deteriorated bone surface. Bone surface morphology and composition were studied and compared before and after laser irradiation, using Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterization methods. The results indicate that 238-femtosecond UV laser irradiation with 2.37 TWcm−2 is significantly safer and more efficient toward surface contaminant desorption than sub-nanosecond laser irradiation. The results herein presented suggest that these types of fs lasers may be considered for realistic laser conservation of valuable historic and archaeological museum artifacts.

The aim of this research work was to conduct a comparative study on the effectiveness of the application of chemical cleaning versus laser cleaning in the removal of surface congruent dissolution products from a potash-lime–silica historical stained-glass sample. EDTA was selected as the chemical cleaning agent. Laser cleaning was performed using a 238 fs pulse UV (343 nm) laser. The comparative cleaning studies were carried out on a stained-glass piece supplied by the Maison Lorin Glass Restoration Workshop from Chartres, France. Given the complex nature, irregular thickness and heterogeneity of the encrustations found on the glass, the two cleaning approaches were carefully performed step by step, while monitoring the process using an optical microscope. Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the changes induced on the sample surface during the cleaning process. The results demonstrate that the two cleaning approaches were able to eliminate the outer surface dark layer associated with carbon compounds, as well as the external part of the white layer generated by the crystallization of salts, formed with the dissolved elements after a reaction with the air. A comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each method is also presented.

Laser irradiation enables the removal of unwanted surface deposits from different materials in a safe and controllable manner. Laser parameters should be carefully selected to achieve the removal of the target contaminants without inducing damage to the substrate. Ultra-short pulse lasers have opened new opportunities for safe and controlled decontamination of cultural heritage materials because the thickness of material that is affected by the laser is limited. In this study, an ultraviolet femtosecond pulsed laser was used for the removal of unwanted encrustation formed on the surface of an historical colourless stained-glass sample from the Cuenca Cathedral in Spain. One of the sides of this glass exhibits a reddish-brown grisaille that also has to be preserved. A laser cleaning process has been designed to avoid heat accumulation while controlling the thickness of ablated material. In this context, a multi-step process was selected in order to be able to eliminate, in a controlled way, the crust layer without damaging the grisaille layer, or the glass substrate. In this case, laser irradiation in beam scanning mode with a pulse repetition frequency of 10 kHz proved to be effective for the safe cleaning of the glass. The latter was analysed before and after laser cleaning by optical and confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy, confirming that the crust layer was effectively eliminated without damaging the surface.

[EN] Stained-glass windows form an important part of cultural heritage. Short pulse lasers open new opportunities for safe decontamination. In this work, and for the first time, the interaction of sub-nanosecond and femtosecond pulsed lasers with some contemporary stained-glasses has been analyzed exploring their applicability to safely clean stained-glass windows. The results show that, in these materials, damage can be induced using energy levels below damage thresholds due to the heat accumulation in the coating layer that is being eliminated. The latter generates significant thermal stresses on the glass volume, which induce crack formation. In consequence, in order to apply safe stained-glass cleaning protocols, laser parameters have to be selected to control the temperature increase within this layer. To achieve the latter goal, two alternative irradiation procedures were explored in this work. As a first option, a reduction of the effective pulse repetition frequency to values lower than 20 kHz was applied. A second alternative was used for lasers with pulse repetition rates in the hundreds of kHz. In this case, the burst mode was employed controlling the number of pulses emitted and combined with an adequate time lapse selection between two consecutive burst runs. A proof of concept demonstration was carried out on a stained-glass sample from the Cathedral of Cuenca, dated at the end of the XV century., [ES] Las vidrieras constituyen un elemento esencial de nuestro patrimonio cultural. Los láseres de pulsos ultracortos ofrecen nuevas oportunidades para desarrollar procesos de restauración seguros. En este trabajo, por primera vez, se estudia la interacción de láseres pulsados emitiendo pulsos en el rango de los subnanosegundos y femtosegundos con piezas de vidrieras contemporáneas, con el fin de explorar la posibilidad de desarrollar procesos seguros de restauración de vidrieras. Los resultados muestran que, en estos materiales, incluso trabajando con niveles de energía por debajo de los umbrales de daño, se puede generar deterioro por la acumulación de calor generada en la capa que se está eliminando, lo cual puede generar niveles de tensiones térmicas que provocan la ruptura del vidrio. Por tanto, para desarrollar protocolos de limpieza seguros, los parámetros de procesado deben escogerse de tal manera que se minimice la temperatura que se alcanza en esta capa. Se han explorado dos alternativas. Una es reducir la frecuencia de trabajo hasta valores por debajo de los 20 kHz. En el caso de láseres que trabajen a frecuencias más elevadas, la alternativa es trabajar en modo burst, limitando el número de pulsos en cada serie y estableciendo tiempos de espera entre dos series. Estas ideas se han aplicado sobre una pieza de vidriera de la Catedral de Cuenca de finales del siglo XV.

Controlled laser irradiation parameters using recently developed sub-nanosecond pulsed laser technology with emission wavelength in the near Infrared regime (1064 nm) have been assessed on a Pleistocene bone from the archaeological site of Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. Burst pulse mode was employed to explore contaminant removal efficiency, while at the same time, assessing the degree of damage produced to the underlying original substrate surface. The surface morphology and composition of the deteriorated bone have been characterized, along with the effects of laser irradiation at 1064 nm, using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy–with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM–EDS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The most effective laser cleaning parameters in burst mode have been identified in order to optimize the emission parameters of the laser, thus localizing its interaction within the outermost layers of contaminants and degradation products, avoiding damage to the underlying original bone surface. Hence, threshold cleaning and substrate damage values have been determined for this new sub-ns laser, paving the way to safer laser cleaning procedures that may be useful for the effective conservation of bone archaeological artifacts.

Trabajo mencionado a la III edición del Premio Luis Martínez García al mejor TFG, El realismo socialista es la doctrina que controlaba cualquier expresión artística bajo el régimen estalinista, implantada primero en la Unión Soviética, y extendida después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial al este de Europa y parte de Asia. A partir de un caso muy concreto, Varsovia, se estudian las características formales del estilo en arquitectura, los ejemplos más destacados desde 1949 hasta 1956; y su situación actual, en un momento en el que se cuestiona su valor como patrimonio, y que sigue determinando la identidad de una ciudad resucitada., Socialist realism is the doctrine that controlled every artistic expression under the Stalinist regime, established first in the Soviet Union, and spread after the Second World War to Eastern Europe and part of Asia. From a very specific case, Warsaw, there will be shown the formal characteristics of the style in architecture, the most prominent examples from 1949 to 1956; and its current situation, in a moment in which its value as heritage is questioned, and it still determines the identity of a resurrected city., Realizm socjalistyczny to doktryna która kontrolowała każda ekspresję artystyczna w okresie stalinowskiej reżimu, po raz pierwszy pojawiła się w Związku Sowieckim, a po II Wojnie Światowej rozpowszechniła się na Europę Wschodnią i część Azji. Zaczynając od bardzo konkretnego przypadku, Warszawa, bada się formalne cechy stylu w architekturze, najwybitniejsze przykłady z lat 1949-1956, a także jego obecną sytuację w czasach, gdy kwestionuje się jego wartość jako dziedzictwa, które nadal określa tożsamość odradzającego się miasta.

Los láseres de pulso ultracorto han abierto nuevas oportunidades para la descontaminación segura y controlada de los materiales del patrimonio cultural. Este tipo de láseres son controlables, seguros bajo ciertas condiciones de uso y amigables con el medio ambiente, entre otras ventajas. En este trabajo se utilizaron láseres de pulsos ultracortos en el desarrollo de protocolos de limpieza con láser utilizando una serie de vidrieras contemporáneas que se utilizan frecuentemente en restauración; Uno de los objetivos es explorar la aplicabilidad del uso de estos láseres para eliminar de forma segura las incrustaciones de las vidrieras históricas. Se diseñaron protocolos de limpieza con láser que permitieron la eliminación segura y eficaz de las incrustaciones de la superficie del vidrio. Los protocolos establecidos se aplicaron con éxito en la limpieza láser de las vidrieras históricas de la Catedral de Cuenca (España) y la Catedral de Chartres (Francia) sin inducir daño a la capa de grisalla ni al sustrato de vidrio., Ultra-short pulse lasers have opened up new opportunities for safe and controlled decontamination of cultural heritage materials. These types of lasers are controllable, safe under certain condition of use and are environmentally friendly among other advantages. In this work, ultra-short pulsed lasers were utilized in the development of laser cleaning protocols using a series of contemporary stained-glasses frequently used in restoration; one of the objectives being to explore the applicability of using these lasers to safely remove encrustations formed on historical stained-glass windows. Laser cleaning protocols were designed that allowed safe and effective removal of encrustations from the glass surface. The established protocols were successfully applied in the laser cleaning of historical stained-glass windows from Cuenca cathedral (Spain) and Chartres cathedral (France) without inducing damage to the grisaille layer or on the glass substrate., I also express my gratitude for the funding support from H2020-MSCA-ITN-EJD/EDARCHMAT action under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 766311. For the partial support obtained from Gobierno de Aragón “Construyendo Europa desde Aragón” (research group T54_20R) and for the availability and the use of the Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación at the University of Zaragoza. Also to mention and thank the team working under the framework of the Unidad Asociada de I+D+I al CSIC “Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC)”, INMA (CSIC-University of Zaragoza) and the University of Burgos as well as the team at the Université Bordeaux Montaigne France for all the support.

La tecnología láser ha evolucionado rápidamente en las últimas décadas, proporcionando sistemas láser recientemente desarrollados, que son capaces de emitir en una diversidad de longitudes de onda, potencias y duraciones de pulso. Además, los láseres modernos se están volviendo compactos en tamaño y, en muchos casos, portátiles o transportables y sin refrigerante líquidos, lo que allana el camino para su pleno aprovechamiento en muchas aplicaciones, incluidas las que afectan a la restauración del Patrimonio cultural (PC) y la conservación de piezas de museos arqueológicos. Incluso hace tiempo los láseres eran más intensivos, muchos menos compactos y con unas características de emission alejadas de las que ofrecen hoy en día; aparecieron muchos ejemplos en la historiografía y en la restauración de monumentos, demostrando su potencial en el campo del PC. Aunque hoy en día los láseres son objeto de muchos trabajos publicados sobre diferentes piezas arqueológicas y del PC, su uso en estos campos aún necesita más atención y mejoras, particularmente en vista de sus últimos avances tecnológios. En esencia, las últimas ventajas pueden allanar el camino para establecer protocolos de limpieza con láser más seguros que puedan ser fáciles de implementar para la conservación efectiva de superficies frágiles y sensibles. Este trabajo de tesis revisa una amplia gama de aplicaciones de limpieza láser y los regímenes de interacción láser-material que las acompañan y que pueden afectar a la conservación de huesos, piedras, cerámicas y objetos de hierro arqueológicos, en un intento de centrarse en las técnicas metodológicas utilizadas para abordar los desafíos típicos de la limpieza. Dado que a menudo se ha encontrado que los hallazgos publicados son inconsistentes entre sí, se han identificado dificultades para hacer coincidir la idoneidad de un procedimiento de limpieza con láser, con un tipo específico de pieza, lo que sugiere que los resultados de la limpieza con láser dependen de, Laser technology has evolved rapidly over the last decades, providing newly developed laser systems which are capable of emitting in a diversity of wavelengths, powers and pulse durations. In addition, modern lasers are becoming compact in size and, in many cases, portable or transportable and without liquid refrigerants, which paves the way for their full exploitation in many applications, including those which affect restoration of Cultural Heritage (CH) and preservation of Archaeological museum artifacts. Even at the time lasers were more intensive, much less compact and with emission characteristics far from what they offer today, many examples appeared in the literature, and in restoration of monuments, demonstrating their potential in the CH field. Although nowadays lasers are the subject of many published works on different archaeological and CH artifacts, their use in these fields still needs more attention and further improvements, particularly in view of their latest technological advances. In essence, the latter advantages may pave the way to safer laser cleaning protocols that may be easy to implement for the effective conservation of fragile and sensitive surfaces. This thesis work reviews a wide range of laser cleaning applications and the accompanying laser-material interaction regimes that may affect the conservation of archaeological bones, stones, ceramics and iron objects, in an attempt to focus on the methodological techniques used to address typical cleaning challenges. Since published findings have been often found to be inconsistent with each other, difficulties were identified in matching the suitability of a laser cleaning procedure with a specific type of artifact, suggesting that laser cleaning outcomes are case-dependent. Controlled laser irradiation parameters using recently developed femtosecond (fs) and sub-nanosecond pulsed laser technology with an emission wavelength in the near Infrared (1030 nm, 1064 nm), visible (515 nm) and Ultra, At last, I feel pleasure to acknowledge the ED-ARCHMAT project, supported by H2020-MSCA-ITNEJD/ED-ARCHMAT action funding under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement, No 766311. Partial support obtained from Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento of Gobierno de Aragón (research group T54_20R). The Atapuerca research project is financed by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades project PGC 2018-093925-B-C33. Fieldwork at the Atapuerca sites is funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and the Fundación Atapuerca. The archaeological materials presented in this work was made available by the Laboratory of Human Evolution of the University of Burgos, in close collaboration with the "Colección Museística de Castilla y León" of the Junta de Castilla y León, and Museo de la Evolución Humana (Burgos); we acknowledge Professor Juan Luis Arsuaga for the permit to analyze the sample. The use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación and the National Facility ELECMI ICTS, node "Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas" at the University of Zaragoza is acknowledged. This work is part of the ongoing collaboration between INMA (CSIC-University of Zaragoza) and University of Burgos, under the auspices of Unidad Asociada de I+D+I al CSIC “Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC)”.

La colección Maumejean custodiada en el Centro Nacional del Vidrio está catalogada como una de las más importantes colecciones de Arte Decorativo sobre vidrieras del mundo. La Casa Internacional de Vidrieras Maumejean, que desarrolló su actividad durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX, es un referente en el sector de la vidriera con más de cinco mil obras repartidas por todos los continentes. Prestando especial atención a las principales exposiciones -nacionales e internacionales- en las que participaron y el uso de las fuentes bibliográficas basadas en diarios de la época nos introducimos en el entorno artístico y socio-económico de la época en que estuvieron en activo en la Europa occidental. La visión de los talleres vitralistas coetáneos británicos, franceses y centro-europeos, así como los incipientes españoles complementan la visión de un arte que, por ser tildado de industrial y de arte menor, no se le había prestado la atención requerida., The Maumejean collection kept in the National Glass Center Museum is listed as one of the most important collections of Decorative Art on stained glass in the world. The International House of Stained Glass Maumejean, which developed its activity during the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, is a benchmark in the stained glass sector with more than five thousand works spread over all continents. Paying special attention to the main exhibitions -national and international- in which they participated and the use of bibliographic sources based on newspapers of that time, we are introduced to the artistic and socio-economic environment during the time when they were active in Europe. The vision of contemporary British, French and Central European stained-glass workshops, as well as the incipient Spanish ones, complement the vision of an art that, because it was branded as industrial and minor art, had not been given the required attention.